French Upper Volta

{{Short description|French colony in West Africa (1919-1958); now Burkina Faso}} {{more citations needed|date=August 2017}} {{Infobox former subdivision |native_name = ''Haute-Volta'' |conventional_long_name = Upper Volta |common_name = Upper Volta |today = Burkina Faso |subdivision = Constituent |nation = French West Africa |life_span = 1919–1932 1947–1958 |p1 = Upper Senegal and Niger |flag_p1 = Flag of France.svg |p2 = History of Ivory Coast#French colonial era{{!}}Côte d'Ivoire |flag_p2 = Flag of France.svg |s1 = French Sudan |flag_s1 = Flag of France.svg |s2 = Colony of Niger |flag_s2 = Flag of France.svg |s3 = Republic of Upper Volta |flag_s3 = Flag of Upper Volta.svg |image_flag = Flag of France.svg |flag = Flag of Burkina Faso |image_map = Haute-Volta (Afrique-Occidentale française).png |image_map_caption = '''Dark green''': French Upper Volta '''Light green''': French West Africa '''Dark gray''': Other French possessions '''Darkest gray''': French Republic |anthem=La Marseillaise |capital = Ouagadougou |demonym = Upper Voltese |title_leader = Governor |leader1 = Albert Mouragues |year_leader1 = 1948–1953 |leader2 = Yvon Bourges |year_leader2 = 1957–1958 |leader3 = Max Berthet (acting) |year_leader3 = 1958 |title_deputy = Premiera |deputy1 = Daniel Ouezzin Coulibaly |year_deputy1 = 1957–1958 |deputy2 = Maurice Yaméogo |year_deputy2 = 1958 |era = Interwar{{·}}Cold War |year_start = 1919 |year_end = 1958 |date_start = 1 March |event1 = Abolished |date_event1 = 5 September 1932 |event2 = Reestablished |date_event2 = 4 September 1947 |event_end = Autonomy |date_end = 11 December |event_post = Independence |date_post = 5 August 1960 |footnotes = a. President of the Government Council. }} {{History of Burkina Faso}} [[File:HauteVolta1931.jpg|thumb|Upper Volta stamp of 1931, marking the Paris Colonial Exhibition]] [[File:Les.Colonies.françaises.Helio.Sadag.1931.Flammarion.Haute-Volta. Régio de Banfora. Le battage du riz (cropped).jpg|thumb|Threshing African rice in Banfora Department, 1931]] '''Upper Volta''' ({{langx|fr|Haute-Volta}}) was a colony of French West Africa established in 1919 in the territory occupied by present-day Burkina Faso. It was formed from territories that had been part of the colonies of Upper Senegal and Niger and the Côte d'Ivoire.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.discoverfrance.net/Colonies/Burkina_Faso.shtml |title=French Colonies — Burkina Faso |website=Discover France |publisher=Discover France |language=en |access-date=2026-01-14 |url-status=live}}</ref> The colony was dissolved on 5 September 1932, with parts being administered by the Côte d'Ivoire, French Sudan and the Colony of Niger.

After World War II, on 4 September 1947, the colony was revived as a part of the French Union, with its previous boundaries. On 11 December 1958, it was reconstituted as the self-governing Republic of Upper Volta within the French Community, and two years later on 5 August 1960, it attained full independence. On 4 August 1984, the name was changed to Burkina Faso.

The name Upper Volta indicates that the country contains the upper part of the Volta River. The river is divided into three parts, called the Black Volta, White Volta and Red Volta.

== History == {{main|History of Burkina Faso}} [[File:NDA Haute-Volta.jpg|thumb|Missionary Sisters of Our Lady of Africa at a dispensary in Toma, 1920s]] Until the end of the 19th century, the history of Upper Volta was dominated by the empire-building Mossi/Mossi Kingdoms, who are believed to have come up to their present location from present-day northern Ghana. For centuries, the Mossi peasant was both farmer and soldier, and the Mossi people were able to defend their religious beliefs and social structure against forcible attempts to convert them to Islam by Muslims from the northwest.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DNAWAAAAYAAJ&q=upper+volta |title=Background Notes |date=1979 |publisher=Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, Office of Public Communications |language=en |chapter=Upper Volta}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

When the French arrived and claimed the area in 1896, Mossi resistance ended with the capture of their capital at Ouagadougou. In 1919, certain provinces from Upper Senegal and Niger were united into a separate colony called the Upper Volta in the French West Africa federation. In 1932, the new colony was dismembered in a move to economise;<ref>Skinner, E.P. (1989). The Mossi of Burkina Faso: chiefs, politicians and soldiers. Waveland Press Inc.</ref> it was reconstituted in 1937 as an administrative division called the Upper Coast. After World War II, the Mossi renewed their pressure for separate territorial status and on 4 September 1947, Upper Volta became a French West African territory again in its own right.

The indigenous population was highly discriminated against.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} For example, African children were not allowed to ride bicycles or pick fruit from trees, "privileges" reserved for the children of colonists.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} Violating these regulations could land parents in jail.{{dubious|date=November 2024}}<ref>Figures de la révolution africaine, de Kenyatta à Sankara, La Découverte, 2014, pp. 271-288.</ref>

A revision in the organisation of French overseas territories began with the passage of the Basic Law (Loi Cadre) of 23 July 1956. This act was followed by reorganisational measures approved by the French parliament early in 1957 that ensured a large degree of self-government for individual territories. Upper Volta became an autonomous republic in the French community on 11 December 1958.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1960/07/12/99753904.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false |title=4 African States Attain Freedom; France Gives Independence to Ivory Coast, Niger, Dahomey and Volta |newspaper=The New York Times |date=12 July 1960 |language=en |access-date=2026-01-14}}</ref>

Upper Volta achieved independence on 5 August 1960.<ref name=":1" /> The first president, Maurice Yaméogo, was the leader of the Voltaic Democratic Union (UDV). The 1960 constitution provided for election by universal suffrage of a president and a national assembly for five year terms; however, soon after coming to power, Yaméogo banned all political parties other than the UDV.<ref>''Benin, The Congo, Burkina Faso, Politics, Economics and Society'', 1989, Joan Baxter and Keith Somerville, Pinter Publishers, London and New York, (Book)</ref>

== Colonial governors ==

===Lieutenant Governors (1919–1932)=== *Édouard Hesling (9 November 1919 – 7 August 1927) **Robert Arnaud (7 August 1927 – 13 January 1928), ''acting'' *Albéric Fournier (13 January 1928 – 22 December 1932) *Gabriel Descemet (22 December 1932 – 31 December 1932)

===Governors (1947–1958)=== **Gaston Mourgues (6 September 1947 – 29 April 1948), ''acting'' *Albert Mouragues (29 April 1948 – 23 February 1953) *Salvador Jean Étcheber (23 February 1953 – 3 November 1956) *Yvon Bourges (3 November 1956 – 15 July 1958) **Max Berthet (15 July 1958 – 11 December 1958), ''acting''

===High Commissioners (1958–1960)=== *Max Berthet (11 December 1958 – February 1959) *Paul Masson (February 1959 – 5 August 1960)

==People born in French Upper Volta== * Norbert Zongo * Gilbert Diendéré

==References== {{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:French Upper Volta}} Category:French Upper Volta Category:French West Africa Category:20th century in Burkina Faso Category:Former colonies in Africa Upper Volta Upper Volta Category:States and territories established in 1919 Category:States and territories disestablished in 1932 Category:States and territories established in 1947 Category:States and territories disestablished in 1958 Category:1919 establishments in French West Africa Category:1958 disestablishments in French West Africa Category:1919 establishments in the French colonial empire Category:1958 disestablishments in the French colonial empire Category:History of Burkina Faso