{{Short description|Genus of fleas}} {{Automatic taxobox | name = ''Hectopsylla'' | image = | image_caption = | taxon = Hectopsylla | authority = | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = See text. }} '''''Hectopsylla''''' is a genus of fleas in the family Hectopsyllidae that parasitize non-volant mammals, birds, and bats. The genus comprises thirteen species, six of which were described in whole or part by Karl Jordan between 1906–1942. Two of the species in ''Hectopsylla'', ''H. psittaci'' and ''H. pulex'', go under common names, with ''H. psittaci'' identified as the sticktight flea and ''H. pulex'' identified as the chiggerflea. Hastritter and Méndez (2000) consider the genus ''Rhynchopsyllus'' a junior synonym of the genus.

==Taxonomy== Hastritter and Méndez (2000) state that ''Rhynchopsyllus'' is a junior synonym of ''Hectopsylla''. The type species, by monotypy, is ''H. psittaci''.<ref name="Hastriter_2000">{{cite journal |title=A review of the flea genera ''Hectopsylla'' Frauenfeld and ''Rhynchopsyllus'' Haller (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) |journal=Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington |last1=Hastriter |first1=Michael W. |last2=Méndez |first2=Eustorgio |volume=102 |issue=3 |date=2000 |page=613-624 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/54765#page/139/mode/1up}}</ref> {{cladogram|title=Pulicoidea|align=center|caption=Cladogram table showing ''Hectopsylla'' in the superfamily Pulicoidea, with select species (note: not a phylogenetic tree) |cladogram= {{Clade | label1 = Pulicoidea | 1={{Clade | label1 = Hectopsyllidae | 1={{Clade | label1=''Hectopsylla'' |1={{clade |1='''''Hectopsylla psittaci''''' |11='''''Hectopsylla pulex''''' }} | 2=''Neotunga'' | 3=''Rhynchopsyllus'' | 4=''Tunga'' }} | 2=Pulicidae }} }} }}

==Species== {{External media|image1=[https://media.springernature.com/lw785/springer-static/image/chp%3A10.1007%2F978-1-60327-400-5_5/MediaObjects/978-1-60327-400-5_5_Fig1_HTML.jpg Annotated image of a flea], taken from Jerome Goddard, ''Flea-Borne Diseases''|image2=[https://academic.oup.com/view-large/figure/81508000/ZOJ_239_f1-6.gif Species of ''Hectopsylla'', including ''H. narium'', ''H. knighti'', ''H. psittaci'' and ''H. pulex''], taken from Blank et al. 2007|image3=[https://web.archive.org/web/20200625042458/https://zookeys.pensoft.net/showimg.php?filename=oo_26189.jpg The chiggerflea ''H. pulex'' attached to a male lesser long-nosed bat], taken from Hastriter et al. 2014}} thumb|upright=1.4|''H. gracilis'', ''H. narium'', and ''H. pascuali'' were observed in the Chubut, Río Negro, and Neuquén provinces, respectively, in Argentina|alt=Map of Argentina with provinces labeled There are thirteen species in the genus ''Hectopsylla''.<ref name="Hastriter_2000" /><ref name="Blank_2007">{{cite journal|title=Stick-tight fleas in the nostrils and below the tongue: evolution of an extraordinary infestation site in ''Hectopsylla'' (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae)|journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=149|number=1|doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00239.x|last1=Blank|first1=Stephen M.|last2=Kutzscher|first2=Christian|last3=Masello|first3=Juan F.|last4=Pilgrim|first4=Robert L. C.|first5=Petra|last5=Quillfeldt|year=2007|pages=117–137|doi-access=free|url=https://zenodo.org/records/5427621/files/source.pdf}}</ref>

*'''''Hectopsylla broscus''''' <small>(Jordan & Rothschild, 1906)</small> ''H. broscus'' is described as similar to ''H. coniger'', but the bristles of the head are longer, with the proportion of the second segment of the maxillary palpus to the fourth segment being 7:11 in ''H. broscus'' and 8:10 in ''H. coniger''. The angle of its frons were described as strongly rounded. In the thorax, the metasternite and pro-processes are narrower, with the meta-thoracic epimerum having three bristles, but rarely four or two. The tarsi of the legs are longer than in ''H. coniger'', with the fifth segment especially being longer. Separate from a vertical row of bristles near the eighth tergite were three or four additional bristles, with the additional bristles not present in ''H. coniger''. A series of twelve female specimen of ''H. broscus'' were found on Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk ''Conepatus humboldtii'' in Central Pampa, Argentina, in or prior to 1906.<ref name="Yates_1906">{{cite book|title=The Thompson Yates and Johnston Laboratories Report|editor1-last=Boyce|editor1-first=Rubert|editor2-last=Sherrington|editor2-first=Charles S.|pages=59–63|volume=7|year=1906|publisher=Williams & Norgate}}</ref>

*'''''Hectopsylla coniger''''' <small>(Jordan & Rothschild, 1906)</small> The species can be recognized by the fifth tarsal segment over both sexes, the sexual organs of the male, and the metathoracical epimerum of the female, which is curved. On the head, the frons of the female is "strongly angulate", with the male frons rounded strongly. The metathorax's episternum produces into a triangular process in both sexes. In number, the bristles on its legs are fewer than that of ''H. psittaci'', and its hind femur is shorter than ''H. psittaci''. One male specimen and fourteen female specimen were collected from the hog-nosed skunk ''Conepatus arequipae'' in Pampa Olliga, Bolivia, in October 1901.<ref name="Yates_1906" />

*'''''Hectopsylla cypha''''' <small>(Jordan, 1942)</small> ''H. cypha'' was first described by Karl Jordan in 1942.

*'''''Hectopsylla eskeyi''''' <small>(Jordan, 1933)</small> ''H. eskeyi'' was first described by Jordan in 1933.

*'''''Hectopsylla gemina''''' <small>(Jordan, 1939)</small> ''H. gemina'' was first described by Jordan in 1939.

*'''''Hectopsylla gracilis''''' <small>(Mahnert, 1982)</small> ''H. gracilis'' was first described based on a collection of specimen from ''Eligmodontia typus'' as well as collection from unidentified rodents from Puerto Madryn, Chubut Province, Argentina; its name derives from the slender process of its metepimeron. The species can be identified by a short, broadly triangular maxillary, with a short genal lobe and, normally, four bristles on its metepimeron. ''H. gracilis'' keys near ''H. ekeyi'', ''H. suarezi'', and ''H. cypha''. It is differentiated from those species by its metepimeron, the shorter process of its lateral metanotal area, and the number of bristles on its abdominal terga.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Two new flea species in the genre ''Plocopsylla'' Jordan and ''Hectopsylla'' Frauenfeld (Insecta, Siphonaptera) from Argentina |last=Manhert |first=Volker |date=1982 |journal=Revue suisse de Zoologie |volume=89 |issue=2 |pages=567–572 |doi=10.5962/bhl.part.82460 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41324421#page/579/mode/1up|doi-access=free }}</ref>{{rp|570–572}} The species has been observed on ''Akodon caenosus''.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Fleas Associated with Mammals from Northwestern Argentina, with New Distributional Reports|journal=Comparative Parasitology|last1=Lareschi|first1=Marcela|last2=Sanchez|first2=Juliana P.|last3=Ezquiaga|first3=M. Cecilia|last4=Autino|first4=Analía G.|last5=Díaz|first5=M. Mónica|last6=Barquez|first6=Rubén M.|display-authors=5|volume=77|number=2|year=2010|page=212|doi=10.1654/4448.1|s2cid=85420515}}</ref>

*'''''Hectopsylla knighti''''' <small>(Traub & Gammons, 1950)</small> Its description was based on a sole female specimen taken from an unknown species of swift in Michoacán, Mexico.<ref name="New_distribution">{{cite journal|title=New distribution and host records for ''Hectopsylla pulex'' Haller (Siphonaptera, Tungidae) with notes on biology and morphology|last1=Hastriter|first1=Michael W.|last2=Meyer|first2=Michael D.|last3=Sherwin|first3=Richard D.|last4=Dittmar|first4=Katharina|journal=ZooKeys|issue=389|year=2014|pages=1–7|doi=10.3897/zookeys.389.7042|pmid=24715770| pmc=3974428|doi-access=free|bibcode=2014ZooK..389....1H }}</ref> ''H. knighti'' was the first species in ''Hectopsylla'' to be described outside of South America.<ref>{{cite book|title=A Classification of the Siphonaptera of South America: With Descriptions of New Species|last=Johnson|first=Phyllis Truth|publisher=Entomological Society of Washington|year=1957|page=233}}</ref>

*'''''Hectopsylla narium''''' <small>(Blank et al., 2007)</small> The species was found on 204 of 308 nestlings of the burrowing parrot ''Cyanoliseus patagonus patagonus'' observed near {{Interlanguage link|El Cóndor (Río Negro Province)|es|El Cóndor (Río Negro)|lt=El Cóndor}}, Río Negro Province, Patagonia. "Freshly-emerged" ''H. narium'' adults can jump up to {{convert|25|cm|in}} horizontally, and vivaciously crawl. Once anchored on skin of the host, females of the species become sessile. Males of the species were observed in the nostrils of the burrowing parrot, but never feeding on nestlings; males and females mated in nasal cavities. The presence of the species in nasal cavities effectuated breathing difficulties in the parrot. Females stuck on nestlings until their death.<ref name="Blank_2007" />

*'''''Hectopsylla pascuali''''' <small>(Beaucournu and Alcover, 1990)</small> ''H. pascuali'' was first described in a 1989 paper that examined 973 fleas from Neuquén Province, Argentina. One male and four females were recorded, with three females taken from the Andean long-clawed mouse ''Chelemys macronyx'' in Arroyo Chapelco.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Puces récoltées dans la province de Neuquén (Argentine); description de 4 nouveaux taxa (Insecta, Siphonaptera)|trans-title=Fleas from Neuquén Province (Argentina); description of 4 new taxa (Insecta, Siphonaptera)|language=French|last1=Beaucournu|first1=J. C.|last2=Alcover|first2=J. A.|volume=64|number=6|year=1989|journal=Ann. Parasitol. Hum. Comp.|pages=489–494|doi=10.1051/parasite/1989646489|pmid=2624378|doi-access=free}}</ref>

*'''''Hectopsylla psittaci''''' <small>(von Frauenfeld, 1860)</small> thumb|upright=1.8|''H. pulex'' has been found in Cochise County, Arizona|alt=Labelled map of counties in Arizona ''H. psittaci'' is also referred to by the common name "stick-tight flea" or "sticktight flea".<ref>{{cite journal|title=''Hectopsylla psittaci'', a South American Sticktight Flea (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae), Established in Cliff Swallow Nests in California, USA|journal=Journal of Medical Entomology|volume=20|number=6|year=1983|last1=Schwan|first1=Tom C.|last2=Higgins|first2= M. Louise|last3=Nelson|first3=Bernard C.|pages=690–692|doi=10.1093/jmedent/20.6.690}}</ref> The flea has been observed from northern Chile on Markham's storm petrel ''Hydrobates markhami'' to Marin County, California on the American cliff swallow ''Petrochelidon pyrrhonota''; based on their age, the American cliff swallows on which the fleas were found had migrated at least once from their winter range in Uruguay, central Argentina, Paraguay, and Brazil, which lead the authors to state their presence might have been a natural introduction of the flea to California.<ref name="Nelson_1979">{{cite journal|title=The Natural Introduction of ''Hectopsylla psittaci'', a Neotropical Sticktight Flea (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae), on Cliff Swallows in California, USA|last1=Nelson|first1=Bernard C.|last2=Wolf|first2=Carol A.|last3=Sorrie|first3=Bruce A.|pages=548–549|journal=Journal of Medical Entomology|volume=16|number=6|doi=10.1093/jmedent/16.6.548|year=1979}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cerpa|first1=Patrich|last2=Medrano|first2=Fernando|last3=Peredo|first3=Ronny|title=Jumps from desert to the sea: presence of the stick–tight flea ''Hectopsylla psittaci'' in Markham's Storm–petrel (''Oceanodroma markhami'') in the north of Chile|journal=Revista Chilena de Ornitología|publisher=Unión de Ornitólogos de Chile|volume=24|number=1|year=2018|language=Spanish|pages=40–42|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326093203}}</ref> ''H. psittaci'' was found on shama and dhyal birds in the London Zoological Gardens, an apparent result of introduction from an American bird,<ref name="Jordan-Rothschild-1906">{{cite journal |title=Notes on the Siphonaptera from the Argentine described by the late Professor Dr. Weyenbergh |journal=Novitates Zoologicae |volume=13 |date=1906 |pages=170–177 |last1=Jordan |first1=K. |last2=Rothschild |first2=N. Charles |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/21926#page/184/mode/1up}}</ref>{{rp|171}} and on various live pigeons that used zoos as a source for food and shelter.<ref name="Nelson_1979" /> Its maxilla is curved slightly forward and short, compared to the long maxilla in ''H. pulex''. The female frons is longer than the male frons. In the thorax, its epimerum is round above, and narrows ventrally; in the abdomen, segments two to seven of the sternites lack bristles. Its claw has a "distinct basal projection."<ref name="Yates_1906" />

*'''''Hectopsylla pulex''''' <small>(Haller, 1880)</small> In the United States, ''H. pulex'' has been found on the lesser long-nosed bat ''Leptonycteris yerbabuenae'' in Cochise County, Arizona.<ref name="New_distribution" /> ''H. pulex'' is also referred to by the common name "chiggerflea" or "chigger flea".<ref>{{cite journal|title=The chiggerflea ''Hectopsylla pulex'' (Siphonaptera: Tungidae) as an ectoparasite of free-tailed bats (Chiroptera: Molossidae)|last1=Lins Luz|first1=Júlia|last2=de Moraes Costa|first2=Luciana|last3=Gomes|first3=Luiz Antonio Costa|last4=Esbérard|first4=Carlos Eduardo Lustosa|journal=Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz|volume=104|number=4|date=July 2009|pages=567–569|doi=10.1590/S0074-02762009000400005|pmid=19722077|doi-access=free|hdl=1807/57851|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

*'''''Hectopsylla stomis''''' <small>(Jordan, 1925)</small> ''H. stomis'' was first described by Jordan in 1925.

*'''''Hectopsylla suarezi''''' <small>(C. Fox, 1929)</small> ''H. suarezi'', also known as ''H. suarez'', was first described by Fox in 1929.

==References== {{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q4040508}}

Category:Fleas Category:Insects of South America Category:Insect families