{{short description|American journalist}} {{Infobox person |name = Hazel B. Garland <!-- Commented out because image was deleted: |image = Hazel_B_Garland.jpg {{!}}border --> |caption = Hazel B. Garland |birth_date = {{birth date |1913|1|28}} |birth_name = Hazel Barbara Maxine Hill |birth_place = Terre Haute, Indiana, US |death_date = {{death date and age |1988|4|5|1913|01|28}} |death_place = McKeesport, Pennsylvania, US |spouse = {{marriage|Percy A. Garland|1935}} |children = 1 }}
'''Hazel B. Garland''' (January 28, 1913 – April 5, 1988) was a journalist, columnist and newspaper editor. She was the first African-American woman to serve as editor-in-chief of a nationally circulated newspaper chain (the ''New Pittsburgh Courier'').<ref name="Ware">Ware, Susan (2004) ''Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary Completing the Twentieth Century, Volume 5'', Harvard University Press, pp. 228–230. {{ISBN|9780674014886}}</ref><ref name ="Smith">Carney Smith, Jesse (1996), ''Notable Black American Women, Book 2'', Gale Research Inc., pp. 240–243. {{ISBN|0810391775}}</ref><ref name="Sumner">David E. Sumner. [http://www.anb.org/articles/16/16-03590.html "Garland, Hazel"], American National Biography Online April 2014. Accessed January 1, 2015.</ref> Born into a farming family, she was the eldest of 16 children. Although a bright and capable student, she dropped out of high school at her fathers instigation, and spent time working as a maid in order to provide financial assistance to her family.<ref name="Ware" /><ref name="Smith" />
After her marriage in 1935 she became a housewife, raising her daughter Phyllis and playing an active role in various voluntary organisations. Her reports of club activities gained her attention from local newspaper editors and by 1943 she was writing a regular column.<ref name="Ware" /><ref name="Smith" /><ref name="Sumner" /><ref name="Courier">Editorial Staff, [http://newpittsburghcourieronline.com/2011/01/27/hazel-garland-female-trailblazer/ "Hazel Garland: Female trailblazer"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105034210/http://newpittsburghcourieronline.com/2011/01/27/hazel-garland-female-trailblazer/ |date=2015-01-05 }}, ''Pittsburgh Courier'', January 27, 2011. Retrieved January 1, 2015.</ref> In 1946 she joined the staff of the ''Pittsburgh Courier'' full-time, and by 1960 she was editor of both the entertainment and the women's sections of the newspaper. In 1955 she became the first African-American journalist to write a regular television column, ''Video Vignettes'', which would go on to become one of the longest running television columns in newspaper history.<ref name="Ware" /><ref name="Smith" /><ref name="Sumner" /> In 1974 Garland was made editor-in-chief, and in the same year she was named 'Editor of the Year' by the National Newspaper Publishers Association. She retired from her editorial role in 1977 due to health problems, although she continued writing and remained in an advisory role to the publishers until her death in 1988. In 1978 and 1979 she served as a juror for the Pulitzer Prize for journalism.<ref name="Ware" /><ref name="Smith" /><ref name="Sumner" />
==Personal life== Hazel B. Garland was born Hazel Barbara Maxine Hill near Terre Haute, Indiana, in 1913.<ref name="Sumner" /> She was the eldest of 16 children born to George and Hazel Hill, who were at that time farmers. After moving to Pennsylvania in the early 1920s, her father began working as a coal miner and the family eventually settled in Belle Vernon in 1932.<ref name="Ware" /> As the eldest child, Hill was called on to assist her mother in raising her 15 younger siblings. She was an enthusiastic and talented student, and had hoped to continue with her education. However, before she could complete high school, her father requested that she drop out to allow a younger brother to continue, with the intention of his eventually attending college. Hill found work as a maid, while her younger brother would eventually refuse a college scholarship in favour of a failed relationship.<ref name="Smith" /> Hill later recalled that her father was not in favour of female education, stating that it was a waste of money as they would eventually get married and stop working anyway.<ref name="Smith" />
Although no longer attending school, Hill spent her spare time in the local library reading. She also spent time in the evenings dancing, singing and playing the drums for local bands, and for a short time considered a career in entertainment. While at a party, she met Percy Andrew Garland, a window display decorator and photographer from McKeesport, Pennsylvania. It was, however, during a church program when Garland played a trombone solo that they fell in love.<ref name="Ware" /> On January 26, 1935, they were married and their only child, Phyllis, was born in October of that year.<ref name="Ware" /><ref name="Smith" /><ref name="Sumner" /> Throughout her career, Garland credited her family for supporting her achievements and encouraging her dedication to the paper.<ref name="Kauffman">Kauffman Advisory Board for Women in Business "Salute to Hazel Garland", ''New Pittsburgh Courier'', June 13, 1974.</ref>
Garland was a fan of the Pittsburgh Steelers football team.<ref name="Ware" /><ref name="Sumner" /> In 1951, Garland became a member of the Pittsburgh chapter of The Girl Friend's, Inc.,<ref name="Olson">Carter Olsen, Candice. [http://candicarterolson.weebly.com/toki-schalk-johnson.html "Toki Schalk Johnson"]. Accessed January 4, 2015.</ref> a prestigious African American women's civic society. Along with her friend and colleague Toki Schalk Johnson, in 1961 Garland became one of the first African-American members of the Women's Press Club of Pittsburgh.<ref name="Press Club">[http://womenspressclub.weebly.com/history.html "History"], Women's Press Club of Pittsburgh. Accessed January 4, 2015.</ref>
She died on April 5, 1988, aged 75, in McKeesport Hospital due to a heart attack after surgery on a cerebral aneurysm.
==Journalism career==
===Early career=== After her marriage, Garland settled into life as a housewife and mother. With support from her mother-in-law she also became active in local voluntary organisations.<ref name="Ware" /><ref name="Smith" /> As she was a keen writer, Garland was often asked to act as club reporter. In 1943 she was on the publicity committee for the local YWCA when the reporter due to cover a tea held in honour of the first black staff worker at the association became lost on the way and only arrived after the event had finished.<ref name="Smith" /> As a club reporter, Garland had made her own notes during the afternoon, and was encouraged to write them up and send it to the newspaper.<ref name="Ware" /><ref name="Smith" /> The editors at the ''Pittsburgh Courier'' were impressed, and asked her to cover similar community events for them as a stringer, for which she was paid $2 an article.<ref name="Ware" /><ref name="Smith" /><ref name="Sumner" /> Garland produced so much material that her articles were eventually combined into a column called ''Tri-City News'', which began appearing in the ''Pittsburgh Courier'' in late 1943. At the time, mainstream media rarely carried any positive news about African-American communities or accomplishments, and Garland's naturally conversational tone and community-centric focus on weddings, honours, jobs and even tragedies<ref name="Sumner" /> along with her increasing reputation for professionalism, reliability and skilled writing<ref name="Ware" /><ref name="Smith" /> quickly earned her a positive reputation.
===Columnist and editor=== By 1946, the ''Pittsburgh Courier'' was one of the most widely read black newspapers in the United States, and published a total of 14 editions, both local and national, as well as employing international reporters in cities around the world.<ref name="Ware" /><ref name="Sumner" /> That year, the paper offered to begin training some of its stringers to become full-time journalists, an opportunity that Garland was quick to take up.<ref name="Ware" /><ref name="Smith" /><ref name="Sumner" /> Initially providing vacation cover for other members of staff at the paper, she eventually became a general assignments reporter for the paper.<ref name="Ware" /> This change was not universally welcomed by all her colleagues however and in one instance one of her male colleagues, resentful of a woman working in what he considered to be a man's job, deliberately sent Garland to cover a murder in a local brothel. Garland, who had never been into such an environment before, was somewhat alarmed, but simply paid another male colleague to accompany her and soon returned with all the details necessary for her story.<ref name="Smith" />
In the same year, her column was retitled "Things to Talk About", and continued its community-oriented social coverage and conversational tone.<ref name="Ware" /><ref name="Smith" /> Her contemporary at the paper, Frank E. Bolden, remarked that: {{blockquote|"She would give a wedding in the housing projects the same attention that she would give to one in the upper echelon of what was then called Negro society. When I asked about it, she'd say: "They're all human, and as long as I'm doing this, that's how it's going to stay." The clubs relied heavily on Hazel to write about them, and the religious people too. Family allegiance was a hallmark of her work. She has come from a small town where life centred on the family. I think she wrote with such compassion because she had such strong feeling for her own family."<ref name="Smith" />}}
Originally only covering local events, national or particularly prestigious social events were reported in the paper by Toki Johnson. However, eventually, versions of ''Things to Talk About'' would also be printed in both local and national editions of the paper, running right up to the month before Garland's death, for a total of 42 years.<ref name="Ware" /><ref name="Smith" /><ref name="Sumner" />
In 1952 the editors decided to start a magazine section, and appointed Garland as feature editor,<ref name="Ware" /><ref name="Smith" /><ref name="Sumner" /> the first woman at the paper to do so.<ref name="Courier" /> In the same year, Garland was sent to rural South Carolina to cover the story of Maude E. Callen, a community nurse and midwife serving local black and white communities. Although male reporters were still frequently assigned to the best stories, the nature of this story meant that it considered more suitable for a woman to cover. Garland's subsequent series of reports, entitled ''The Three I's: Ignorance, Illiteracy and Illegitimacy'' won a 1953 New York Newspaper Guild Page One Award for Journalism.<ref name="Ware" /><ref name="Smith" />
{{blockquote|"The entries were numbered. They didn't name the newspaper or reporter who wrote it, or mention whether the person was black or white. I won the award for the best series. The prize was awarded at the Page One Ball. Oh, I was so thrilled! And I was shocked, too, because I beat some people who had been perennial winners. One had won a Pulitzer prize the year before and had entered a series. I said that if I don't win anything else again, I had won that."<ref name="Collins">Collins, Jean (1980) ''She Was There: Stories of Pioneering Women Journalists'' Messner, J. {{ISBN|0671330829}}</ref>}}
In 1955 Garland started writing television column called ''Video Vignettes''. At a time when the majority of mainstream TV columnists paid little attention to media diversity, Garland's column made particular note of occasions when black performers or broadcasters were dismissed, or when relevant shows were cancelled. To ensure that her point was made, she would also send copies of her columns to the network and station managers.<ref name="Smith" /> Although the column largely focused on programs featuring African Americans, it still covered all the popular shows and Garland interviewed actors, writers or producers of any color who happened to be in Pittsburgh, such as actress Eartha Kitt.<ref>Williams, John L. (2013), ''America's Mistress: Eartha Kitt, Her Life and Times'', Quercus Publishing, {{ISBN|9781780875576}}</ref> "Video Vignettes" ran from 1955 to one month before Garland's death in 1988, a total of 33 years, one of the longest-running newspaper television columns in history.<ref name="Ware" /><ref name="Smith" /><ref name="Sumner" />
In 1960 Garland was promoted from feature editor to women's editor of the magazine, but a financial recession in Chicago, declining circulation of the ''Courier'' and increasing coverage of black issues in mainstream newspapers had led to serious financial problems at the paper. In spite of bouncing pay checks, Garland continued writing for the paper. She commented "I loved the Courier. It was everything to me. I had spent the greater part of my life there, so I wanted to work even if I didn't get paid. I thought maybe we could hold on a keep it together."<ref name="Collins" />
===Editor-in-chief=== As a result of its financial troubles, in 1966 the ''Pittsburgh Courier'' was bought out by John H. Sengstacke, publisher of the ''Chicago Defender'', and renamed the ''New Pittsburgh Courier''. At the time Garland was the editor of both the entertainment and women's sections of the paper, but in 1972 Sengstacke offered her the post of city editor, which was considered a management level role. Not all of her colleagues at the paper agreed with this promotion, and Garland was still subject to some harassment from her co-workers.
In 1974 Garland was promoted again, this time to editor-in-chief, the first African-American woman to do so at any newspaper in the United States. Before she accepted the post, Garland made absolutely sure that the offer was genuine and not a token concession without real authority.<ref name="Kauffman" /> The role was a demanding one and Garland spent many hours away from her family, reorganising the paper into a more up to date format, developing new beats and expanding some existing sections to appeal to a broader audience.<ref name="Smith" />
Although there had been other women in high-profile positions at the ''Pittsburgh Courier'', Garland was the first to achieve a hands-on management role, and had daily input into the running of the paper. By the time she was promoted to editor, she had been assisting with layout, article illustration and design for a number of years.<ref name="Courier" /> When asked about it a number of years later, friend and journalist Frank E. Boulden said:
{{blockquote|"Without her the ''Courier'' would have folded during that period when Sengstacke came in. Under her it became a better prepared product. She didn't appreciate making mediocrity respectable. Hazel was one of two top women in journalism, the other being Ethel Payne of the ''Chicago Defender''."<ref name="Ware" /><ref name="Smith" /><ref name="Courier" />}}
In the same year she was promoted to editor-in-chief, Garland was also named 'editor of the year' by the National Newspaper Publishers Association. In 1975 she received a National Headliner award from Women in Communications. In 1976 the New Pittsburgh Courier won the John B. Russwurm award for the best national African-American newspaper, for which Garland herself won $500 and a life membership of the NAACP. Garland was also honoured that year by the Jewish women's group ORT America for 'bridging the gap between races'. In 1977 Garland retired from her editorial post due to ill health, but she continued writing her columns and took on an advisory role to Sengstacke one day a week.
==Legacy== Hazel Garland was the first African-American woman to work her way from freelance writer to editor-in-chief of a national newspaper. She earned the respect of her colleagues,<ref name="Smith" /> and where possible she tried to help younger people trying to get into journalism: "Just like others motivated, helped and assisted me, I've tried to do the same with other, especially all the young people coming through the doors at the ''Courier''. I want to give back all the vast knowledge shared with me, by some very, very great people."<ref name="Courier" />
When asked to summarise her career, Garland said:
{{blockquote|"We tell the stories. We tell the stories of the people. We told the stories of Colored people, we told the stories of Negroes, we told the stories of Black people and now we tell the stories of African-Americans. Does it really matter, sports, social, entertainment, or political. They are all our stories, and if we don't tell it, who will?"<ref name="Smith" />}}
==Further reading==
*Davis, Marianna W., ed. ''Contributions of Black Women to America''. Vol 1. Columbia, S.C.: Kenday Press (1982) *[https://web.archive.org/web/20150329125942/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-3629205.html "Spotlight on Black History: Hazel B. Garland"] *[http://chicagodefender.com/2009/02/24/several-black-women-served-as-news-media-pioneers/ "Several Black Women as News Media Pioneers"], ''Chicago Defender'', February 24, 2009 * "Hazel Garland, Pioneer Journalist", ''Pittsburgh Post Gazette'' *Garland, Phyl, "Blacks in Journalism" in ''Encyclopaedia of African American Culture and History'', New York: Macmillan (1995) *[https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-1900305811/women-s-lib-has-no-soul-analysis-of-women-s-movement Analysis of Women's Lib Movements in Black Periodicals 1968-73] *[https://www.pbs.org/blackpress/timeline/timeline.html PBS Timeline of Black Press]
==References== {{reflist|30em}}
==External links== *[https://www.nytimes.com/1988/04/11/obituaries/hazel-garland-editor-75.html "Hazel Garland, Editor, 75"]. Obituary, ''The New York Times'', April 11, 1988 *[https://archive.today/20150105012823/http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1988-04-08/news/0030170057_1_garland-courier-video-vignettes "Hazel Garland, 74: A pioneering black woman journalist..."]. Obituary, ''Orlando Sentinel'', April 8, 1988
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Garland, Hazel B.}} Category:African-American journalists Category:African-American women journalists Category:1913 births Category:1988 deaths Category:People from McKeesport, Pennsylvania Category:20th-century American non-fiction writers Category:20th-century American women writers Category:Journalists from Pennsylvania Category:20th-century American journalists Category:20th-century American women journalists Category:20th-century African-American women writers Category:20th-century African-American writers