{{Short description|Coast redwood groves near Humboldt Bay, California}} {{Use American English|date=July 2025}} {{use mdy dates|date=October 2021}} {{Infobox Protected area | name = Headwaters Forest Reserve | iucn_category = | image =Headwatersforest.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Headwaters Forest in Northern California | location = Humboldt County, California, United States | nearest_city = | coordinates = {{coords|40.63766|-124.07959|region:US-CA|display=inline, title}} | area_acre = 7472 | established = March 1999 | visitation_num = 8,000 | visitation_year = 2007 | visitation_ref = <ref> {{cite web |url = http://www.blm.gov/pgdata/etc/medialib/blm/ca/pdf/pdfs/arcata_pdfs/headwaters_documents.Par.19453.File.dat/FY07ManagersReport.pdf |title = 2007 BLM Managers Report |access-date = 2009-04-10 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080725013121/http://www.blm.gov/pgdata/etc/medialib/blm/ca/pdf/pdfs/arcata_pdfs/headwaters_documents.Par.19453.File.dat/FY07ManagersReport.pdf |archive-date = 2008-07-25 }}</ref> | governing_body = Bureau of Land Management / State of California }}
The '''Headwaters Forest Reserve''' is a group of old growth coast redwood (''Sequoia sempervirens'') groves in the Northern California coastal forests ecoregion near Humboldt Bay of the U.S. state of California. Comprising about {{convert|7472|acre|km2}}, it is managed by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) as part of the National Landscape Conservation System.
The climate is characterized by maritime conditions of cool, wet and foggy winters and cool to warm cloudy summers. Elevations range from {{convert|100|ft|m}} to over {{convert|2000|ft|m}}.
==Overview == thumb|left|Headwaters Forest Reserve The reserve was established in 1999 (H.R. 2107, Title V. Sec.501.<ref>[http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/F?c105:8:./temp/~mdbsbbPBHM:e220726: Library of Congress, text of H.R. 2107, Title V-PRIORITY LAND ACQUISITIONS, LAND EXCHANGES, AND MAINTENANCE]{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>) The reserve was created after a 15-year effort to save the ancient ecosystem (with some trees estimated at over two thousand years old), from being clearcut.
This reserve of {{convert|7472|acre|km2}} is public land and is under the stewardship of the US Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management (BLM). Of the total area, {{convert|3088|acre|km2}} are old-growth redwood stands, surrounded by {{convert|4384|acre|km2}} of previously harvested timberlands. These were included in the purchase to protect the watershed related to the old-growth forest.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.blm.gov/pgdata/etc/medialib/blm/ca/pdf/pdfs/arcata_pdfs/headwaters_documents.Par.19453.File.dat/FY07ManagersReport.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2009-04-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725013121/http://www.blm.gov/pgdata/etc/medialib/blm/ca/pdf/pdfs/arcata_pdfs/headwaters_documents.Par.19453.File.dat/FY07ManagersReport.pdf |archive-date=2008-07-25 }} 2007 BLM Manager Report</ref> The reserve is located about {{convert|6|mi|km}} southeast of Eureka, California and is managed by BLM officials from the agency's Arcata Field Office in nearby Arcata. The historic town of Falk and lumber mill site is within the reserve.
According to the BLM, "the reserve is set aside to protect and preserve the ecological and wildlife values in the area, particularly the stands of old-growth redwood that provide habitat for the threatened Marbled Murrelet, Northern Spotted Owl, native salmon stocks, and other old growth forest dependent species..." It also protects stream systems that provide habitat for the threatened coho salmon.
Other forest trees in the reserve include Douglas-fir, tanoak, Sitka spruce, western red ceder, western hemlock and red alder. There are limited distribution (CNPS list 4) plants in the reserve, including the heart-shaped twayblade and Kellogg's lily.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://northcoastcnps.org/cgi-bin/inv/inventory.cgi/Go?_id=lilium_kelloggii&sort=DEFAULT&search=%20%7bCNPS_LIST%7d%20%3d%7e%20m%2fList%204%2fi%20 |title=CNPS database, Kellogg's lily factsheet. |access-date=July 26, 2011 |archive-date=April 23, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423191836/http://northcoastcnps.org/cgi-bin/inv/inventory.cgi/Go?_id=lilium_kelloggii&sort=DEFAULT&search=%20%7bCNPS_LIST%7d%20=%7e%20m%2fList%204%2fi%20 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
The Headwaters Forest Reserve is one of the few remaining refuges for the marbled murrelet, an endangered seabird. Marbled murrelets make their nests on large redwood tree branches between March 25 and September 15. The seabird nesting can be disastrously disrupted by human activity. During breeding season, approximately June 25 to August 1, visitors are prohibited from entering the forest.<ref>In 2007 Headwaters Forest Reserve was posted as closed from June 25 to July 20. On July 19 signage was altered to extend the closure to August 1.</ref>
==History== By the late 20th century, most of the forest was owned by the Pacific Lumber Company, which became under the leadership of Charles Hurwitz and his company Maxxam, Inc, as the result of a hostile takeover in 1985.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=1985-12-06|title=Maxxam Buys 60% Of Pacific Lumber|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/12/06/business/maxxam-buys-60-of-pacific-lumber.html|access-date=2021-04-17|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Maxxam, Inc. changed logging policies at Pacific Lumber Company, replacing it with clearcutting.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Lindsey|first=Robert|date=1988-03-02|title=Ancient Redwoods Fall to a Wall Street Takeover|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/03/02/us/ancient-redwoods-fall-to-a-wall-street-takeover.html|access-date=2021-04-17|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Almost 60 per cent of the reserve was harvested by mostly clearcutting; more than {{convert|35|mi|km}} of roads were constructed, resulting in more than 100 stream crossings, which greatly degraded watershed ability to store and filter water runoff. The untouched portion is dense, old-growth forest with pristine watershed conditions.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.blm.gov/pgdata/etc/medialib//blm/ca/pdf/pdfs/arcata_pdfs/headwaters_final_eis.Par.0bc03c38.File.pdf/Chapter_3.pdf |title=Environmental Impact Statement, Ch. 3. p.5 |access-date=September 18, 2008 |archive-date=September 23, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923231402/http://www.blm.gov/pgdata/etc/medialib//blm/ca/pdf/pdfs/arcata_pdfs/headwaters_final_eis.Par.0bc03c38.File.pdf/Chapter_3.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The area was identified and named in March 1987 by activist Greg King after a solo hike throughout Pacific Lumber's northern ancient redwood holdings. A journalist, King pioneered redwood tree-sitting and staged other direct actions over a five-year period to draw national attention to Maxxam's liquidation of the world's last privately held ancient redwood groves.<ref>Harris, David (1995). ''The Last Stand'', Times Books. p. 179 {{ISBN|0-8129-2577-7}}</ref>
This had been the site of decades of protests called "Headwaters" (1997–2009), a fight against the logging policies of the then-privately owned forest.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|author=Rogers|first=Paul|date=8 March 2009|title=A decade after Headwaters deal, truce comes to Northern California redwood country|url=http://www.mercurynews.com/science/ci_11844764|website=The Mercury News}}</ref>
Headwaters Forest Reserve is the largest area of old-growth redwoods protected as a result of the Redwood Summer protests.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/1/0/5/5/1/pages105514/p105514-19.php |title=Violence, Archive, and Memory in the Making of the Redwood Imaginary |author=Widick, Richard |date=January 2006 |publisher=All Academic Inc |page=19 |access-date=16 January 2010}}</ref>
An agreement between Department of the Interior and Pacific Lumber Company was crafted in September, 1996. The agreement has two main parts: first, it provided $380 million of public funds for the purchase of the reserve. Second, it required a Habitat Conservation Plan (HCP) be developed and approved to allow limited logging on the remaining {{convert|211000|acre|km2}} of Pacific Lumber Company timberland.<ref name=LAO >[http://www.lao.ca.gov/1999/050499_headwaters/050499_headwaters.html An LAO Report, Opportunities and Challenges for the State-The Headwaters Forest] Legislative Analyst Office of the state of California.</ref>
Public Law 105-83 was the federal legislation authorizing the acquisition. H.R. 2107 was passed by the US Congress in October 1997 which committed the government's share of $250 million of the purchase price. California provided its share of $130 million in Chapter 615, Statutes of 1998 with a requirement of stricter conditions regarding the Habitat Conservation Plan. Specifically, wider no-cut buffer zones, prohibitions on logging in certain areas, and a requirement for watershed analysis. This legislation established a specific boundary with access points, called for joint federal-state acquisition with the Bureau of Land Management, the managing agency and the State of California having a conservation easement, and required a management plan for the forest. The California state easement gives the state oversight responsibility to ensure "all human activities with the Headwaters Forest shall be consistent with the stated goals and purposes..." The California Department of Fish and Wildlife represents the state's interest.<ref>[http://www.blm.gov/pgdata/etc/medialib//blm/ca/pdf/pdfs/arcata_pdfs/headwaters_final_eis.Par.0f9598a2.File.pdf/Chapter_1.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002204918/http://www.blm.gov/pgdata/etc/medialib//blm/ca/pdf/pdfs/arcata_pdfs/headwaters_final_eis.Par.0f9598a2.File.pdf/Chapter_1.pdf|date=2012-10-02}} Headwaters Final Environmental Impact Statement, Ch.1, p.2</ref> Chapter 615 authorized purchase of two additional portions, the Owl Creek, and the Grizzly Creek properties. It provided Humboldt County with $12 million as economic assistance.<ref name=LAO />
==See also== *Death of David Chain *Judi Bari *Julia Butterfly Hill, and her tree "Luna" * Forest Reserve Act of 1891, United States
==References== {{Reflist}}
==External links== *[http://www.dfg.ca.gov/lands/er/region1/docs/HeadwatersForestER.pdf Area map, from California Dept. of Fish and Game] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412012923/http://www.dfg.ca.gov/lands/er/region1/docs/HeadwatersForestER.pdf |date=April 12, 2009 }} *[https://www.blm.gov/programs/national-conservation-lands/california/headwaters-forest-reserve Official Website] *[http://www.wilderness.org/WhereWeWork/California/headwaters.cfm Headwaters Forest Reserve National Conservation Area] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081023011711/http://wilderness.org/WhereWeWork/California/headwaters.cfm |date=October 23, 2008 }} *[http://www.headwaterspreserve.org/the-forest.php Bay Area Coalition for Headwaters] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130417003020/http://headwaterspreserve.org/the-forest.php |date=April 17, 2013 }}
{{Eureka, California|state=autocollapse}} {{Protected Areas of California|NLCS}}
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Category:Old-growth forests Category:Protected areas of Humboldt County, California Category:Forests of California Category:Nature reserves in California Category:Bureau of Land Management areas in California Category:Units of the National Landscape Conservation System Category:Forest reserves of the United States Category:1999 establishments in California Category:Protected areas established in 1999 Category:Pacific Lumber Company Category:Coast redwood groves