{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2014}} {{Infobox scientist |name = Herbert Durham |honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|FRCS}} |image =Herbert Edward Durham Wellcome M0018142.jpg |image_size = |caption = Herbert Durham in the Department of Pathology, Cambridge University. <br>Wellcome Images |birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1866|3|30}} |birth_place = |death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1945|10|25|1866|3|30}} |death_place = |residence = |citizenship = |ethnicity = |field = Bacteriology, Pathology, Zymology |work_institutions = University of Cambridge |alma_mater = University of Cambridge<br>Guy's Hospital, London |doctoral_advisor = |doctoral_students = |known_for = |author_abbrev_bot = |author_abbrev_zoo = |influences = |influenced = |prizes = |footnotes = |signature = }} '''Herbert Edward Durham''' (30 March 1866 – 25 October 1945) was a British physician and distinguished scientist.<ref name="WWW">[http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whowaswho/U224941 Who Was Who]</ref><ref name="CamAlumni">[https://archive.today/20150305203658/http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2014.pl?sur=durham&suro=w&fir=herbert+edward&firo=w&cit=&cito=c&c=all&tex=&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50 Alumni of Cambridge University]</ref><ref name="Flickr">[https://www.flickr.com/photos/bulmersuk/6947540508/ Dr Herbert Durham on Flickr]</ref>
==Early life== Herbert Edward Durham was born 30 March 1866, the son of Arthur E. Durham, Senior Surgeon to Guy's Hospital.<ref name="WWW"/> His siblings included the anthropologist Edith Durham, the scientist Florence Margaret Durham, the suffragette and musician Lilla Durham and the civil servant Frances Hermia Durham.<ref name="Tanner">Marcus Tanner, ''Albania's Mountain Queen: Edith Durham and the Balkans'', Bloomsbury, 2018, page 256.</ref> In 1907, he married Maud Lowry, daughter of Captain William Moyse Harmer of the 81st Regiment.<ref name="WWW"/><ref name="GHG">{{cite journal |title=Marriages |journal=Guy's Hospital Gazette |date=5 October 1907 |volume=21 |page=416}}</ref>
==Education== Durham was educated at University College School, London; University College, London from 1883 to 1884; King's College, Cambridge from 1884; and Guy's Hospital, London.<ref name=" CamAlumni "/>
In 1904 he was awarded a [http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/27th-november-1886/14/the-john-lucas-walker-studentship John Lucas Walker Studentship in Pathology], a scholarship given by the University of Cambridge for original pathological research.<ref name=" CamAlumni "/>
==Career== ===Bacteriology=== Durham was assistant demonstrator in histology from 1884 to 1889, then house surgeon at Guy's Hospital, London from 1889-95.<ref name=" CamAlumni "/>
From 1895 to 1896 he worked at the Hygiene Institute, Vienna where he was associated with Professor Max von Gruber in the discovery of agglutination of bacteria.<ref name="WWW"/><ref name=" CamAlumni "/> In 1897 he developed an agglutination reaction for diagnosis of typhoid fever, which then was called the Grubler-Durham reaction, subsequently known as the Widal reaction; and also created "Durham tubes" for measuring the amount of gas produced in the bacterial colonies, which are still used universally in microbiology laboratories.<ref name="EofLSTM">[http://scielo.iec.pa.gov.br/scielo.php?pid=S2176-62232011000200002&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en ''As expedições da Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine e a Amazônia Brasileira.'' Aristoteles Guilliod Miranda, José Maria de Castro Abreu Jr., Pan-Amazonian Journal of Health; June 2011. Online] {{ISSN|2176-6223}}</ref>
From 1896 to 1898 he was a working Member of the Tsetse Fly Disease Committee of the Royal Society.<ref name="WWW"/>
In June 1900 under the auspices of the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and accompanied by fellow eminent Cambridge parasitologist, Dr Walter Myers, Durham led the Yellow Fever Expedition to Brazil.<ref name=" CamAlumni "/><ref name="The Times">"The Late Dr. Walter Myers", The Times, 20 Feb 1901; pg. 4; Issue 36383</ref><ref name="Wellcome Library">[http://archives.wellcomelibrary.org/DServe/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqDb=Catalog&dsqSearch=%28Sources_guides_used=%27America:%20South%20America%27%29&dsqPos=92 The Wellcome Library]</ref><ref name = "RofYFE ">{{Cite web |url=http://www.forgottenbooks.com/readbook_text/Memoirs_of_the_Liverpool_School_of_Tropical_Medicine_1000351919/0 |title=''Report of the Yellow Fever Expedition to Parà of the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine''. H. E. Durham, Longmans, Green & Co, 1902 |access-date=11 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402180428/http://www.forgottenbooks.com/readbook_text/Memoirs_of_the_Liverpool_School_of_Tropical_Medicine_1000351919/0 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1881 the Cuban epidemiologist Dr Carlos Finlay was the first to theorise that yellow fever was transmitted by mosquitoes, but this remained unproven in the wider scientific community. While en route to Brazil they visited the U.S. Naval Hospital in Washington where they met U. S. Surgeon General George Miller Sternberg who is considered the first U.S. bacteriologist, and then proceeded to Havana where they met Dr Finlay and his co-workers on 25 July 1900, and also the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission, led by Dr Walter Reed, which subsequently confirmed Dr Finlay's theory.<ref name = " RofYFE "/> Among Reed's team was bacteriologist Dr Jesse Lazear who died a month later on 26 September aged 34 while investigating the disease. On 24 August Durham and Myers arrived in Pari (modern day Belém) in the northern state of Pará, Brazil, where they established a laboratory to study the transmission of the disease and were among the first to establish its transmission by mosquitoes.<ref name = " RofYFE "/> Durham and Myers were aware of the risks that they were taking; however, on 16 January 1901, after conducting the fourteenth autopsy on victims of yellow fever both men found they were themselves infected. They were transferred to the [https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=pt&u=http://fauufpa.org/2014/09/08/a-historia-do-domingos-freire-por-jose-maria-de-castro-abreu-junior/&prev=search Domingos Freire Isolation Hospital] in Pari where Durham recovered but Myers died four days later, aged 28.<ref name="The Times"/><ref name="Wellcome Library"/><ref name = " RofYFE "/><ref name="ObitBMJ">[http://www.bmj.com/content/1/2092/310.3 Obituary of Dr Walter Myers in the British Medical Journal BMJ 1901;1:310]</ref><ref>[http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/rd/N13723120 The National Archives]</ref> In his subsequent report Durham deduced that they had both been infected through mosquito bites.<ref name = " RofYFE "/>
He was subsequently in charge of an expedition to investigate beriberi in the Malay Peninsula and on Christmas Island, organised by London School of Tropical Medicine.<ref name="WWW"/><ref name=" CamAlumni "/>
He introduced Derris as insecticide from Malaya.<ref name="WWW"/><ref name=" CamAlumni "/>
===Zymology=== In 1905 aged 39 he had to give up his research activities as a result of deterioration of his vision and became engaged in the study of fermentation and allied problems.<ref name="EofLSTM"/> He worked as a chemist and scientific adviser to cider manufacturer, H. P. Bulmer and Company. Through his isolation of wild yeast which ensured that fermentations were consistent, Durham assisted his close college friend, [https://www.flickr.com/photos/bulmersuk/7093613369/in/photostream/ Fred Bulmer], in the development of commercial cider-making.<ref name="WWW"/><ref name=" CamAlumni "/><ref name="Flickr"/>
== Military service== Durham was 48 at the outbreak of the First World War and served as Hon. Lieutenant in the Royal Army Medical Corps and Major in the Special List.<ref name=" CamAlumni "/>
==Other interests== Durham had a strong interest in photography. He was an Associate of the Royal Photographic Society where he exhibited regularly<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://archive.rps.org/archive/volume-72/86149#prettyPhoto/0/ |title=Royal Photographic Society Exhibitor List in 1932 |access-date=11 March 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031647/http://archive.rps.org/archive/volume-72/86149#prettyPhoto/0/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> and was a Medallist in 1927.<ref name="WWW"/>
==Publications== *[https://books.google.com/books?id=VVk5qAAACAAJ&q=kanthack+durham ''On Nagana, or Tsetse Fly Disease'' Kanthack, A. A.; H. E. Durham and W. F. H. Blandford, 1898] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20150402180428/http://www.forgottenbooks.com/readbook_text/Memoirs_of_the_Liverpool_School_of_Tropical_Medicine_1000351919/0 ''Report of the Yellow Fever Expedition to Parà of the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine ''. H. E. Durham, Longmans, Green & Co, 1902] *[https://books.google.com/books?id=i_BlQwAACAAJ ''Recherche et dosage des métaux lourds dans le cidre'', Dr H.E. Durham, 1937]
Durham wrote numerous papers on various medical, pathological, and hygienic subjects<ref name="WWW"/><ref name=" CamAlumni "/> including: *''An Address on the Present Knowledge of Outbreaks due to Meat Poisoning: Delivered before the Medical Society of Oldham on November 22nd, 1898. '' Durham H. E., Br Med J. 1898 Dec 17;2(1981):1797-801. *''On Persistence of the Thyreoglossal Duct, with Remarks on Median Cervical Fistulæ and Cysts due to Embryonic Remnants. '' Durham H. E., Med Chir Trans. 1894;77:199-228.1. *''On the Clinical Bearing of some Experiments on Peritoneal Infections''. Durham H. E., Med Chir Trans. 1897;80:191-204. *''A Simple Method for Demonstrating the Production of Gas by Bacteria. '' Durham H. E., Br Med J. 1898 May 28;1(1952):1387. *''Some Theoretical Considerations Upon the Nature of Agglutinins, Together with Further Observations upon Bacillus Typhi Abdominalis, Bacillus Enteritidis, Bacillus Coli Communis, Bacillus Lactis Aerogenes, and some other Bacilli of Allied Character. ''Durham H. E., J Exp Med. 1901 Jan 15;5(4):353-88. *''The Campaign Against Ague. '' Durham H. E., Br Med J. 1901 Mar 2;1(2096):512-3. *''Notes on Beri-beri in the Malay Peninsula and on Christmas Island (Indian Ocean). ''Durham H. E., J Hyg (Lond). 1903 Jul;3(3):380-1, and 1904 Jan;4(1):112-55. *''Some Notes on the Urine in Beri-Beri. '' Durham H. E., Br Med J. 1904 Feb 27;1(2252):480-2. *''On subcutaneous injections of adrenalin''. Elliott TR, Durham H. E., J. Physiol. 1906 Oct 29;34(6): *''Notes on the Preservation of Fruit''. Durham H. E., Br Med J. 1918 Jun 22;1(2999):708. *''Studies on Cider and Perry: No. I. Sulphite Preservatives''. Durham H. E., J Hyg (Lond). 1909 Apr;9(1):17-32. *''The Prevalence of Thyroid Enlargement in and about Hereford''. Durham H. E., J Hyg (Lond). 1921 Mar;19(4):394-401.
==References== {{reflist}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Durham, Herbert}} Category:1866 births Category:1945 deaths Category:British medical researchers Category:English bacteriologists Category:British scientists Category:Alumni of King's College, Cambridge Category:Alumni of University College London Category:People educated at University College School