{{Short description|Agricultural machine used in haymaking}} [[Image:Molon_belt_rake-tedder_tedding_hay.gif|right|thumb|320px|A Molon belt rake/tedder tedding hay]]
A '''tedder''' (also called '''hay tedder''') is a machine used in haymaking. It is used after cutting and before windrowing, and uses moving forks to aerate or "wuffle" the hay and thus speed drying before baling or rolling. The use of a tedder allows the hay to dry ("cure") better, which prevents mildew or fermentation.<ref name="bailey">{{cite book |editor-last = Bailey |editor-first = Liberty Hyde |title = Cyclopedia of American Agriculture: Farms |publisher = Macmillan |year = 1907 |pages = [https://archive.org/details/cyclopediaameri00unkngoog/page/n259 205]–206 |url = https://archive.org/details/cyclopediaameri00unkngoog}}</ref>
==History== thumb|A retired hay tedder
{{Quote box|quote = There are few implements that give more general satisfaction in use or that are simpler in construction and operation than the hay tedder. |source = Robert L. Ardrey, ''American Agricultural Implements''<ref>{{cite book |last = Ardrey |first = Robert L. |title = American agricultural implements: a review of invention and development in the agricultural implement industry of the United States |publisher = Robert L. Ardrey |year = 1894 |location = Chicago |page = [https://archive.org/details/americanagricul00ardrgoog/page/n103 98] |url = https://archive.org/details/americanagricul00ardrgoog}}</ref> |width = 33% |align = }} The tedder came into use in the second half of the nineteenth century.<ref>{{cite journal |last = Walker |first = Joseph B. |title = The Progress of New England Agriculture During the Last Thirty Years |journal = New Englander and Yale Review |volume = 47 |pages = 233–44 |date = October 1887 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=wmdJAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA239 |accessdate = 2009-09-13}} p. 239.</ref> While Charles Wendel claims in his ''Encyclopedia of American farm implements & antiques'' that the machine wasn't introduced to the United States until the 1880s,<ref>{{cite book |last = Wender |first = Charles H. |title = Encyclopedia of American farm implements & antiques |publisher = Krause |year = 2004 |location = |page = 257 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=dJlJAM_hJD0C&pg=PA257 |isbn = 978-0-87349-568-4}}</ref> there are enough indications that the tedder was in use in the 1860s—''The New York Times'' reports on its efficacy in 1868,<ref name="nyt"/> and in that same year the Annual Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture in Maine comments on the American-made Hubbard's hay tedder, which had been on the market since 1863; according to the Maine report, in 1859 the machine was "an implement lately imported from England."<ref name="maine">{{cite book |title = Agriculture of Maine: Annual Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture |publisher = Maine Dept. of Agriculture |year = 1868 |location = Augusta |pages = 236–38 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Fj0HAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA236}}</ref>
The action of the tedder is described, in the late 19th and early 20th century, as being used to "stir"<ref>{{cite book |last = Knight |first = Edward Henry |title = Knight's new mechanical dictionary: A description of tools, instruments, machines, processes, and engineering. With indexical references to technical journals (1876–1880.) |publisher = Houghton, Mifflin and company |year = 1884 |page = [https://archive.org/details/knightsnewmecha00kniggoog/page/n494 449] |url = https://archive.org/details/knightsnewmecha00kniggoog}}</ref> or "scatter"<ref>Mr. George Clark of Higganum, speaking before the Connecticut State Board of Agriculture in December 1903, insisted that the tedder is a heaping machine rather than a spreading machine. {{cite book |last = Connecticut State Board of Agriculture |title = Annual report of the secretary of the Connecticut State Board of Agriculture, Volume 37 |publisher = Press of Case, Lockwood and Co. |year = 1904 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=IIkYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA147}} p. 147.</ref> cut hay in the field.
==Operation== [[File:Hay tedder (PSF).png|thumb|A hay tedder, similar to a standard American model of the early 20th century, with tines shaped like pitchfork ends<ref name="davidson"/>]] [[File:Bamford_Wuffler.JPG|thumb|A Bamford Wuffler]] The original tedder is a farm tool on two wheels pulled by a horse; the rotation of the axle drives a gear which operates a "number of arms with wire tines or fingers at the lower ends."<ref name="davidson">{{cite book |last = Davidson |first = Jay Brownlee |author2=Leon Wilson Chase |title = Farm machinery and farm motors |publisher = Orange Judd |year = 1908 |location = New York |pages = [https://archive.org/details/farmmachineryan00chasgoog/page/n186 174]–75 |url = https://archive.org/details/farmmachineryan00chasgoog}}</ref> The tines pick up the hay and disperse it; usually, the height at which the tines pick up the hay can be adjusted.
In an early, simple hay tedder described in 1852 and manufactured in Edinburgh by the company of Mr. Slight, the two wheels, via a spur wheel and a pinion, drive a set of light wheels, the "rake wheels"; on these two rake wheels are mounted eight rakes, which pick up and disperse the hay.<ref>{{cite book |last = Stephens |first = Henry |title = The Book of the Farm, Volume 2 |publisher = W. Blackwood |year = 1852 |location = Edinburgh and London |pages = 228–29 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=weB-AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA229}}</ref> A later "English hay-tedder" uses two separate cylinders with rotating forks that can be reversed to lay the hay down lightly for improved exposure to air.<ref>{{cite book |last = Knight |first = Edward Henry |title = Knight's American mechanical dictionary: A description of tools, instruments, machines, processes, and engineering; history of inventions; general technological vocabulary; and digest of mechanical appliances in science and the arts, Volume 3 |publisher = Houghton, Osgood and company |year = 1881 |pages = 2503–2504 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qQ_OAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA2503}}</ref>
American machines, such as those made by companies such as Garfield, Mudgett, and Bullard (Ezekiel W. Bullard of Barre, Massachusetts, is credited in one source with the invention of the machine, nicknamed "the grasshopper"),<ref>{{cite book |last = Pierce |first = Frederick Clifton |title = Foster genealogy, Part 2 |publisher = W.B. Conkey |year = 1899 |location = Chicago |page = [https://archive.org/details/fostergenealogy00piergoog/page/n275 755] |url = https://archive.org/details/fostergenealogy00piergoog}}</ref> typically used a system with a revolving crank in the middle of the arm and a lever at the upper end,<ref name="davidson"/> or a system whereby rotating wheels moved the forks up and down.<ref>{{cite book |last = Flint |first = Charles Louis |title = American farming and stock raising: with useful facts for the household, devoted to farming in all its departments |publisher = Casselberry |year = 1892 |location = New York |pages = 240–41 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=B0zTAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA240}}</ref> The first tedder widely available on the American market was the already mentioned ''Bullard's Hay Tedder'', which had forks moving up and down on a compound crank, working in a motion described as "the energetic scratching of a hen." The ''American Hay Tedder'', made by the Ames Plow Company of Boston and described in 1869 as a "new machine, remarkable for its simplicity and perfection of working, was more like the British machine in its rotational operation.<ref>{{cite book |last = Thomas |first = John Jacob |title = Farm implements and farm machinery, and the principles of their construction and use: with simple and practical explanations of the laws of motion and force as applied on the farm |publisher = Orange Judd |year = 1869 |location = New York |pages = [https://archive.org/details/farmimplementsa00thomgoog/page/n171 165]–66 |url = https://archive.org/details/farmimplementsa00thomgoog}}</ref>
Some tedders have the rotating tines enclosed inside a solid structure to increase the force applied to the hay. Other similar machines included ''the Wuffler'' and ''the acrobat''. The Wuffler shuffles the hay in a manner similar to the tedder.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K_y9ItloW6g |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/K_y9ItloW6g |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=David Brown 995, Bamford Wuffler. Summer 2013|via=www.youtube.com}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The acrobat may be used also for turning, and for rowing hay up ready for baling.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6JfgDLCmAE8 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/6JfgDLCmAE8 |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=Bukh 452 Super Raking Straw w/ Vicon Acrobat Hayturner | Old Timers | DK Agriculture|via=www.youtube.com}}{{cbignore}}</ref> thumb|Tractor with rotary tedder
=== Centrifugal rakes === On two opposing horizontal gyroscopes, which are pto-driven, are mounted obliquely downward standing tines. These refer to the green waste and throw it back. Due to the rear-mounted collecting baskets a windrowing is as possible with a Rake. Their distribution is low because of the limited job performance.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hoftechnik.at/zetten-heuwender-kreiselheuer/ |title=Zetten: Heuwender{{!}}Kreiselheuer » hoftechnik.at |website=www.hoftechnik.at |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522003053/http://www.hoftechnik.at/zetten-heuwender-kreiselheuer |archive-date=2015-05-22}} </ref> [This is nonsense]
==Use and importance== thumb|A modern tedder Its development was of great importance to agriculture, since it saved labor and thus money:<ref>{{cite book |last = Allen |first = Richard Lamb |title = New American farm book |publisher = Orange Judd |year = 1869 |location = New York |pages = [https://archive.org/details/newamericanfarm00allegoog/page/n132 127]–28 |url = https://archive.org/details/newamericanfarm00allegoog}}</ref> using a tedder, one person and one draft animal could do as much work as fifteen manual laborers.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title = Agriculture, sec. 14: Haymaking |encyclopedia = Encyclopedia |page = 379 |publisher = R.S. Peale |year = 1890 }} Available [https://books.google.com/books?id=blkMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA379 online].</ref> It also resulted in greater economy, since cut grass could be turned into hay the same day<ref>{{cite book|last = Hunter |first = Robert |author2=John Alfred Williams |author3=Sidney John Hervon Heritage |title = The Supplementary Cyclopedia of Universal Knowledge; supplement to The American encyclopaedic dictionary: a work of reference to the English language defining over 250,000 words |publisher = R.S. Peale and J.A. Hill |year = 1897 |location = Chicago and New York |page = 18 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=NV5YAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA18}}</ref> even if it had become wet or been trampled by horses <ref>{{cite book |last = Sanford |first = Albert Hart |title = The story of agriculture in the United States |publisher = D.C. Heath |year = 1916 |pages = [https://archive.org/details/storyagricultur00sanfgoog/page/n263 252]–53 |url = https://archive.org/details/storyagricultur00sanfgoog}} See also the entry "American Farm Implements" in {{cite book |last = Beach |first = Frederick Converse |author2=George Edwin Rines |title = The Americana: a universal reference library, comprising the arts and sciences, literature, history, biography, geography, commerce, etc., of the world, Volume 1 |publisher = Scientific American compiling department |year = 1912 |pages = 283–86 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=K5uZAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA2-PT283}}</ref> and before its nutritional value could be reduced by repeated soaking from rain. Especially in humid areas (such as the Eastern United States), the invention of the tedder added greatly to improved hay production from such crops as alfalfa<ref>{{cite book |last = Kansas State Board of Agriculture |title = Report of the Kansas State Board of Agriculture |publisher = Edwin H. Snow |year = 1894 |location = Topeka |page = 37 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CC_OAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA37}}</ref> and clover,<ref name="bailey"/><ref>{{cite book |last=Michigan State Board of Agriculture |title = Report of the secretary, Volume 7 |publisher=John A. Kerr |year=1868 |location=Lansing |page = 223 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=E8wSAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA223 }}</ref> and allowed for haying while the grass was still green<ref name="nyt">{{cite news |title = The Hay Crop and the Haying Season |newspaper = The New York Times |date = 1868-06-26 |url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1868/06/26/78945615.pdf |accessdate = 2009-09-13 }}</ref> which produced hay of much higher value.<ref name="maine"/>
==See also== * List of agricultural machinery
==References== {{reflist|30em}}
==External links== {{Commons category-inline|Hay tedders}}
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Category:Agricultural machinery