Heian literature

{{Short description|Overview of Japanese literature of the Heian period}} {{nihongo|'''Heian literature'''|平安文学|Heian-bungaku}} or {{nihongo|'''Chūko literature'''|中古文学|chūko-bungaku|"mid-ancient literature"}} refers to [[Japanese literature]] of the [[Heian period]], running from 794 to 1185.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/259482/Heian-period "Heian period"]. ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Retrieved 2007-04-24.</ref> This article summarizes its history and development.

== Overview == ''[[Kanshi (poetry)|Kanshi]]'' (poetry written in Chinese) and ''[[kanbun]]'' (prose in Chinese)<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Rabinovitch|first1=Judith N.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dhMQAAAAYAAJ&q=dance+of+the+butterflies|title=Dance of the Butterflies: Chinese Poetry from the Japanese Court Tradition|last2=Rabinovitch|first2=Judith R.|last3=Bradstock|first3=Timothy Roland|date=2005|publisher=East Asia Program, Cornell University|isbn=978-1-885445-35-3|language=en}}</ref> had remained popular since the [[Nara period]], and the influence of the [[Tang dynasty|Tang]] poet [[Bai Juyi]] (''Haku Kyoi'' in Japanese) on Japanese ''kanshi'' in this period was great. Even in the ''[[Tale of Genji]]'', a [[Yamato kotoba|pure Japanese]] work composed entirely in ''[[kana]]'', particularly in the chapter "Kiritsubo", the influence of his ''[[s:Song of Everlasting Regret|Song of Everlasting Regret]]'' has been widely recognized. [[Sugawara no Michizane]], who taught at the [[Daigaku-ryō]] before becoming [[Udaijin|Minister of the Right]], was known not only as a politician but as a leading ''kanshi'' poet.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Borgen|first=Robert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H0TAO98c9acC&q=sugawara+no+michizane+and+the+early+heian+period+court|title=Sugawara No Michizane and the Early Heian Court|date=1994-01-01|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-1590-5|language=en}}</ref>

In 905, with the imperial order to compile the [[Kokin Wakashū|Kokinshū]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=McCullough|first=Helen Craig|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8PjRkVxrrgC&q=kokin+wakash%C5%AB|title=Kokin WakashÅ«: The First Imperial Anthology of Japanese Poetry : with Tosa Nikki and Shinsen Waka|date=1985|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-1258-3|language=en}}</ref> the first [[imperial anthology]], ''[[Waka (poetry)|waka]]'' poetry acquired a status comparable to ''kanshi''. ''Waka'' were composed at ''[[uta-awase]]'' and other official events, and the [[Kashū (poetry)|private collections]] of well-known poets such as [[Ki no Tsurayuki]] (the ''[[Tsurayuki-shū]]'') and [[Lady Ise]] (the ''[[Ise-shū]]'') became well known.

During this period, since the language of most official documents was Chinese, most men of the nobility used [[Kanji|Chinese characters]] to write poetry and prose in Chinese,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Shonagon|first=Sei|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oPx5ZWlo7LUC|title=The Pillow Book|date=2006-11-30|publisher=Penguin Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-14-044806-1|language=en}}</ref> but among women the ''kana'' syllabary continued to grow in popularity, and more and more men adopted this simpler style of writing as well. Most of the works of literature from the Heian period that are still well-regarded today were written predominantly in ''kana''. [[Nikki Bungaku|Diaries]] had been written by men in Chinese for some time, but in the early tenth century Ki no Tsurayuki chose to write his ''[[Tosa Nikki]]'' <ref>{{Cite book|last=Tsurayuki|first=Ki No|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Di7RAgAAQBAJ&q=Tosa+Nikki|title=Tosa Diary|date=2011-12-20|publisher=Tuttle Publishing|isbn=978-1-4629-0336-8|language=en}}</ref> from the standpoint of a woman, in ''kana''. Partly due to the ''Tosa Nikki'''s influence, diaries written in Japanese became increasingly common.

== Timeline of notable works == *797 – ''[[Shoku Nihongi]]'' by [[Fujiwara no Tsuginawa]], [[Sugano no Mamichi]] et al. (history) *807 - ''[[Kogo Shūi]] by Inbe no Hironari (Inbe clan history)''  *814 – ''[[Ryōunshū]]'', compiled by [[Ono no Minemori]], [[Sugawara no Kiyotomo]] et al. (''kanshi'' anthology)<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Rabinovitch|first1=Judith N.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dhMQAAAAYAAJ&q=dance+of+the+butterflies|title=Dance of the Butterflies: Chinese Poetry from the Japanese Court Tradition|last2=Rabinovitch|first2=Judith R.|last3=Bradstock|first3=Timothy Roland|date=2005|publisher=East Asia Program, Cornell University|isbn=978-1-885445-35-3|language=en}}</ref> *815 – ''[[Shinsen Shōjiroku]]'' by {{nihongo|[[Prince Manda]]|万多親王|Manda-shinnō}}, et al. (genealogy) *818 – ''[[Bunka Shūreishū]]'', compiled by [[Fujiwara no Fuyutsugu]], [[Sugawara no Kiyotomo]] et al. (''kanshi'' anthology) <ref>{{Cite book|last1=Rabinovitch|first1=Judith N.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dhMQAAAAYAAJ&q=dance+of+the+butterflies|title=Dance of the Butterflies: Chinese Poetry from the Japanese Court Tradition|last2=Rabinovitch|first2=Judith R.|last3=Bradstock|first3=Timothy Roland|date=2005|publisher=East Asia Program, Cornell University|isbn=978-1-885445-35-3|language=en}}</ref> *824 – ''[[Nihon Ryōiki]]'' <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NSI2AAAAQBAJ&q=Nihon+Ry%C5%8Diki|title=Record of Miraculous Events in Japan: The Nihon ryoiki|date=2013-07-23|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-53516-8|language=en}}</ref> by {{nihongo|[[Kyōkai]]|景戒||also pronounced ''Keikai''}} (''[[setsuwa]]'' anthology) *827 – ''[[Keikokushū]]'', compiled by [[Yoshimine no Yasuyo]], [[Sugawara no Kiyotomo]] et al. (''kanshi'' anthology)<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Rabinovitch|first1=Judith N.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dhMQAAAAYAAJ&q=dance+of+the+butterflies|title=Dance of the Butterflies: Chinese Poetry from the Japanese Court Tradition|last2=Rabinovitch|first2=Judith R.|last3=Bradstock|first3=Timothy Roland|date=2005|publisher=East Asia Program, Cornell University|isbn=978-1-885445-35-3|language=en}}</ref> *833 - Ryō no gige a commentary of the [[Yōrō Code|Yoro code]] and the source of information that modern scholars use to reconstruct law from the Heian period and Nara period *835 – ''[[Shōryōshū]]'' by [[Kūkai]] (''kanshi''/''kanbun'' anthology)<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Rabinovitch|first1=Judith N.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dhMQAAAAYAAJ&q=dance+of+the+butterflies|title=Dance of the Butterflies: Chinese Poetry from the Japanese Court Tradition|last2=Rabinovitch|first2=Judith R.|last3=Bradstock|first3=Timothy Roland|date=2005|publisher=East Asia Program, Cornell University|isbn=978-1-885445-35-3|language=en}}</ref> *841 – ''[[Nihon Kōki]]'' by [[Fujiwara no Otsugu]] et al. (history) *847 - ''[[Ennin's Diary]]'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Ennin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OazzzQEACAAJ |title=Ennin's Diary: The Record of a Pilgrimage to China in Search of the Law |date=2020-10-25 |publisher=Angelico Press |isbn=978-1-62138-651-3 |language=en}}</ref> *868 - Ryo no Shuge a private commentary on the [[Yōrō Code|yoro codes]] had no legal effect like Ryō no Gige. It was written by Naomoto Koremun, a lawyer. Though 50 volumesoriginally, it is now 35. *869 – ''[[Shoku Nihon Kōki]]'' *879 – ''[[Toshi Bunshū]]'' by [[Miyako no Yoshika]]. a personal poetry collection but it also includes important imperial documents from his time at court and historical information about Sugawara no Michizane *879 - Hatashi Honkeicho the history of the hata set of shrines there formation submitted to the imperial court. *879 - [[Nihon Montoku Tennō Jitsuroku]] (history) *891 - Nihonkoku Genzaisho Mokuroku a book catalog of Chinese books written by Fujiwara no Sukeyo after a fire had destroyed these books. Some of these Chinese books no longer exist today. see [[List of National Treasures of Japan (writings: Classical Chinese books)]] for more information on imported books *892 - ''[[Ruijū Kokushi]] (history)'' *900 – ''[[Kanke Bunsō]]'' by [[Sugawara no Michizane]] (''kanshi''/''kanbun'' anthology)<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Rabinovitch|first1=Judith N.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dhMQAAAAYAAJ&q=dance+of+the+butterflies|title=Dance of the Butterflies: Chinese Poetry from the Japanese Court Tradition|last2=Rabinovitch|first2=Judith R.|last3=Bradstock|first3=Timothy Roland|date=2005|publisher=East Asia Program, Cornell University|isbn=978-1-885445-35-3|language=en}}</ref> *901 - [[Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku]] (history) *903 - Kanke Kōshū by [[Sugawara no Michizane]] (kanshi/kanbun anthology) written before his death while in exile and was shown to [[Ki no Haseo]] after being sent *905 – ''[[Kokin Wakashū]]'' - compiled by [[Ki no Tsurayuki]], [[Ki no Tomonori]], [[Ōshikōchi no Mitsune]] and [[Mibu no Tadamine]] on the orders of [[Emperor Daigo]] (''[[Nijūichidaishū|chokusen wakashū]]'') <ref>{{Cite book|last=McCullough|first=Helen Craig|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8PjRkVxrrgC&q=Tosa+Nikki|title=Kokin WakashÅ«: The First Imperial Anthology of Japanese Poetry : with Tosa Nikki and Shinsen Waka|date=1985|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-1258-3|language=en}}</ref> *Before 910 – ''[[Taketori Monogatari]]'' <ref>{{Cite book|last=Dickins|first=Frederick Victor|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FexPvgAACAAJ|title=The Old Bamboo-Hewer's Story (Taketori Monogatari): The Earliest of the Japanese Romances, Written in the Tenth Century (Classic Reprint)|date=2016-09-30|publisher=1kg Limited|isbn=978-1-333-79969-4|language=en}}</ref>(author unknown; ''[[monogatari]]'') *913 - [[Shinsen Man'yōshū|Shinsen Manyoshu]] *927 - ''[[Engishiki]]''<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PbQTeyDpbZUC&q=engishiki+kojiki+holy |title=The Holy Kojiki -- Including, the Yengishiki |date=2007-07-01 |publisher=Cosimo, Inc. |isbn=978-1-59605-997-9 |language=en}}</ref> *935 – ''[[Tosa Nikki]]'' <ref>{{Cite book|last=Tsurayuki|first=Ki No|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Di7RAgAAQBAJ&q=Tosa+Nikki|title=Tosa Diary|date=2011-12-20|publisher=Tuttle Publishing|isbn=978-1-4629-0336-8|language=en}}</ref> by [[Ki no Tsurayuki]] ([[nikki bungaku|diary]]) *939 - Teishinkoki <ref>{{Cite book|last=Fujiwara|first=Tadahira|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XasMAQAAMAAJ&q=Teishinkoki|title=貞信御記: The Year 939 in the Journal of Regent Fujiwara No Tadahira|date=2008|publisher=East Asia Program, Cornell University|isbn=978-1-933947-10-5|language=en}}</ref> *(date unknown) - ''[[Ise Monogatari]]'' <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ZioCwAAQBAJ&q=the+tale+of+ise+monogatari|title=The Tales of Ise|date=2016-09-01|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=978-0-14-139258-5|language=en}}</ref> (''[[uta monogatari]]'') *951 - ''[[Gosen Wakashū]]'' *[[Yamato Monogatari|951 - Yamato monogatari]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tahara|first=Mildred M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=68SBAAAAIAAJ&q=yamato+monogatari|title=Tales of Yamato: A Tenth Century Poem-tale|date=1980|publisher=University Press of Hawaii|isbn=978-0-8248-0617-0|language=en}}</ref> *952 - [[Heichū Monogatari|Heichu Monogatari]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Videen|first=Susan Downing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K8ZG1dOT204C&dq=the+tale+of+heichu+952&pg=PA100|title=Tales of Heichū|date=1989|publisher=Harvard Univ Asia Center|isbn=978-0-674-38715-7|language=en}}</ref> *962 - [[Tōnomine Shōshō Monogatari|Tonomine Shosho Monogatari]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mostow|first=Joshua S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lybyWV5DE1YC&q=at+the+house+of+gathered+leaves:+shorter+biographical+and+autobiographical+narratives+from+japanese+court+literature|title=At the House of Gathered Leaves: Shorter Biographical and Autobiographical Narratives from Japanese Court Literature|date=2004-07-31|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-2778-6|language=en}}</ref> *972 - Toyokage Monogatari <ref>{{Cite book|last=Mostow|first=Joshua S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lybyWV5DE1YC&q=at+the+house+of+gathered+leaves:+shorter+biographical+and+autobiographical+narratives+from+japanese+court+literature|title=At the House of Gathered Leaves: Shorter Biographical and Autobiographical Narratives from Japanese Court Literature|date=2004-07-31|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-2778-6|language=en}}</ref> *973 - Shinsen Kisoki the first text of Japanese turtle shell divination completed in 973 but was compiled through 830. *974 - ''[[Kagerō Nikki]]'' <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6nPdM95B77wC|title=The Gossamer Years: The Diary of a Noblewoman of Heian Japan|date=1989-12-15|publisher=Tuttle Publishing|isbn=978-0-8048-1123-1|language=en}}</ref> *975 - [[Ochikubo Monogatari]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Whitehouse|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0nssBgAAQBAJ&q=ochikubo|title=Tale Of Lady Ochikubo|date=2013-10-28|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-22035-7|language=en}}</ref>  * Before 977 – ''[[Utsubo Monogatari]]'' by Unknown * 977 - Honin no Jiju Shu<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mostow|first=Joshua S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lybyWV5DE1YC&q=at+the+house+of+gathered+leaves:+shorter+biographical+and+autobiographical+narratives+from+japanese+court+literature|title=At the House of Gathered Leaves: Shorter Biographical and Autobiographical Narratives from Japanese Court Literature|date=2004-07-31|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-2778-6|language=en}}</ref> * 980 - [[Sumiyoshi Monogatari]] it was a highly influential book read by [[Murasaki Shikibu]] and [[Sei Shōnagon]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Japan|first=Asiatic Society of|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sJbkjgEACAAJ|title=Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan, Volumes 28-30|date=2015-09-26|publisher=Creative Media Partners, LLC|isbn=978-1-343-54692-9|language=en}}</ref> * 982 - [[Chiteiki]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stavros |first=Matthew Gerald |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nKHozgEACAAJ |title=In Praise of Solitude: Two Japanese Classics on Reclusion. Chiteiki by Yoshishige No Yasutane, and Hojoki by Kamo No Chomei |date=2022-01-22 |publisher=Vicus Lusorum |isbn=978-0-6453932-2-4 |language=en}}</ref> * 984 - Sanpo-e <ref>{{Cite book|last1=Kamens|first1=Edward|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XEDYAAAAMAAJ&q=THREE+JEWELS+Study+and+Translation+of+Minamoto+Tamenori's|title=The Three Jewels: A Study and Translation of Minamoto Tamenori's Sanbōe|last2=Minamoto|first2=Tamenori|date=1988|publisher=Center for Japanese Studies, University of Michigan|isbn=978-0-939512-34-8|language=en}}</ref> * 984 - Zokusajosho the history of the Daijo-kan inherited by Otsuki. It compiles years 984 until the 7th year of the Genroku period of the Edo period. It has some 270 documents. * 991 - ''Fujiwara no Sari hitsu shojō a letter by Fujiwara no sari'' * 999 - Sanekata Shu [[Fujiwara no Sanekata|Fujiwara no sanekata's]] personal poetry collection. <ref>{{Cite book |last=McAuley |first=T. E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EId-zgEACAAJ |title=Sanekata-shū: The Personal Poetry Collection of Fujiwara No Sanekata |date=2021-06-07 |publisher=Amazon Digital Services LLC - KDP Print US |isbn=978-0-9956948-4-2 |language=en}}</ref> *1002 – ''[[The Pillow Book]]'' <ref>{{Cite book|last=Shonagon|first=Sei|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oPx5ZWlo7LUC|title=The Pillow Book|date=2006-11-30|publisher=Penguin Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-14-044806-1|language=en}}</ref> by [[Sei Shōnagon]] (''[[zuihitsu]]'') *1004 - Izumi Shikibu Nikki <ref>{{Cite book|last=Various|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RBRNDwAAQBAJ&q=Diaries+Of+Court+Ladies+Of+Old+Japan|title=Diaries of Court Ladies of Old Japan|date=2021-01-19|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|language=en}}</ref> by [[Izumi Shikibu]] a poetic diary *1005 - ''[[Shūi Wakashū]]'' *1008 – ''[[The Tale of Genji]]''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Shikibu|first=Murasaki|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UVvZCQAAQBAJ&q=tale+of+genji|title=The Tale of Genji|date=2015-07-27|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|isbn=978-0-393-24807-4|language=en}}</ref> by [[Murasaki Shikibu]] (''[[tsukuri-monogatari]]'') *1008 - Political affairs summary a book detailing political affairs, it was completed in 1002 when Emperor Ichijo was ruling and updated until 1008. It was written by Tadasuke Koremune at the request of [[Fujiwara no Sanesuke]] out of 130 volumes 26 remain. *1010 - [[The Diary of Lady Murasaki|Murasaki Shikibu Nikki]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Shikibu|first=Murasaki|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2t2R5_ow4FkC&q=Murasaki+Shikibu+Nikki|title=The Diary of Lady Murasaki|date=1996-03-07|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=978-0-14-190765-9|language=en}}</ref> *1011 - Ruiju - Sandaikaku a collection of laws, a compilation of the lost Engi Kyaku. The author is unknown but Engi Kyaku is said to have been written by Tokihira Fujiwara as the head of editing. *1012 - Shinsen Zuinō<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Teele |first=Nicholas J. |date=1976 |title=Rules for Poetic Elegance. Fujiwara no Kintō's "Shinsen Zuinō" & "Waka Kuhon" |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2384458 |journal=Monumenta Nipponica |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=145–164 |doi=10.2307/2384458 |jstor=2384458 |issn=0027-0741|url-access=subscription }}</ref> by [[Fujiwara no Kintō|Fujiwara no kinto]] *1012 - Waka Kuhon<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Teele |first=Nicholas J. |date=1976 |title=Rules for Poetic Elegance. Fujiwara no Kintō's "Shinsen Zuinō" & "Waka Kuhon" |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2384458 |journal=Monumenta Nipponica |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=145–164 |doi=10.2307/2384458 |jstor=2384458 |issn=0027-0741|url-access=subscription }}</ref> by [[Fujiwara no Kintō|Fujiwara no kinto]] *1013 - ''[[Wakan rōeishū]]''<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rimer |first1=J. Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Snr7qdYrrY0C&dq=japanese+and+chinese+poems+to+sing:+the+wakan+r%C5%8Dei+sh%C5%AB.+new+york+:columbia+university+press.&pg=PA272 |title=Japanese and Chinese Poems to Sing: The Wakan Rōei Shū |last2=Chaves |first2=Jonathan |last3=Konishi |first3=Jin'ichi |date=1997 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-10702-0 |language=en}}</ref> *1017 - Gonki <ref>{{Cite book |last1=藤原行成 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZeyZpwAACAAJ |title=藤原行成「権記」: 全現代語訳 |last2=倉本一宏 |date=December 2011 |publisher=講談社 |isbn=978-4-06-292084-1 |language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=倉本一宏 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XWWbtgAACAAJ |title=藤原行成「権記」中: 全現代語訳 |date=2012 |publisher=講談社 |isbn=978-4-06-292085-8 |language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=倉本一宏 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j0GRtgAACAAJ |title=藤原行成「権記」下: 全現代語訳 |date=February 2012 |publisher=講談社 |isbn=978-4-06-292086-5 |language=ja}}</ref> a diary by [[Fujiwara no Yukinari]] *1020 – ''[[Sarashina Nikki]]'' <ref>{{Cite book|last=Various|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RBRNDwAAQBAJ&q=Diaries+Of+Court+Ladies+Of+Old+Japan|title=Diaries of Court Ladies of Old Japan|date=2021-01-19|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|language=en}}</ref> by [[Takasue's daughter]] *1021 - ''Midō Kanpakuki the diary of [[Fujiwara no Michinaga]]'' *1030 - ''Gengenshu by [[Nōin]]'' *1031 - Hosshin Wakashu <ref>{{Cite book|last=Kamens|first=Edward|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9j4LEAAAQBAJ&q=senshi|title=The Buddhist Poetry of the Great Kamo Priestess: Daisaiin Senshi and Hosshin Wakashu|date=2020-08-01|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=978-0-472-03831-2|language=en}}</ref> *1032 - shoyuki by [[Fujiwara no Sanesuke]] *''1043 - [[Hokke Genki]]'' <ref>{{Cite book|last=Chingen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FusKAAAAYAAJ&q=Miraculous+Tales+of+the+Lotus+Sutra+from+Japan%22|title=Miraculous Tales of the Lotus Sutra from Ancient Japan: The Dainihonkoku Hokekyōkenki of Priest Chingen|date=1987|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-0967-6|language=en}}</ref> *1047 - [[Enoshima Engi|Enoshima engi]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bemsha10 |url=https://sites.google.com/site/bemsha10/intro |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=sites.google.com |archive-date=2016-12-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161219073950/https://sites.google.com/site/bemsha10/intro |url-status=dead }}</ref> *1050 - ''[[Sakuteiki]] (the first garden manual)''<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Takei |first1=Jiro |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UbbWAgAAQBAJ&q=Sakuteiki |title=Sakuteiki: Visions of the Japanese Garden |last2=Keane |first2=Marc P. |date=2011-04-11 |publisher=Tuttle Publishing |isbn=978-1-4629-0012-1 |language=en}}</ref> *1050 - ''Nōin Utamakura by [[Nōin]]'' *1055 - [[Tsutsumi Chūnagon Monogatari|tsutsumi chunagon monogatari]] a book of short stories <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2dpQAQAAIAAJ&q=Tsutsumi+Ch%C5%ABnagon+Monogatari|title=The Tsutsumi Chūnagon Monogatari: A Collection of 11th-century Short Stories of Japan|date=1963|publisher=Hokuseido Press|language=en}}</ref> *''1059 - [[Yoru no Nezame]]'' *1060 - [[Hamamatsu Chūnagon Monogatari|Hamamatsu Chunagon Monogatari]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Idr_AwAAQBAJ&q=hamamatsu+chunagon+monogatari|title=A Tale of Eleventh-Century Japan: Hamamatsu Chunagon Monogatari|date=2014-07-14|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-5668-8|language=en}}</ref> *1061 - Sagami-shū by [[Sagami (poet)|sagami]] *1065 - [[Shinsarugakuki]] a book presumed to been written by Fujiwara no Akihira. It is a book full of customs and possibly a biographical account but is often regarded as a work of fiction. It lists general references to each trade of Japan from performers of sarugaku to farmers. *1065 - Meigo Orai a book of model letters by Fujiwara no Akihira. *1076 - Sagoromo Monogatari<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MIBCEAAAQBAJ|title=Celebrating Sorrow: Medieval Tributes to "The Tale of Sagoromo"|date=2022-08-15|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-1-5017-6479-0|language=en}}</ref> *1081 - ''Suisaki a diary by Minamoto no Toshifusa'' *1086 - ''[[Goshūi Wakashū]]'' *1094 - Ruijufusensho a collection of laws. Tsuneyori Minamoto is said to have written it. *1099 - ''Go-Nijō Donoki (''Moromichi Diary) a diary by [[Fujiwara no Moromichi]] *1100 - ''Rōei gōchū a commentary on the [[Wakan rōeishū]] by [[Ōe no Masafusa]]'' *1105 - Konjaku Monogatarish *1107 - [[Eiga Monogatari]] <ref>{{Cite book|last1=McCullough|first1=William H.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bf5RAQAAIAAJ|title=A Tale of Flowering Fortunes: Annals of Japanese Aristocratic Life in the Heian Period|last2=McCullough|first2=Helen Craig|date=1980|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-1039-8|language=en}}</ref> *1109 - Honchō shinsenden by [[Ōe no Masafusa]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2v0hNQEACAAJ |title=Daoism in Japan: the Honchō Shinsen-den |date=1999 |language=en}}</ref> *1109 - Sanuki no suke Nikki the diary of Sanuki no suke <ref>{{Cite book |last1=Suke |first1=Sanuki no |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLl7AAAACAAJ |title=The Emperor Horikawa Diary: Sanuki No Suke Nikki |last2=Nagako |first2=Fujiwara no |date=1977 |publisher=University Press of Hawaii |isbn=978-0-608-00533-1 |language=en}}</ref> *1110 - [[Nezame Monogatari Emaki|Nezame monogatari emaki]] *1113 - [[Nishi Honganji Sanju-rokunin Kashu]] *1113 - ise Nikki <ref>{{Cite book|last=Mostow|first=Joshua S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lybyWV5DE1YC&q=at+the+house+of+gathered+leaves:+shorter+biographical+and+autobiographical+narratives+from+japanese+court+literature|title=At the House of Gathered Leaves: Shorter Biographical and Autobiographical Narratives from Japanese Court Literature|date=2004-07-31|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-2778-6|language=en}}</ref> *1113 - ''[[Saigū no Nyōgo Shū]]'' *1113 - ''[[Okikaze-shū]]''  *1120 – ''[[Ōkagami]]'' <ref>{{Cite book|last=McCullough|first=Helen Craig|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2s7_AwAAQBAJ&dq=Okagami&pg=PR9|title=OKAGAMI, The Great Mirror: Fujiwara Michinaga (966-1027) and His Times|date=2014-07-14|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-5593-3|language=en}}</ref>(author unknown; ''[[rekishi monogatari]]'') *1120 – ''[[Konjaku Monogatarishū]]'' <ref>{{Cite book|last=Ury|first=Marian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CtivEIi4s8MC&q=konjaku+monogatari+shu|title=Tales of Times Now Past: Sixty-two Stories from a Medieval Japanese Collection|date=1979|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-03864-6|language=en}}</ref>(compiler unknown; ''[[setsuwa]]'' anthology) *1127 – ''[[Kin'yō Wakashū]]'', compiled by [[Minamoto no Toshiyori]] (''chokusen wakashū'') *1131 - Kohon Setsuwashu a recently discovered setsuwa (that was lost ) *1133 - '''Hosouruirin''' a book of laws written by shinsai 4 volumes remain out of 230 *1140 - [[Genji Monogatari Emaki]] *1142 - Kikki a diary by Tsunefusa yoshida (started in 1142 finished in 1200) *1144 - rin'yō wakashū a personal collection by [[Shun'e]] *1146 - Myobokanyosho a law book compiled and edited from old law books supposedly written by a monk named megumi *''1150 - [[Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga]]'' *1150 - ''[[Kibi Daijin Nittō Emaki]]'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Minister Kibi's Adventures in China (Kibi daijin nittô emaki), scroll 1 |url=https://collections.mfa.org/objects/29077/minister-kibis-adventures-in-china-kibi-daijin-nitto-emaki;jsessionid=317B0367DB056DB249F088E8A0620E7B |access-date=2022-03-23 |website=collections.mfa.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Minister Kibi's Adventures in China (Kibi daijin nittô emaki), scroll 2 |url=https://collections.mfa.org/objects/29078/minister-kibis-adventures-in-china--kibi-daijin-nitto-emak;jsessionid=552E37B449F9E8A8736A3CC82B97C160 |access-date=2022-03-23 |website=collections.mfa.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Minister Kibi's Adventures in China (Kibi daijin nittô emaki), scroll 3 |url=https://collections.mfa.org/objects/29079/minister-kibis-adventures-in-china--kibi-daijin-nitto-emak;jsessionid=E85B937E19A711281E45B82037D05DF8 |access-date=2022-03-23 |website=collections.mfa.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Minister Kibi's Adventures in China (Kibi daijin nittô emaki), scroll 4 |url=https://collections.mfa.org/objects/29080/minister-kibis-adventures-in-china--kibi-daijin-nitto-emak;jsessionid=630C6EF068BC8AFEC5EFB2EDB78B84D6 |access-date=2022-03-23 |website=collections.mfa.org |language=en}}</ref> *1150 - Gaki-zoshi at the [[Kyoto National Museum]] *1150 - Ji''gokuzōji [[Hell Scroll (Nara National Museum)|Hell scroll at the Nara National Museum]]'' *1150 - ''Hekija-E ([[Extermination of Evil]])'' *1150 - Jigoku-zoshi [[Hell Scroll (Tokyo National Museum)|Hell Scroll at the Tokyo National Museum]] *1151 – ''[[Shika Wakashū]]'', compiled by [[Fujiwara no Akisuke]] (''chokusen wakashū'') *1151 - Sankaiki a diary by [[Nakayama Tadachika]] (started 1151 ended 1194) *1156 - [[The Tale of Hōgen|Hogen monogatari]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oJLOjwEACAAJ|title=Before Heike and After: Hōgen, Heiji, Jōkyūki|date=2016|publisher=Blue-Tongue Books|isbn=978-0-9945715-2-6|language=en}}</ref> *''1157 - [[Shigisan Engi Emaki]]'' *1158 - ''Nenju gyōji emaki'' *1159 - [[Honchō Seiki|Honcho Seiki]] (history) *1160 [[The Tale of Heiji|- heiji monogatari]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oJLOjwEACAAJ|title=Before Heike and After: Hōgen, Heiji, Jōkyūki|date=2016|publisher=Blue-Tongue Books|isbn=978-0-9945715-2-6|language=en}}</ref> *1161 - Kirei Mondō a manual for writing letters by [[Nakayama Tadachika]] *1164 - Gyokuyo a diary by Kanezane kujo (started in 1164 finished in 1200) *1164 - Fujiwara no Tadamichi hitsushojōan a set of 25 letters by Fujiwara no Tadamichi said to be a manual for writing letters. *1165 - Kara monogatari a collection of tales from China <ref>{{Cite book |last=Geddes |first=Ward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LSEtAAAAMAAJ&q=kara+monogatari |title=Kara Monogatari: Tales of China |date=1984 |publisher=Center for Asian Studies, Arizona State University |isbn=978-0-939252-12-1 |language=en}}</ref> *1169 - ''[[Fusō Ryakuki]]'' *1170 –''[[Imakagami]]'' by [[Fujiwara no Tametsune]] (''[[rekishi monogatari]]'') *1170 - ''[[Torikaebaya Monogatari]]'' <ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W6q8wAEACAAJ |title=The Changelings: A Classical Japanese Court Tale |date=1983 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-1124-1 |language=en}}</ref> *''1178 - Takakura tennō shinkan goshōsoku a letter by [[Emperor Takakura|emperor takakura]]'' *''1178 - Seigan-ji urabon engi a history of the ghost festival scroll'' *1180 - ''Takakura-in Itsukushima Gokōki'' a travel diary by [[Minamoto no Michichika]] *1180 - [[Saigyō|Saigyo]] Poems of a Mountain Home <ref>{{Cite book|last=Saigyō|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ScR3Vr0-uyQC&q=Saigyo+Poems+of+a+Mountain+Home|title=Poems of a Mountain Home|date=1991|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-07493-3|language=en}}</ref> *1180 - [[Ryōjin Hishō]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kim|first=Yung-Hee|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d7nADwAAQBAJ&q=Ryojin+Hisho|title=Songs to Make the Dust Dance: The Ryojin Hisho of Twelfth-Century Japan|date=2018-08-14|publisher=Univ of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-30306-5|language=en}}</ref> *1180 - [[Meigetsuki (diary)|''Meigetsuki'']] *1181 - ''[[Kojijū-shū]]'' *1181 - ''Takakura-in Shōkaki a diary by [[Minamoto no Michichika|Minamoto no michichika]] mourning the death of emperor takakura'' *1182 - ''[[Nijōin no Sanuki Shū]]'' *1183 - ''[[Kokawa-dera Engi Emaki]]'' *''1184 - [[Ban Dainagon Ekotoba]]'' *''1184 - [[Nijō Taikō Taigōgū no Daini|Nijō Taikō Taigōgū no Daini shu]]'' *1185 - [[The Tale of the Heike|heike monogatari]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RpJPEAAAQBAJ|title=The Tale of the Heike|date=2014-03-25|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-0-14-310726-2|language=en}}</ref> *1185 - [[Takamura Monogatari|takamura monogatari]]<ref>{{Citation|title=Bibliography|date=2017-12-31|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9780824846213-009|work=At the House of Gathered Leaves|pages=195–200|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|doi=10.1515/9780824846213-009|isbn=9780824846213|access-date=2022-02-23|url-access=subscription}}</ref>  *1188 – ''[[Senzai Wakashū]]'', compiled by [[Fujiwara no Shunzei]] on the command of [[Emperor Go-Shirakawa]] in 1183 it started to be compiled (''chokusen-wakashū'')

==Notes== {{reflist}}

[[Category:History of literature in Japan]] [[Category:Late Old Japanese texts]] [[Category:Heian period in literature|*]]