{{Short description|French archaeologist and art historian}} {{Infobox scientist | honorific_prefix = | name = Henri Parmentier | honorific_suffix = | native_name = | native_name_lang = | image = Henri-Parmentier-ca-1930-Ecole-francaise-dExtreme-Orient-archives-Reprinted-in W640-2.jpg | image_size = | image_upright = | alt = | caption = Henri Parmentier in Angkor {{circa|1930}} | birth_name = Henri Ernest Jean Parmentier | birth_date = {{birth date |1870|01|03|df=y}} | birth_place = Paris | death_date = {{death date and age |1949|02|22 |1870|01|03|df=y}} | death_place = Phnom Penh | death_cause = | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = <!--{{coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}--> | other_names = | pronounce = | residence = | citizenship = | nationality = | fields = Archaeology | workplaces = École française d'Extrême-Orient | patrons = | education = | alma_mater = École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts | academic_advisors = | doctoral_students = | notable_students = | known_for = | influences = | influenced = | awards = | author_abbrev_bot = | author_abbrev_zoo = | spouse = {{marriage|Jeanne Leuba|1905}} | partner = | children = | signature = | signature_alt = | website = | footnotes = }} '''Henri Ernest Jean Parmentier''' ({{IPA|fr|ɑ̃ʁi ɛʁnɛst ʒɑ̃ paʁmɑ̃tje}}; 3 January 1870 – 22 February 1949) was a French architect, art historian and archaeologist.{{sfn|Grove Art Online|2013}} Parmentier became one of the first European specialists in the archaeology of Indochina.{{sfn|Obituary|1952|p=273}} He has documented, depicted and preserved many Khmer, Cham and Lao monuments.
== Early years == [[File:French explorers in Đồng Dương.jpg|thumb|Parmentier (left) and Carpeaux (center) in Đồng Dương.]] Henri Ernest was born on 3 January 1870 in Paris; his father was a painter working in ''Lycée de Reims''.{{sfn|Obituary|1952|p=273}}{{sfn|Dartigues|Singaravélon|2012|p=783}} In 1891 Parmentier entered the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts graduating in 1905 with a diploma in architecture.{{sfn|Grove Art Online|2013}}{{sfn|EFEO}} In 1896 he got employed by the colonial administration in Tunisia and over time he developed a profound interest in archaeology.{{sfn|Obituary|1952|p=273}} During this period Parmentier created a detailed plan of the {{ill|Temple of Saturn in Dougga|lt=Temple of Saturn|ca|Temple de Saturn de Dougga}} in Dougga to assist with its restoration.{{sfn|Grove Art Online|2013}} This job was awarded with an honourable mention on the exhibition of Société des Artistes Français.{{sfn|Dartigues|Singaravélon|2012|p=783}} In 1900 Parmentier joined archaeologist Henri Dufour and photograph Charles Carpeaux in the Archaeological mission in Indochina (later renamed École française d'Extrême-Orient, also known as EFEO).{{sfn|Obituary|1952|p=274}} They went to Siam to study Angkor Wat that had been located on its territory.{{sfn|Grove Art Online|2013}} Khmer monuments were largely unknown to the Westerners and almost uncharted. Studying Khmer history became Parmentier's lifework.{{sfn|EFEO}}
In 1902—1905 Parmentier and Carpeaux studied, described, depicted and preserved Cham monuments in Vietnam: a buddhist temple complex Đồng Dương (1902), a Hindu temple complex Mỹ Sơn (1903—1904), the {{ill|Chánh Lộ|vi|Chánh Lộ (phế tích)}} temple (1905) -- the latter was studied by Parmentier alone.{{sfn|Grove Art Online|2013}}{{sfn|Obituary|1952|p=273}}{{sfn|Dartigues|Singaravélon|2012|p=783}}{{sfn|EFEO}} The study made from the expedition trip to Đồng Dương was presented by Parmentier and Carpeaux at the Congress of the École française d'Extrême-Orient.{{sfn|Grove Art Online|2013}}{{sfn|Obituary|1952|p=274}} Parmentier studied the architecture of Java in order to compare it to Cham architectural styles.{{sfn|Grove Art Online|2013}}{{sfn|Obituary|1952|p=274}}
== As a head of the École française d'Extrême-Orient == [[File:Bayon Temple, Angkor - panoramio.jpg|thumb|The Bayon temple in Angkor.]] In 1904 Parmentier was appointed the head of the archaeological department of the École; he stayed on this position for 28 years until 1932.{{sfn|Bibliothèque nationale}} Parmentier's duties included defining the main course of the École's work in Cambodia.{{sfn|Dartigues|Singaravélon|2012|p=783}} In 1905 Henri married journalist and writer Jeanne Leuba who travelled with him and took a big part in the fieldwork.{{sfn|Grove Art Online|2013}}{{sfn|Obituary|1952|p=275}}
Parmentier studied and conserved the Po Nagar Cham temple in 1906—1907.{{sfn|Grove Art Online|2013}}{{sfn|Obituary|1952|p=275}} During his next expedition to Cambodia Parmentier depicted and restored Khmer monuments in Serei Saophoan, Battambang Province, Siem Reap Province and Angkor, with special attention to Bayon.{{sfn|Grove Art Online|2013}}{{sfn|Obituary|1952|p=273–275}} From Cambodia he went to the South of Vietnam and took part in restoring the Po Klong Garai temple (1908).{{sfn|Obituary|1952|p=275}}{{sfn|EFEO}} In 1913—1914 Parmentier reorganised the museum of the École française d'Extrême-Orient.{{sfn|Grove Art Online|2013}}{{sfn|EFEO}} He visited Cambodia from time to time, documenting Angkor and Sambor Prei Kuk (1911); he also visited Kampong Thom city and Banteay Prey Nokor.{{sfn|EFEO}}{{sfn|Obituary|1952|p=274–276}} Parmentier studied Chinese tombs in Northern Vietnam in Bắc Ninh Province ({{langx|vi|Nghi Vệ}}), helped creating a permanent exhibition for the Museum of Cham Sculpture that was under construction in Da Nang—in 1936 the museum was renamed after him.{{sfn|Grove Art Online|2013}}{{sfn|Dartigues|Singaravélon|2012|p=783}} He directed the École in 1918—1920.{{sfn|Obituary|1952|p=276}} In 1920 Parmentier received an award for his book on Cham architecture.{{sfn|Dartigues|Singaravélon|2012|p=783}}
Parmentier visited the ruins of the Lao temple complex Vat Phou,{{sfn|Obituary|1952|p=276}} he paid special attention to Krol Roméas (Phnom Kulen plateau), Angkor and the Bayon temple in particular, which he helped reconstructing.{{sfn|EFEO}}{{sfn|Obituary|1952|p=277}} His collaboration with Louis Finot and {{ill|Victor Golubev|ru|Голубев, Виктор Викторович}} on Banteay Srei, a Khmer temple complex, was published as a book in 1926.{{sfn|EFEO}}{{sfn|Obituary|1952|p=277}}
== After retirement == [[File:Le Neak Pean (EFEO Angkor, musée Cernuschi) (5048751186).jpg|thumb|The Neak Pean temple before the cleanup]] Parmentier retired in 1932 aged 62. He left his position at the École, received a title of the honorary head of the archaeological department and moved to Phnom Penh.{{sfn|Dartigues|Singaravélon|2012|p=783}}{{sfn|Obituary|1952|p=277}} Despite being retired, Parmentier continued his fieldwork and his research working on a descriptive list of important monuments in Laos and a book titled "The Art of Laos" that he left unfinished.{{sfn|Grove Art Online|2013}}{{sfn|Obituary|1952|p=277}}{{sfn|Dartigues|Singaravélon|2012|p=783}} He had created a draft of a tourist guidebook on Angkor monuments, which was published posthumously.{{sfn|Obituary|1952|p=277}} Parmentier died on 22 February 1949 in Phnom Penh.{{sfn|Obituary|1952|p=273}}
== Selected works == * {{cite book|first=Henri|last=Parmentier|title=Inventaire descriptif des monuments cams de l'Annam|date=1909–1918|url=http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/lookupid?key=olbp67325 |ref=none}} * {{cite book|first=Henri|last=Parmentier|title=L'Art khmer primitif|date=1927|url=https://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10524/12280 |ref=none}} * {{cite book|first=Henri|last=Parmentier|title=L'Art khmer classique: Monuments du quadrant nord-est|date=1939 |ref=none}} * {{cite book|first=Henri|last=Parmentier|title=L'Art du Laos|date=1954 |ref=none}}
== Notes == {{reflist}}
== References == * {{cite book|title=Parmentier, Henri|series=Grove Art Online|publisher=Oxford University Press|url=http://www.oxfordartonline.com/subscriber/article/grove/art/T065534|ref={{sfnref|Grove Art Online|2013}} }} {{Subscription required}} * {{cite news|title=Henri Parmentier (1870—1949)|url=http://www.persee.fr/doc/befeo_0336-1519_1952_num_45_2_5523|language=fr|work=Bulletin de École française d'Extrême-Orient|date=1952|volume=45|issue=2|pages=272–283|ref={{sfnref|Obituary1952}} }} Obituary * {{cite web|url=http://data.bnf.fr/12147739/henri_parmentier/|title=Henri Parmentier (1871-1949)|publisher=Bibliothèque nationale de France|access-date=2017-10-12|language=fr|ref={{sfnref|Bibliothèque nationale}} }} * {{cite encyclopedia |editor-first=François |editor-last=Pouillon |encyclopedia=Dictionnaire des orientalistes de langue française |title=Parmentier, Henri |first1=Laurent |last1=Dartigues |first2=Pierre |last2=Singaravélon |url={{GBurl|UpPXohOFw10C|p=783}} |location=Paris |publisher=IISMM |date=2012 |orig-date=2008 |page=783 |language=fr |isbn=9782811107918 }} * {{cite web|url=http://www.efeo.fr/biographies/notices/parmentier.htm|title=Henri Parmentier|publisher=École française d'Extrême-Orient|access-date=2017-10-13|language=fr|ref={{sfnref|EFEO}} }}
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Category:French archaeologists Category:French orientalists Category:École des Beaux-Arts alumni Category:20th-century Vietnamese historians Category:1870 births Category:1949 deaths