Rhinanthus minor

{{short description|Species of flowering plant in the broomrape family}} {{good article}} {{Speciesbox | name = Yellow rattle | image = 20170517Rhinanthus minor6.jpg | image_alt = photograph of a yellow rattle plant | genus = Rhinanthus | species = minor | authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] | synonyms = {{Species list|hidden=yes | Alectorolophus × fallax var. hispanicus|Sennen & Elías | Alectorolophus alpinus|Rchb. | Alectorolophus buccalis|Heynh. | Alectorolophus crista-galli|(L.) M.Bieb. | Alectorolophus crista-galli var. monticola|(Lamotte) K.Malý | Alectorolophus crista-galli var. rusticulus|(Chabert) Sterneck | Alectorolophus crista-galli subsp. stenophyllus|(Schur) K.Malý | Alectorolophus glaber|All. | Alectorolophus grandiflorus var. glabratus|Wallr. | Alectorolophus kyrollae|(Chabert) Sterneck | Alectorolophus longibracteatus|Kociejotoski | Alectorolophus major var. glaber|Rchb. | Alectorolophus minor|(L.) Dumort. | Alectorolophus minor|Rchb. | Alectorolophus minor var. monticola|(Lamotte) Sterneck | Alectorolophus minor var. rusticulus|(Chabert) Hayek | Alectorolophus minor var. stenophyllus|(Schur) Wettst. | Alectorolophus minor f. vittulatus|(Gremli) Sterneck | Alectorolophus monticola|(Lamotte) Sterneck | Alectorolophus parviflorus|Wallr. | Alectorolophus parviflorus var. longidens|(Chabert) Rouy | Alectorolophus parviflorus var. perrieri|(Chabert) Rouy | Alectorolophus parviflorus var. rusticulus|(Chabert) Rouy | Alectorolophus parviflorus var. stenophyllus|(Schur) Rouy | Alectorolophus parviflorus f. stenophyllus|(Schur) Beck | Alectorolophus parviflorus var. vittulatus|(Gremli) Rouy | Alectorolophus personatus|Behrendsen & Sterneck | Alectorolophus pulchella|Schumach. ex Wimm. | Alectorolophus ramosus|Schur | Alectorolophus rigidus|(Chabert) Sterneck | Alectorolophus rusticulus|(Chabert) Sterneck | Alectorolophus stenophyllus|Sterneck | Alectorolophus stenophyllus|Schur | Alectorolophus villosus|Dumort. | Fistularia alpina|Wettst. | Fistularia crista-galli|(L.) Kuntze | Fistularia crista-galli var. vittulatus|(Gremli) Borbás | Fistularia minor|(L.) Kuntze | Mimulus crista-galli|(L.) Scop. | Rhinanthus borealis subsp. kyrollae|(Chabert) Pennell | Rhinanthus calcareus|Wilmott | Rhinanthus crista-galli|L. | Rhinanthus crista-galli subsp. crista-galli|Ehrh. | Rhinanthus crista-galli f. genevensis|(Chabert) Soó | Rhinanthus crista-galli f. longidens|(Chabert) Soó | Rhinanthus crista-galli f. maculiferus|Lindb. ex Soó | Rhinanthus crista-galli f. maritimus|Sennen & Leroy | Rhinanthus crista-galli f. minimus|Schur | Rhinanthus crista-galli subsp. minor|(L.) Bonnier & Layens | Rhinanthus crista-galli var. minor|(L.) Hartm. | Rhinanthus crista-galli subsp. monticola|(Lamotte) Soó | Rhinanthus crista-galli var. ramosissimus|(Schur) Soó | Rhinanthus crista-galli subsp. rusticulus|(Chabert) Soó | Rhinanthus crista-galli var. rusticulus|(Chabert) Schinz & Thell. | Rhinanthus crista-galli subsp. stenophyllus|(Schur) Soó | Rhinanthus crista-galli var. stenophyllus|(Schur) Fiori | Rhinanthus crus-galli|Clem. & E.G.Clem. | Rhinanthus elatior|(Soó) Tzvelev | Rhinanthus gardineri|Druce | Rhinanthus glaber|Lam. | Rhinanthus glaber subsp. minor|(L.) Schübl. & G.Martens | Rhinanthus glaber var. minor|(L.) Corb. | Rhinanthus hercynicus|O.Schwarz | Rhinanthus kyrollae|Chabert | Rhinanthus lintonii|Wilmott | Rhinanthus lochabrensis|Wilmott | Rhinanthus longibracteatus|(Kociejotoski) Domin | Rhinanthus major subsp. glaber|F.W.Schultz | Rhinanthus minor var. angustifolius|W.D.J.Koch | Rhinanthus minor var. angustifolius|Gren. | Rhinanthus minor subsp. balticus|U.Schneid. | Rhinanthus minor var. balticus|(U.Schneid.) Hartl | Rhinanthus minor subsp. elatior|(Soó) P.Fourn. | Rhinanthus minor f. genevensis|Chabert | Rhinanthus minor f. gracilis|Poeverl. | Rhinanthus minor var. hercynicus|(O.Schwarz) Hartl | Rhinanthus minor var. longidens|Chabert | Rhinanthus minor f. longiramosus|Poeverl. | Rhinanthus minor f. maculifer|H.Lindb. ex Hiitonen | Rhinanthus minor var. monticola|Lamotte | Rhinanthus minor subsp. perrieri|(Chabert) P.Fourn. | Rhinanthus minor subvar. pubescens|Merino | Rhinanthus minor var. ramosissimus|Schur | Rhinanthus minor f. ramosus|Poeverl. | Rhinanthus minor subsp. resimus|Neuman | Rhinanthus minor var. rusticulus|Chabert | Rhinanthus minor subsp. stenophyllus|(Schur) P.Fourn. | Rhinanthus minor var. stenophyllus|Schur | Rhinanthus minor var. vittulatus|Gremli | Rhinanthus monticola|(Lamotte) Druce | Rhinanthus nigricans|Meinsh. | Rhinanthus obscurus|Stephan | Rhinanthus pallens|Wibel | Rhinanthus parviflorus|Bluff & Fingerh. | Rhinanthus perrieri|Chabert | Rhinanthus personatus|Bég. | Rhinanthus pratensis|Vill. | Rhinanthus ramosus|Schur | Rhinanthus rigidus|Chabert | Rhinanthus rumelicus subsp. hercynicus|(O.Schwarz) Soó | Rhinanthus rusticulus|(Chabert) Druce | Rhinanthus secundus|Bréb. | Rhinanthus spadiceus|Wilmott | Rhinanthus spadiceus subsp. orcadensis|Wilmott | Rhinanthus stenophyllus|(Schur) Schinz & Thell. | Rhinanthus stenophyllus|(Schur) Druce | Rhinanthus stenophyllus var. monticola|(Lamotte) Schinz & Thell. | Rhinanthus vachelliae|Wilmott | Rhinanthus vulgaris|Hill }} }}

'''''Rhinanthus minor''''', known as '''yellow rattle''',{{refn|1=Other common names for ''Rhinanthus minor'' include '''yellow-rattle''',{{sfn|Press|1993|p=242}} '''little yellow rattle''',<ref name="PLANTS">{{PLANTS|id=RHMI13|taxon=Rhinanthus minor|access-date=21 October 2015}}</ref> '''cockscomb rhinanthus''',<ref name="ITIS">{{cite web |title=Rhinanthus minor ssp. minor L. |url=https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=524618#null |publisher=[[Integrated Taxonomic Information System]] (ITIS) |access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref> '''hay rattle''', '''rattle basket''' and '''cockscomb'''.<ref name="TTab">{{cite web |title=Yellow Rattle (Cockscomb, Rattle Basket, Hay Rattle) |url=https://www.thetortoisetable.org.uk/plant-database/viewplants/?plant=838&c=6#.YZEo0GDP3IU |website=The Tortoise Table |access-date=14 November 2021 |date=2017}}</ref>|group=note}} is a [[herbaceous]] wildflower in the genus ''[[Rhinanthus]]'' in the [[broomrape family]]. It has circumpolar distribution in Europe, Russia, western Asia, and northern North America.<ref name="PLANTS">{{PLANTS|id=RHMI13|taxon=Rhinanthus minor|access-date=21 October 2015}}</ref> An [[annual plant]], yellow rattle grows up to {{convert|10–50|cm|in|1}} tall, with upright stems and opposite, simple leaves. The fruit is a dry [[capsule (fruit)|capsule]], with loose, rattling seeds.

The preferred [[habitat]] of ''Rhinanthus minor'' is dry fields or meadows; it tolerates a wide range of soil types. It flowers in the summer between May and September. It is [[parasitic plant|hemiparasitic]], notably on [[Poaceae]] (grasses) and [[Fabaceae]] (legumes), and farmers consider it to be a pest, as it reduces grass growth.

Yellow rattle is used to create or restore wildflower meadows, where it maintains species diversity by suppressing dominant grasses and the recycling of soil nutrients. The seed is sown thinly onto [[grassland]] from August to November—to germinate the following spring, the seeds need to remain in the soil throughout the winter months.

==Description==

Yellow rattle is a [[herbaceous]] [[annual plant]] that resembles the larger greater yellow rattle (''[[Rhinanthus angustifolius]]'').{{sfn|Press|1993|p=242}}<ref name="PlantsO" /> The plant grows to up to {{convert|10–50|cm|in|0}} tall,{{sfn|Hessayon|2009|p=48}} with opposite, simple leaves measuring {{convert|20|–|30|mm|1}} × {{convert|5|–|8|mm|1}}.

The leaves are [[Sessility (botany)|sessile]] (they grow directly from the stem), somewhat heart-shaped at the base, otherwise ovate (oval-shaped) to lanceolate (shaped like a lance tip), dentate (toothed) and scabrid (a little rough to the touch). The stem, which stands upright, can be simple or branched, is four-angled and often streaked or spotted black.{{sfn|Westbury|2004}}

The yellow flowers are {{convert|13|to|15|mm|1}} across and have a straight tube for the petals. The silvery-coloured fruit is a dry [[capsule (fruit)|capsule]], which contains loose, rattling seeds when ripe that give the plant one of its common names.{{sfn|Press|1993|p=242}}<ref name="Guard" />

The [[herbalist]] [[Nicholas Culpeper]], in his ''The English Physician'' (first published in 1652), wrote of yellow rattle as being "good for cough, or dimness of sight".{{sfn|Culpepper|1860|p=303}} The plant has a reputation of being toxic to animals. The seeds contain [[iridoid]]s which cause them to have a bitter taste.<ref name="PlantsO" />{{sfn|Liu|Mander|2010|loc=4.08.1.2.1(vii)(c)}}

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=160 heights=200> File:Rhinanthus minor (Icones Florae Germanicae et Helveticae 1862, v20, plate 1738, BHL-29363) clean, no-description.png|alt=old illustration of yellow rattle and its seeds|''Rhinanthus minor'', from ''Icones Florae Germanicae et Helveticae'', 1862 File:Rhinanthus minor fruits.JPG|Fruits: when dry, the seeds rattle inside the [[capsule (fruit)|capsules]], giving the plant its name. </gallery>

==Taxonomy==

''Rhinanthus minor'' is a [[flowering plant]] in the genus ''[[Rhinanthus]]'' in the [[Family (taxonomy)|family]] [[Orobanchaceae]]. It was described by the Swedish taxonomist [[Carl Linnaeus]] in volume 3 of ''Amoenitates Academici'' (1756).<ref name="Euro">{{cite web |title=Details for: Rhinanthus minor |url=http://ww2.bgbm.org/EuroPlusMed/PTaxonDetail.asp?NameCache=Rhinanthus%20minor&PTRefFk=7200000 |website=Euro+Med Plant Base |access-date=15 November 2021 |date=2011}}</ref> The species name is derived from [[Ancient Greek]] and means 'nose flower', which is in reference to the shape of the upper lip of the [[Corolla (botany)|corolla]]. ''Minor'' means 'smaller'.{{sfn|Gledhill|2008|pp=260, 330}} It is classified in the genus ''Rhinanthus'' within the family [[Orobanchaceae]].{{sfn|POWO 2025a}}

According to [[Plants of the World Online]] it has four accepted [[subspecies]]:{{sfn|POWO 2025a}}

* ''Rhinanthus minor'' subsp. ''calcareus'' – [[Endemic]] to Great Britain{{sfn|POWO 2025b}} * ''Rhinanthus minor'' subsp. ''lintonii'' – Endemic to Great Britain{{sfn|POWO 2025c}} * ''Rhinanthus minor'' subsp. ''minor'' – Native to Europe and western Asia, introduced widely{{sfn|POWO 2025d}} * ''Rhinanthus minor'' subsp. ''monticola'' – France, Great Britain, and Ireland{{sfn|POWO 2025e}}

The [[Synonym (botany)|synonyms]] of ''Rhinanthus minor'' and its four subspecies include 50 species names.{{sfn|POWO 2025a}}{{sfn|POWO 2025b}}{{sfn|POWO 2025c}}{{sfn|POWO 2025d}}{{sfn|POWO 2025e}}

==Distribution and ecology==

[[File:Yellow rattle plants with flowers and seed capsules (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Yellow rattle plants with flowers and seed capsules]]

''Rhinanthus minor'' is found in Europe, western Russia, western Siberia, northern USA and throughout Canada.<ref name="PlantsO" /> The preferred [[habitat]] of ''Rhinanthus minor'' is dry fields or meadows, where its flowering period is in the summer between May and September,{{sfn|Press|1993|p=242}} but it can thrive with semi-natural species-rich [[water-meadow]]s. It can tolerate a wide range of soil types but does not grow where the soil has a [[pH]] less than 5.0.<ref name="NatEng" /> Yellow rattle flowers are pollinated by bumblebees during the summer months; the plant is also capable of [[Autogamy|self-fertilization]].<ref name="PlantsO" />

Yellow rattle is an annual wildflower.<ref name="NatEng" /> It is [[parasitic plant|hemiparasitic]], in that it can gain its nutrients by penetrating the roots of neighbouring green plants with its own roots,<ref name="PlantsO">{{cite web |title=Rhinanthus minor |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30116962-2 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=14 November 2021}}</ref> but is a [[facultative parasite]], in that it acts opportunistically when in contact with a root. The hemiparasitic nature of yellow rattle can result in stunted, unbranched individual specimens.{{sfn|Westbury|2004}} The plant can associate with many different [[Host (biology)|host species]], notably [[Poaceae]] (grasses) and [[Fabaceae]] (legumes).{{sfn|Gibson|Watkinson|1989|p=404}}

In Ireland and Scotland, yellow rattle is often associated with [[Machair (geography)|Machair]] habitat, which consists of coastal grassland. The seeds are spread effectively by traditional hay-making practices.<ref name="ConsE" /> Farmers seek to remove it since it affects yields by weakening grass; it is an indicator of poor grassland.<ref name="PlantsO" />

===Effects on plant community structure===

Yellow rattle can change the structure of [[Plant community|plant communities]] through its parasitism.{{sfn|Chaudron|Mazalová|Kuras|Malenovský|2021}} Vulnerability to attack varies across host taxa, with [[forb|forbs]] developing lignified barriers to obstruct the parasite.{{sfn|Jiang|Jeschke|Hartung|Cameron|2010}}

Research, including that at the UK's [[Centre for Ecology and Hydrology]], has shown that encouraging it to grow in hay meadows greatly increases [[biodiversity]], by restricting grass growth and thereby allowing other species to thrive.<ref name="ConsE">{{cite web |title=Add yellow rattle seed Rhinanthus minor to hay meadows |url=https://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/129 |website=Conservation Evidence |access-date=14 November 2021 |date=2020}}</ref> As of 2021 a majority of studies had found positive or neutral effects of the introduction of ''[[Rhinanthus]]'' spp. on grassland species richness and diversity, with most finding a negative effect on grasses.{{sfn|Chaudron|Mazalová|Kuras|Malenovský|2021}}

===Conservation status===

''Rhinanthus minor'' is found in low-lying fields with poor quality soil. It is currently not under threat; as such it is rated as of Least Concern (LC).<ref name="PlantsO" />

Being an annual, it is not found in regularly mown or grazed grassland where the seeds are not provided with an opportunity to spread over the ground.<ref name="PlantsO" /> The lack of a seed bank for yellow rattle means that it depends on seed produced from plants during the previous year.<ref name="NatEng" />

===Pasture and hay field infestation===

In the northeastern United States, yellow rattle is considered a pest, as it directly decreases [[crop yield]]s of grass and hay through its parasitism. Where the plant is found to have infested farmland it has to be suppressed; non-[[Herbicide|herbicidal]] strategies for removing it include the application of wood ash and sawdust on affected pastures.{{sfn|Smith|Cox|2014|p=118}}

==Uses and cultivation==

[[File:Traditional pasture, Melverley Farm - geograph.org.uk - 531782.jpg|thumb|alt=photograph of a meadow |A traditional [[pasture]] in England containing yellow rattle]]

[[File:Rhinanthus minor MHNT.BOT.2004.0.396.jpg|thumb|alt=seeds of yellow rattle |[[Capsule (botany)|Capsules]] and seeds]]

Yellow rattle is used to proactively create or restore wildflower meadows. It is used to reduce the dominance of grasses, when more expensive methods, such as removing the nutrient-rich [[topsoil]], or impractical methods, such as changing the timing and intensity of grazing, cannot be used.<ref name="NatEng">{{cite web |last=Jefferson |first=Richard |title=Technical Information Note TIN060:The use of yellow rattle to facilitate grassland diversification |url=http://adlib.everysite.co.uk/resources/000/264/860/TIN060.pdf |publisher=[[Natural England]] |access-date=17 November 2021 |date=2009 |archive-date=17 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117174534/http://adlib.everysite.co.uk/resources/000/264/860/TIN060.pdf }}</ref><ref name="Guard" /> This improves the chances of other species of flowers becoming established. According to [[Natural England]], the optimum density of yellow rattle plants needed to enable other species to be introduced is 100 to 200 per m<sup>2</sup>.<ref name="NatEng" /> Studies have shown that the plant's role in maintaining species diversity is through differential growth suppression effects and enhanced soil nutrient recycling.<ref name="PlantsO" />

The yellow rattle seed is sown thinly onto [[grassland]] where gaps have been created,<ref name="NatEng" /> or where all the grass has been cut back and the clippings removed.<ref name="Guard" />{{refn|1=[[Natural England]] suggests a sowing rate of between {{convert|0.5|to|2.5|kg}} of seed per [[hectare]].<ref name="NatEng" />|group=note}} Seeds can be also be introduced by the spreading of green hay.<ref name="NatEng" /> The grass should be kept short until the beginning of March, after which the seedlings become established.<ref name="PlantL">{{cite web |title=How to grow Yellow Rattle (Rhinanthus minor) |url=https://www.plantlife.org.uk/uk/discover-wild-plants-nature/how-to-grow-yellow-rattle-rhinanthus-minor |publisher=Plantlife |access-date=14 November 2021 |date=2021 |archive-date=10 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910080630/https://www.plantlife.org.uk/uk/discover-wild-plants-nature/how-to-grow-yellow-rattle-rhinanthus-minor |url-status=dead }}</ref>

After the yellow rattle plants have [[Germination|germinated]] and matured, the fruits shed their seeds. The meadow hay is cut and removed to encourage the growth introduced wild flowers.<ref name="Guard">{{cite news |last1=Byfield |first1=Andy |title=Yellow rattle: the meadow-maker's helper |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/gardening-blog/2012/sep/27/yellow-rattle-meadow-grassland |access-date=17 November 2021 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=27 September 2012}}</ref> The seed, which is short-lived, is sown in the autumn, using seed harvested that year.<ref name="PlantL" /> The seeds have to remain on or under the ground throughout the cold months of winter in order to germinate in the spring.<ref name="PlantsO" />

==Notes==

==References==

==Sources==

* {{cite journal |last1=Chaudron |first1=Clémence |last2=Mazalová |first2=Monika |last3=Kuras |first3=Tomáš |last4=Malenovský |first4=Igor |last5=Mládek |first5=Jan |title=Introducing ecosystem engineers for grassland biodiversity conservation: A review of the effects of hemiparasitic ''Rhinanthus'' species on plant and animal communities at multiple trophic levels |journal=Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics |volume=52 |publisher=Elsevier |date=2021 |article-number=125633 |doi=10.1016/j.ppees.2021.125633 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2021PPEES..5225633C }} * {{cite book |last=Culpepper |first=Nicholas |author-link=Nicholas Culpepper |title=Culpeper's Complete Herbal: consisting of a comprehensive description of nearly all herbs with their medicinal properties and directions for compounding the medicines extracted from them |date=1860 |orig-date=1652 |publisher=Milner and Sowerby |location=Halifax |url=https://archive.org/details/b2170465x/page/n7/mode/2up |via=Internet Archive}} * {{cite journal |last1=Gibson |first1=C. C. |last2=Watkinson |first2=A. R. |title=The host range and selectivity of a parasitic plant: ''Rhinanthus minor'' L |journal=Oecologia |date=1989 |volume=78 |issue=3 |pages=401{{ndash}}406 |doi=10.1007/BF00379116 |jstor=4218881 |pmid=28312588 |bibcode=1989Oecol..78..401G |s2cid=5524301}} * {{cite book |last=Gledhill |first=David |title=The Names of Plants |date=2008 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-68553-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/david-gledhill-the-names-of-plants/page/n3/mode/2up |url-access=registration |edition=4th}} * {{cite book |last=Hessayon |first=D. G. |author-link=D. G. Hessayon |title=The Green Garden Expert |date=2009 |publisher=[[Transworld (publisher)|Transworld]] |location=London |isbn=978-09035-0-563-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kgrpXeXRVecC}} * {{cite journal |last1=Jiang |first1=Fan |last2=Jeschke |first2=W. Dieter |last3=Hartung |first3=Wolfram |last4=Cameron |first4=Duncan D. |title=Interactions Between ''Rhinanthus minor'' and Its Hosts: A Review of Water, Mineral Nutrient and Hormone Flows and Exchanges in the Hemiparasitic Association |journal=Folia Geobotanica |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=369–385 |publisher=Springer |date=2010|doi=10.1007/S12224-010-9093-2|bibcode=2010FolGe..45..369J |s2cid=24274292 }} * {{cite book |editor1-last=Liu |editor1-first=Hung-Wen (Ben) |editor2-last=Mander |editor2-first=Lew |editor-link2=Lew Mander |title=Comprehensive Natural Products II: Chemistry and Biology |date=2010 |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |isbn=978-0-08-045382-8}} * {{Cite POWO |last1=POWO |date=2025a |id=30116962-2 |title=''Rhinanthus minor'' L. |access-date=12 December 2025 |ref={{sfnref|POWO 2025a}}}} * {{Cite POWO |last1=POWO |date=2025b |id=2933365-4 |title=''Rhinanthus minor'' subsp. ''calcareus'' (Wilmott) E.F.Warb. |access-date=12 December 2025 |ref={{sfnref|POWO 2025b}}}} * {{Cite POWO |last1=POWO |date=2025c |id=3301060-4 |title=''Rhinanthus minor'' subsp. ''lintonii'' (Wilmott) P.D.Sell |access-date=12 December 2025 |ref={{sfnref|POWO 2025c}}}} * {{Cite POWO |last1=POWO |date=2025d |id=77233717-1 |title=''Rhinanthus minor'' subsp. ''minor'' |access-date=12 December 2025 |ref={{sfnref|POWO 2025d}}}} * {{Cite POWO |last1=POWO |date=2025e |id=77251468-1 |title=''Rhinanthus minor'' subsp. ''monticola'' (Lamotte) P.Fourn. |access-date=12 December 2025 |ref={{sfnref|POWO 2025e}}}} * {{cite book |last=Press |first=J. R. |title=Bob Press's Field Guide to the Wild Flowers of Britain and Europe |date=1993 |publisher=[[New Holland Publishers|New Holland]] |location=London |isbn=978-18536-8-291-9 |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive |url=https://archive.org/details/bobpresssfieldgu0000pres/page/n3/mode/2up}} * {{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Richard G. |last2=Cox |first2=Dorn A. |title=Effects of Soil Amendments on the Abundance of a Parasitic Weed, Yellow Rattle (Rhinanthus minor) in Hay Fields |journal=Weed Science |date=2014 |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=118{{ndash}}124 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/weed-science/article/effects-of-soil-amendments-on-the-abundance-of-a-parasitic-weed-yellow-rattle-rhinanthus-minor-in-hay-fields/4079150F0B5D782EC46A011FFCECD732# |url-access=subscription |publisher=Weed Science Society of America |doi=10.1614/WS-D-13-00106.1|bibcode=2014WeedS..62..118S |s2cid=86310829 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Westbury |first1=Duncan B. |title=Rhinanthus minor L. |journal=[[Journal of Ecology]] |date=2004 |volume=92 |issue=5 |pages=906–927 |doi=10.1111/j.0022-0477.2004.00929.x |s2cid=85392118 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2004JEcol..92..906W }}

==Further reading==

* {{cite book |last1=Clapham |first1=A. R. |last2=Tutin |first2=T. G. |last3=Warburg |first3=E. F. |author-link1=Arthur Roy Clapham |author-link2=Tom Tutin |author-link3=E. F. Warburg |title=Excursion Flora of the British Isles |date=1981 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-05212-3-290-6 |edition=3rd |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/excursionfloraof0000clap_t0h8/page/n5/mode/2up|ref=none}} * {{cite journal |last1=Wagner |first1=M. |last2=Peyton |first2=J. |last3=Heard |first3=M.S. |last4=Bullock |first4=J. M. |last5=Pywell |first5=R. F. |title=Effects of Yellow-rattle (Rhinanthus minor) establishment on the vegetation of species-poor grassland |journal=Aspects of Applied Biology |date=2011 |issue=108 |pages=59{{ndash}}66 |url=https://www.cabi.org/ISC/FullTextPDF/2013/20133124656.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825215612/https://www.cabi.org/ISC/FullTextPDF/2013/20133124656.pdf |archive-date=August 25, 2021 |ref=none |issn=0265-1491 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

==External links==

* {{Commons category-inline|Rhinanthus minor|''Rhinanthus minor''}} * {{Wikispecies-inline|Rhinanthus minor|''Rhinanthus minor''}}

[[Category:Rhinanthus|minor]] [[Category:Parasitic plants]] [[Category:Flora of Western Asia]] [[Category:Flora of Europe]] [[Category:Flora of Russia]]