{{short description|American politician}} {{Infobox officeholder | name = Henry Ernest Cooper | image = Henry E. Cooper (PP-70-5-016).jpg | alt = | caption = | spouse = Mary Ellen Porter | birth_date = {{birth date|1857|8|28}} | birth_place = New Albany, Indiana | death_date = {{death date and age|1929|5|15|1857|8|28}} | death_place = Long Beach, California | children = 7 | occupation = Lawyer, judge, politician | office = Republic of Hawaii <br/> Minister of Foreign Affairs | term_start = November 6, 1895 | term_end = March 29, 1899 | president = Sanford B. Dole | predecessor = | successor = | signature = Henry Cooper 1898 signature.jpg }} '''Henry Ernest Cooper''' (August 28, 1857 – May 15, 1929) was an American lawyer who moved to the Kingdom of Hawaii and became prominent in Hawaiian politics in the 1890s. He formally deposed Queen Lili'uokalani of Hawaii in 1893, held various offices in the ensuing Provisional Government of Hawaii and Republic of Hawaii governments, and was the first United States Territory of Hawaii Attorney General, 1899–1900. He later became a circuit judge in Honolulu.
==Early life== Cooper was born August 28, 1857, in New Albany, Indiana, to Harriet Augusta Cooper and William Giles Cooper, a lawyer from England. He was educated in public schools in Boston and received the LLB degree from the Boston University School of Law in 1878. He was admitted to the bar in Suffolk County, Massachusetts and practiced law there.<ref name="men">{{cite book |author=John William Siddall |title=Men of Hawaii: being a biographical reference library, complete and authentic, of the men of note and substantial achievement in the Hawaiian Islands |url=https://archive.org/details/menhawaiibeinga01siddgoog |year=1921 |publisher=Honolulu Star-Bulletin |pages=[https://archive.org/details/menhawaiibeinga01siddgoog/page/n122 109]–111}}</ref>
Cooper married Mary Ellen Porter October 2, 1883, in San Diego, California. In 1884 he named his estate Bonita Ranch, and the name was applied to the post office of Bonita, California.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Erwin G. Gudde |author2=William Bright |title=California Place Names: The Origin and Etymology of Current Geographical Names |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kqwt5RlMVBoC&pg=PA42 |date=May 10, 2004 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-24217-3 |page=42}}</ref> There the Coopers had five children: Alfred Dykes Cooper (born 6/8/1886), Henry Ernest Cooper Jr. (born July 1887), Wallace McKay Cooper (August 1888 – April 1, 1966), Theodore Augustus Cooper (born October 28, 1889), and Alice Cooper (December 9, 1890 – 1978). He worked as an attorney for the California Southern Railroad, including arguing several cases in the Supreme Court of California.<ref>{{cite book |author=California. Supreme Court |title=Reports of Cases Determined in the Supreme Court of the State of California |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QIgWAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA394 |year=1906}}</ref>
Cooper then moved with his family to the Hawaiian Islands in 1890. In Hawaii the Coopers had three more children: Ysabel Cooper, and twin Irene, (born February 19, 1894), and Francis Judd Cooper (born April 6, 1895). They settled in the Mānoa Valley near Honolulu where Cooper Road is named for him at {{coord |21|18|39|N| 157|48|55|W| type:landmark_region:US-HI |display=inline |name=Cooper Road}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wehewehe.org/cgi-bin/hdict?a=q&j=pp&l=en&q=cooper |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716114316/http://wehewehe.org/cgi-bin/hdict?a=q&j=pp&l=en&q=cooper |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 16, 2012 |title=lookup of cooper |work=on Place Names of Hawai'i |author=Mary Kawena Pukui and Elbert |year=2004 |publisher=Ulukau, the Hawaiian Electronic Library, University of Hawaii |access-date=August 10, 2010}}</ref>
==Politics== In Hawaii, Cooper quickly got involved in Hawaiian politics during a very turbulent decade, with several changes of government.
On January 14, 1893, he was chairman of the Citizens' Committee of Safety which organized the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii. On January 16 his name was the first on a letter to John L. Stevens, the United States Minister to Hawaii, saying "...the public safety is menaced and lives and property are in peril, and we appeal to you and the United States forces at your command for assistance."<ref>{{cite book |title= The Executive Documents of the House of Representatives for the Third session of the Fifty-Third Congress |chapter= House Committee Report on Affairs in Hawaii |editor= James H. Blount |page= 501 |url= http://libweb.hawaii.edu/digicoll/annexation/blount/br0501.html}} Known as the Blount Report</ref> On January 17, before a crowd in front of 'Iolani Palace, he read the proclamation deposing Queen Lili'uokalani and establishing the provisional Government of Hawaii, and the next day was made a member of the advisory council to President Sanford B. Dole.<ref name="card1">{{cite web|url=http://archives1.dags.hawaii.gov/gsdl/collect/governme/index/assoc/HASH0ae0/13d15280.dir/Cooper,%20Henry.jpg |title=Cooper, Henry E., office record card 1 |work=state archives digital collections |publisher=state of Hawaii |access-date=August 10, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403155724/http://archives1.dags.hawaii.gov/gsdl/collect/governme/index/assoc/HASH0ae0/13d15280.dir/Cooper%2C%20Henry.jpg |archive-date=April 3, 2012}}</ref>
From March 7, 1893, to November 4, 1895, he was judge of the first circuit court. Beginning on November 6, 1895, he served as Minister of Foreign Affairs of what was then the Republic of Hawaii through March 29, 1899. He acted temporarily in all other posts of Dole's cabinet as the other members traveled to negotiate with the United States on annexation. These included Attorney General from November 6, 1895, to December 12, 1895, and from February 10, 1897, to April 16, 1897; Minister of Finance from May 5, 1896, to August 10, 1897; and Minister of the Interior from March 4, 1898, to July 1, 1898. He was also appointed to the Board of Health on February 12, 1897, later becoming president of the board until 1900.
From January 11, 1898, to March 3, 1898, Cooper was the acting president of the republic.<ref name="card1"/> From March 20, 1899, to June 14, 1900, he was attorney general of the new Territory of Hawaii. Under the Hawaiian Organic Act, on June 14, 1900, President William McKinley appointed him to be the first secretary of the territory, and also as treasurer of the territory. He was acting governor from March 31, 1902, to June 3, 1902. A few days after resigning the treasurer post December 2, 1902, he became superintendent of public works from December 6, 1902, to November 18, 1903.<ref name="card2">{{cite web|url=http://archives1.dags.hawaii.gov/gsdl/collect/governme/index/assoc/HASHb0c6/43bfc824.dir/Cooper,%20Henry%20E.jpg |title=Cooper, Henry E., office record card 2 |work=state archives digital collections |publisher=state of Hawaii |access-date=August 10, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403155732/http://archives1.dags.hawaii.gov/gsdl/collect/governme/index/assoc/HASHb0c6/43bfc824.dir/Cooper%2C%20Henry%20E.jpg |archive-date=April 3, 2012}}</ref>
This prompted some in the press to call him the real power in the territory, accusing him of taking the public works position because he could make more money.<ref name="toomuch">{{cite news |title= Too Much Cooper |newspaper= The Independent |location= Honolulu |date= December 27, 1902 |page=2 |url= http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85047097/1902-12-27/ed-1/seq-2/;words=cooper+COOPER |access-date= August 12, 2010}}</ref> A local newspaper said:<blockquote>Some men are born great, some achieve greatness, but it is only rarely that an ordinary cooper is enabled to thrust such constantly growing greatness upon himself as does this Territorial Cooper of ours.<ref name="toomuch"/></blockquote> On January 1, 1903, he sent congratulatory messages over the first submarine communications cable from San Francisco to Hawaii. Recipients included US President Theodore Roosevelt and Clarence Mackay, president of the Commercial Pacific Cable Company.<ref>{{cite news |title=President Roosevelt Exchanges Greetings with Hawaiians and Flood of Felicitous Dispatches Pours in Upon Clarence H. Mackay |newspaper= The San Francisco call |date= January 3, 1903 |page= 3 |url= http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85066387/1903-01-03/ed-1/seq-3/ |access-date= August 12, 2010}}</ref>
An investigation in 1903 noted that most public works projects had ceased because of lack of funds, but government crews repaved the sidewalks in front of his house.<ref>{{cite news |title= Territorial Government Affairs in Hawaii are Grossly Mismanaged |newspaper= The San Francisco call |date= April 8, 1903 |page= 3 |url= http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85066387/1903-04-08/ed-1/seq-3/ |access-date= August 12, 2010}}</ref> Another scandal involved the new treasurer William H. Wright, who was allowed to escape after he was found to have been pocketing government money with checks endorsed by Cooper.<ref>{{cite news |title= Governor Dole is Under Fire: Legislature Blames Him for the Escape of Wright; Former Secretary Cooper is Accused of Unbusiness-like conduct |newspaper= The San Francisco call |date= April 28, 1903 |page= 2 |url= http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85066387/1903-04-28/ed-1/seq-2/ |access-date= August 12, 2010}}</ref> On February 23, 1903, he resigned as territorial secretary, and November 18 as superintendent of public works, after George R. Carter became governor. Carter expressed suspicion that public land deals were being rushed through, with possible conflict of interest by Cooper.<ref>{{cite news |title= Carter and Cooper Differ Sharply about Recent Land Transactions" Lively Scenes in the Executive Council—Carter Can't Find Out How Deeply the Territory is Involved by Cooper's Private Agreements |newspaper= The Hawaiian gazette |location= Honolulu |date= December 27, 1902 |page= 1 |url= http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83025121/1903-11-10/ed-1/seq-1/ |access-date= August 12, 2010}}</ref>
{{Big Five Hawaii}} He formed a law firm Kinney, McClanahan & Cooper (with partners William Ansel Kinney and E. B. McClanahan), and often worked for owners of large Sugar plantations in Hawaii. The plantations often leased government land, and concentrated political and economic power in a few of what were called the "Big Five" of Hawaii.<ref>{{cite news |title= May Revolutionize System of Producing Sugar Cane: The Hutchinson Plantation May Co-operate With Homestead Association—Estate to Lose 800 Leased Acres |newspaper= The Hawaiian gazette |location= Honolulu |date= July 25, 1905 |page= 1 |url= http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83025121/1905-07-25/ed-1/seq-1/ |access-date= August 12, 2010}}</ref> At least one of their cases, "Territory of Hawaii vs. Cotton Brothers & Company" of 1904 went to the United States Supreme Court.<ref>{{cite book |author=United States Supreme Court |title=United States Supreme Court records and briefs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=riArAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA8-PA20 |year=1907 |pages=27–177}}</ref> On March 22, 1910, he was named again to be judge of the first circuit court, and served until March 7, 1914.<ref name="card2"/>
==Personal life and legacy== [[File:Tallest Pisonia grandis on Palmyra with H E Cooper.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Cooper and the tallest ''Pisonia grandis'' tree at Palmyra in 1913]] Cooper purchased the Palmyra Atoll, located almost 1,000 miles Southwest of Hawaii at {{coord |5|53|15|N| 162|4|52|W| display=inline |name= Palmyra Atoll}}, a 2/3 share in 1911 and the rest, excepting small interests of some native Hawaiians, in 1912. In Hawaii Land Court, he petitioned for total ownership of Palmyra, but the court preserved some of the Hawaiians' interests, over his objections.<ref>{{cite court |quote= |litigants=In the Matter of the Application of Henry E. Cooper to Register and Confirm Title to Palmyra Island |reporter=Application No. 223, Hawaii Court of Land Registration |date=1912}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Judge Cooper off for Pirates' Treasure Isle of Palmyra |date=July 29, 1911 |publisher=Honolulu Star-Advertiser |url=http://palmyraarchive.org/items/show/122 |access-date=August 18, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811012436/http://palmyraarchive.org/items/show/122 |archive-date=August 11, 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Contest Cooper's Claim to Palmyra |date=1912 |publisher=Hawaiian Gazette |url=http://palmyraarchive.org/items/show/24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Palmyra Atoll |url=https://www.doi.gov/oia/islands/palmyraatoll |department=Islands We Serve |website=Office of Insular Affairs |date=11 June 2015 |publisher=United States Department of the Interior |df=mdy |access-date=2019-07-24}}</ref> He visited the island in July 1913 with scientists Charles Montague Cooke Jr. and Joseph F. Rock who wrote a description of the atoll.<ref>{{cite news |title= Palmyra Island with a Description of its Flora |author= Joseph F. Rock |date= April 1916 |work= Bulletin Number 4 |publisher= College of Hawaii |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=8jtEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA57}}</ref> He sold most of the atoll in 1922 to the Fullard-Leo family, who sold it to the Nature Conservancy in 2000.<ref>{{cite web |title= Palmyra Atoll conservation |publisher= Nature Conservancy |url= http://www.nature.org/wherewework/asiapacific/palmyra/ |access-date= August 12, 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070814015309/http://www.nature.org/wherewework/asiapacific/palmyra/ |archive-date= August 14, 2007 |url-status= dead}}</ref> He retained ownership of the Home Islands at the southwestern tip of the atoll, and they are co-owned today by dozens of his descendants and others. His land title, passed to the Fullard-Leos and his own legatees, was confirmed by the U. S. Supreme Court in ''U.S. v. Fullard-Leo'', 331 U.S. 256 (1947) <ref>[http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=331&invol=256 ''United States v. Fullard-Leo'']</ref> after it was disputed by the U. S. military. The largest island of the group is called Cooper Island, despite a proposed name change to Samarang Island in 2003.<ref>{{gnis|1390266|name=Cooper Island}}</ref> The airstrip built in World War II is often called Cooper Airport.<ref>{{gnis|1396144|name=Cooper Airport}}</ref>
In his later years he was active in Freemasonry. In 1894 he joined Hawaiian Lodge No. 21, and organized Pacific Lodge No. 822, A.F. & A.M. under the Grand Lodge of Scotland through the then District Grand Lodge of Queensland, Australia. He served as its first Master in 1895 and again in 1896. Cooper also served as Deputy of the Orient of Hawaii for the Scottish Rite Bodies from 1896 to 1915.<ref>{{cite web |title= Masonic Directory, Territory of Hawaii |year= 1908 |author= Herbert G. Gardiner |url= http://www.calodges.org/ncrl/masdirec.html |access-date= August 10, 2010 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100810100005/http://www.calodges.org/ncrl/masdirec.html |archive-date= August 10, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The History of Honolulu Lodge, F. & A.M. |work=official web site |url=http://www.mastermason.com/honolulu/history/index.html |access-date=August 11, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110314011430/http://www.mastermason.com/honolulu/history/index.html |archive-date=March 14, 2011}}</ref> In 1897 he commissioned architect Charles William Dickey to build a stone house on his Mānoa land in California Mission Revival Style architecture.<ref>{{cite journal| author=J. Meredith Neil |title=The Architecture of C. W. Dickey in Hawaii |year=1975 |hdl = 10524/210 |journal=Hawaiian Journal of History| publisher=Hawaiian Historical Society |volume=9 |page= 102}}</ref> On May 1, 1907, he became a founding member and president of the board of regents of the University of Hawaiʻi (then known as Hawaii College), and served until 1914. He selected the site in the Mānoa valley for the main campus, the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Robert M. Kamins |author2=Robert E. Potter |title=Mālamalama: a history of the University of Hawaiʻi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q8jyzfUmFvgC&pg=PA10 |date=December 1998 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-2006-0|pages=6, 10, 315}}</ref>
He moved to Long Beach, California, to live with a daughter, where he died on May 15, 1929.<ref>{{cite news |title= Name Written Large in Hawaiian History |newspaper= Los Angeles Times |date= May 16, 1929 |url= https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/378939911.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121103131025/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/378939911.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI |url-status= dead |archive-date= November 3, 2012 |access-date= August 11, 2010}}</ref> Son Theodore graduated from Oahu College in 1908, and became an engineer constructing Fort Ruger in Honolulu. After working briefly for Bank of Hawaii, he enlisted to the United States Army Corps of Engineers and served in France during World War I.<ref name="men"/> Son Alfred D. Cooper was a sugar planter in the Philippines,<ref>{{cite book |title=Sugar and the Origins of Modern Philippine Society |first=John A. |last=Larkin |publisher=University of California Press |place=Berkeley |date=1993}}</ref> imprisoned by the Japanese in the Santo Tomas Internment Camp in World War II.<ref>{{cite web |title=Santo Tomas Internment Camp |url=http://rizal.lib.admu.edu.ph/ahc/guides/STIC-part1.pdf|access-date=April 8, 2018}}</ref>
Daughter Alice Cooper Bailey wrote several articles and books including two Dutch folk stories and a popular Hawaiian children's book ''Kimo'' in 1928.<ref>{{cite book |title=Kimo, illustrated by Lucille Holling |last=Bailey |first=Alice Cooper |publisher=P. F. Volland Company |place=Joliet, Illinois and New York |date= 1928}}</ref> It ends with a climactic audience before a kindly Queen Lili{{okina}}uokalani of Hawaii (whom Bailey's father had in fact personally deposed and overthrown). She wrote a biography of Robert Louis Stevenson in 1966.<ref>{{cite book |title= To remember Robert Louis Stevenson |url= https://archive.org/details/torememberrobert00bail |url-access= registration |author= Alice Cooper Bailey |year= 1966 |publisher= McKay}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title= Something about the author |isbn= 978-0-7876-5207-4 |volume= 135 |publisher= Gale Research |year= 2003 |page= [https://archive.org/details/somethingaboutau135thom/page/12 12] |url-access= registration |url= https://archive.org/details/somethingaboutau135thom/page/12}}</ref> She was part of a ceremony in 1948 marking the 50th anniversary of Hawaii's annexation,<ref>{{cite news |hdl= 10524/66 |title= Report of the Committee—Annexation Anniversary, August 12, 1948 |work= Fifty-Seventh Annual Report |publisher=Hawaiian Historical Society |year= 1949 |pages= 9–12}}</ref> and was a benefactor of the ʻIolani Palace in Honolulu where Cooper had worked during the Republic of Hawaii period.<ref>{{cite web |title= Alice Cooper Bailey Papers |url= http://www.lib.usm.edu/legacy/degrum/public_html/html/research/findaids/bailey,ac.htm |publisher=de Grummond Children's Literature Collection. University of Southern Mississippi |access-date= June 29, 2013}}</ref> His grandson Richard Briggs Bailey headed the world's first mutual fund, the Massachusetts Investors Trust fund.<ref>{{cite news |title= Richard B. Bailey, At 78; Headed Mutual Fund Firm |publisher= The Boston Globe |place= Boston, Massaachusetts |date= April 16, 2005 |url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-7899664.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405214621/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-7899664.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 5, 2018 |access-date= April 4, 2018}}</ref> Twin daughters Irene and Ysabel married future U.S. Vice Admirals Olaf Mandt Hustvedt and James Pine.
Several of Cooper's descendants have had distinguished naval and nautical careers, including Space Shuttle naval astronaut Rick Hauck{{citation needed |date= August 2010}} and Capt. Erling H. Hustvedt.<ref>{{cite web |title=Erling H. Hustvedt Oral History |first=Donald R. |last=Lennon |publisher=East Carolina University |place=Greenville, NC |date=November 2, 1985 |url=https://digital.lib.ecu.edu/special/ead/findingaids/OH0080 |access-date=April 5, 2018}}</ref> On August 19, 1922, a grandson Henry Ernest Cooper III was born in Bridgeport, Connecticut, to Wallace McKay Cooper. Henry III served in the US Navy in World War II aboard the {{USS|Card|CVE-11|6}}. In 1987 he sailed with a few friends from Maine through the Pacific Ocean, including a visit, together with another grandson, nautical artist Stephen R. Hustvedt,<ref>{{cite web |title=Stephen Roald Hustvedt (1926-2005) Noted Maryland Artist |work=Waller Yoblonsky Gallery |place=Bozeman, Montana |date=2014 |url=https://waller-yoblonsky.blogspot.com/2014/10/steven-hustvedt-1926-2005-noted.html |access-date=April 5, 2018}}</ref> to their inherited Home Islands at Palmyra Atoll. Henry III died in 1999<ref>{{cite web |title= Half Staff: Henry Ernest Cooper III |work= Sandy Bay Yachi Club |date= April 9, 1999 |url= http://www.sandybay.org/obits/henry_cooper.shtml |access-date= August 11, 2010}}</ref> and Stephen in 2005.
==References==
{{Reflist |25em}}
==External links== {{commons category}}
{{s-start}} {{s-gov}} {{succession box| title= Republic of Hawaii Minister of Foreign Affairs| before= Francis March Hatch | after= Ernest Mott-Smith | years= 1895–1899}} {{succession box| title= Acting Republic of Hawaii Attorney General | before= William Owen Smith | after= William Owen Smith | years= November 6, 1895 – December 12, 1895 <br/> February 10, 1897 – April 16, 1897}} {{succession box| title= Acting Republic of Hawaii Minister of Finance | before= James A. King | after= Theodore F. Lansing | years= June 30, 1896 – September 12, 1896<br/> September 5, 1899 – November 13, 1899}} {{succession box| title= Acting Republic of Hawaii Minister of the Interior| before= James A. King | after= James A. King | years= March 4, 1898 – July 1, 1898}} {{succession box| title= Territory of Hawaii Attorney General | before= First | after= Edmund P. Dole | years= March 20, 1899 – June 14, 1900}} {{end}}
{{Hawaiian Ministers of Foreign Affairs}} {{Hawaiian Ministers of Finance}} {{Attorneys General of Hawaii}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cooper, Henry E. Sr.}} Category:1857 births Category:1929 deaths Category:19th-century American lawyers Category:Boston University School of Law alumni Category:Lawyers from Hawaii Category:Republic of Hawaii foreign ministers Category:Republic of Hawaii attorneys general Category:Republic of Hawaii finance ministers Category:Republic of Hawaii interior ministers Category:Hawaii attorneys general Category:California lawyers Category:Massachusetts lawyers Category:Palmyra Atoll Category:Republic of Hawaii politicians Category:People from Bonita, California Category:People associated with the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom Category:American emigrants to the Hawaiian Kingdom Category:Hawaiian Kingdom politicians