{{Short description|Military ruler of Japan from 1585 to 1598}} {{Redirect|Hideyoshi|the given name|Hideyoshi (given name)}} {{Use mdy dates|date=February 2025}} {{family name hatnote|[[Toyotomi]]|lang=Japanese}} {{Copy edit|date=January 2026}} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = [[List of Japanese court ranks, positions and hereditary titles|Senior First Rank]] | name = Toyotomi Hideyoshi | native_name = {{nobold|豊臣 秀吉}} | native_name_lang = ja | nickname = "Kozaru" (little monkey)<br />"Saru" (monkey)<br />"Toyokuni daimyōjin" | image = Toyotomi Hideyoshi c1598 Kodai-ji Temple.png | caption = Portrait by [[Kanō Mitsunobu]], {{circa|1598}} | order = Chief Advisor to the Emperor<br />(''[[Kampaku]]'') | term_start = 6 August 1585 | term_end = 10 February 1592 | monarch = {{Plainlist| * [[Emperor Ōgimachi|Ōgimachi]] * [[Emperor Go-Yōzei|Go-Yōzei]]}} | predecessor = [[Nijō Akizane]] | successor = [[Toyotomi Hidetsugu]] | order2 = Chancellor of the Realm<br />(''[[Daijō Daijin]]'') | term_start2 = 2 February 1586 | term_end2 = 18 September 1598 | monarch2 = [[Emperor Go-Yōzei|Go-Yōzei]] | predecessor2 = [[Konoe Sakihisa]] | successor2 = [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]] | order3 = Head of [[Toyotomi clan]] | term_start3 = 1584 | term_end3 = 1598 | successor3 = [[Toyotomi Hideyori]] | birth_name = {{Nihongo|Hiyoshimaru|日吉丸}} | birth_date = 16 February 1537 | birth_place = [[Nakamura-ku, Nagoya]], [[Owari Province]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1598|9|18|1537|2|16|df=y}} | death_place = [[Fushimi Castle]], [[Kyoto]], Japan | spouse = {{plainlist| * [[Kōdai-in|Nene]] * [[Yodo-dono]]}} | partner = [[Kaihime]] (concubine) | father = Kinoshita Yaemon | mother = [[Ōmandokoro]] | children = {{plainlist| * [[Hashiba Hidekatsu]] (adopted son) * Toyotomi Tsurumatsu * [[Toyotomi Hideyori]]}} | relatives = {{plainlist| * [[Toyotomi Hidenaga]]<br />(half-brother) * [[Asahi no kata]]<br />(half-sister) * [[Tomo (Toyotomi)]]<br />(sister) * [[Toyotomi Hidetsugu]]<br />(nephew) * [[Konoe Sakihisa]]<br />(adopted father)}} | allegiance = {{plainlist| * [[Oda clan]] * [[Toyotomi clan]] * [[Imperial Court in Kyoto|Imperial Court]]}} | battles = [[Siege of Inabayama]]<br />[[Siege of Kanegasaki (1570)|Siege of Kanegasaki]]<br />[[Battle of Anegawa]]<br />[[Siege of Nagashima]]<br />[[Siege of Ichijōdani Castle|Battle of Ichijodani]]<br />[[Siege of Itami (1574)|Siege of Itami]]<br />[[Battle of Nagashino]]<br />[[Siege of Mitsuji]]<br />[[Battle of Tedorigawa]]<br />[[Siege of Miki]]<br />[[Siege of Tottori]]<br />[[Siege of Takamatsu]]<br />[[Battle of Yamazaki]]<br />[[Battle of Shizugatake]]<br />[[Battle of Komaki and Nagakute]]<br />[[Siege of Negoro-ji|Negoro-ji Campaign]]<br />[[Siege of Toyama|Toyama Campaign]]<br />[[Kyūshū campaign]]<br />[[Siege of Odawara (1590)|Odawara Campaign]]<br />[[Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)|Korean Campaign]]<br />''See below'' | rank = ''[[Daimyō]]'', ''[[Sesshō and Kampaku|Kampaku]]'', ''[[Daijō-daijin]]'' | unit = [[Toyotomi clan]] | commands = [[Osaka Castle]] | blank1 = Religion | data1 = [[Shinto]]; [[Buddhism]] | blank2 = Other names | data2 = {{plainlist| * {{Nihongo|Kinoshita Tōkichirō|木下 藤吉郎}} * {{Nihongo|Hashiba Hideyoshi|羽柴 秀吉}} }} | blank3 = [[Kami|Divine name]] | data3 = Toyokuni [[Myōjin|Daimyōjin]] ({{lang|ja|豊国大明神}}) | blank4 = [[Dharma name|Posthumous<br />dharma name]] | data4 = Kokutai-yūshō-in-den Reizan Shunryū Daikoji ({{lang|ja|国泰祐松院殿霊山俊龍大居士}}) | signature = Toyotomi Hideyoshi Kaou.svg | module = {{Infobox Japanese | kyujitai = 豐臣 秀吉 | shinjitai = 豊臣 秀吉 | kana = とよとみ ひでよし or とよとみ の ひでよし | revhep = Toyotomi Hideyoshi ''or'' Toyotomi no Hideyoshi }} }} {{Campaignbox Campaigns of Toyotomi Hideyoshi|state=autocollapse}} [[File:Toyotomi mon.png|thumb|Toyotomi clan {{nihongo3|Japanese emblem||[[Mon (emblem)|mon]]}}]] {{Nihongo|'''Toyotomi Hideyoshi'''|豊臣 秀吉||{{IPA|ja|to.jo.to.mʲi ({{pipe}}) çi.de(ꜜ).jo.ɕi}},<ref>{{cite book|script-title=ja:NHK日本語発音アクセント新辞典|publisher=NHK Publishing|editor=NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute|date=24 May 2016|language=ja}}</ref><ref name="Sanseidō">{{cite book|script-title=ja:新明解日本語アクセント辞典|edition=2nd|editor-last=Kindaichi|editor-first=Haruhiko|editor-link=Haruhiko Kindaichi|editor-last2=Akinaga|editor-first2=Kazue|publisher=[[Sanseidō]]|date=10 March 2025|language=ja}}</ref> 16 February 1537 – 18 September 1598}}, otherwise known as {{Nihongo|'''Kinoshita Tōkichirō'''|木下 藤吉郎}} and {{Nihongo|'''Hashiba Hideyoshi'''|羽柴 秀吉}}, was a Japanese [[samurai]] and ''[[daimyō]]'' ([[feudal]] lord) of the late [[Sengoku period|Sengoku]] and [[Azuchi-Momoyama period]]s and regarded as the second "Great Unifier" of [[Japan]].<ref>Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "''Ōmi''" in {{Google books|p2QnPijAEmEC|''Japan Encyclopedia'', pp. 993–994|page=993}}</ref><ref name="Holmes">Richard Holmes, The World Atlas of Warfare: Military Innovations that Changed the Course of History, Viking Press 1988. p. 68.</ref> Although he came from a [[peasant]] background, he rose to become the most powerful man in Japan, earning the rank and title of {{nihongo3|Imperial Regent|関白|[[Sesshō and Kampaku|Kampaku]]}} and {{nihongo3|Chancellor of the Realm|太政大臣|[[Daijō-daijin]]}}, the highest official position and title in the nobility class. He was the first person in history to become a ''Kampaku'' who was not born a noble. He then passed the position and title of ''Kampaku'' to his nephew, [[Toyotomi Hidetsugu]]. He remained in power as {{nihongo3||太閤|[[Sesshō and Kampaku|Taikō]]}}, the title of a retired ''Kampaku'', until his death.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dot.asahi.com/articles/-/202017?page=3|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229075803/https://dot.asahi.com/articles/-/202017?page=3|script-title=ja:豊臣秀吉はなぜ「征夷大将軍」ではなく「関白」になったのか――秀吉をめぐる「三つのなぜ」|language=ja|publisher=[[The Asahi Shimbun]]|date=September 24, 2023|archive-date=February 29, 2024|access-date=February 29, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://business.nikkei.com/atcl/opinion/16/122600033/010800002/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905041529/https://business.nikkei.com/atcl/opinion/16/122600033/010800002/|script-title=ja:秀吉はなぜ征夷大将軍ではなく、関白を選んだか|language=ja|publisher=Nikkei Business|date=January 14, 2017|archive-date=September 5, 2023|access-date=February 29, 2024}}</ref>
Hideyoshi rose from a peasant background as a [[Affinity (medieval)|retainer]] of the prominent lord [[Oda Nobunaga]] to become one of the most powerful men in Japanese history. He distinguished himself in many of Nobunaga's campaigns. After Nobunaga's death in the [[Honnō-ji Incident]] in 1582, Hideyoshi defeated his assassin [[Akechi Mitsuhide]] at the [[Battle of Yamazaki]] and became Nobunaga's successor. He then continued the campaign to unite Japan that led to the closing of the Sengoku period. Hideyoshi became the ''[[de facto]]'' leader of Japan and acquired the prestigious positions of ''daijō-daijin'' and ''kampaku'' by the mid-1580s. He conquered [[Invasion of Shikoku (1585)|Shikoku]] in 1585 and [[Kyūshū campaign|Kyūshū]] in 1587, and completed the unification by winning the [[Siege of Odawara (1590)|Siege of Odawara]] in 1590 and crushing the [[Kunohe rebellion]] in 1591. With the unification of Japan complete, Hideyoshi launched the [[Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)|Japanese invasions of Korea]] in 1592 to initial success, but eventual military stalemate damaged his prestige before his death in 1598. Hideyoshi's young son and successor [[Toyotomi Hideyori]] was displaced by [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]] at the [[Battle of Sekigahara]] in 1600 which would lead to the founding of the [[Tokugawa Shogunate]].
Hideyoshi's rule covers most of the [[Azuchi–Momoyama period]] of Japan, partially named after his castle, [[Fushimi Castle|Momoyama Castle]]. Hideyoshi left an influential and lasting legacy in Japan, including [[Osaka Castle]], the [[Edo society|Tokugawa class system]], the restriction on the possession of weapons to the samurai (the [[sword hunt]]), and the construction and restoration of many temples, some of which are still visible in [[Kyoto]].
== Early life (1537–1558) == [[File:Monument of Toyotomi Hideyoshi birthplace.jpg|thumb|Nakamura Park in [[Nagoya]], traditionally regarded as Hideyoshi's birthplace]]
According to tradition, Hideyoshi was born on February 16, 1537, according to the lunar [[Japanese calendar]] (March 17, 1537, according to the [[Julian calendar]]; March 27, 1537 ([[Proleptic Gregorian calendar]])) in [[Nakamura-ku, Nagoya|Nakamura]], [[Owari Province]] (present-day [[Nakamura-ku, Nagoya|Nakamura Ward]], [[Nagoya]]), in the middle of the chaotic [[Sengoku period]] under the collapsed [[Ashikaga Shogunate]]. Hideyoshi had no traceable samurai lineage, and his father Kinoshita Yaemon was an ''[[ashigaru]]'' – a [[peasant]] employed by the samurai as a foot soldier.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=HQTbDphPKmoC&pg=PA8 Berry 1982, p. 8]</ref> Hideyoshi had no surname, and his childhood given name was {{Nihongo|'''Hiyoshimaru'''|日吉丸||{{IPA|ja|çi.jo.ɕiꜜ.ma.ɾɯ}}<ref name="Sanseidō">{{cite book|script-title=ja:新明解日本語アクセント辞典|edition=2nd|editor-last=Kindaichi|editor-first=Haruhiko|editor-link=Haruhiko Kindaichi|editor-last2=Akinaga|editor-first2=Kazue|publisher=[[Sanseidō]]|date=10 March 2025|language=ja}}</ref>}} although variations exist. Yaemon died in 1543 when Hideyoshi was seven years old.<ref name="TH">{{cite book|last1=Turnbull|first1=Stephen|title=Toyotomi Hideyoshi|url=https://archive.org/details/toyotomihideyosh00turn|url-access=limited|date=2010|publisher=Osprey Publishing|location=Oxford|isbn=978-1-84603-960-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/toyotomihideyosh00turn/page/n7 6]}}</ref>
Contemporary writings from [[Ankokuji Ekei]] and Kakukane Ue, a retainer of the Shimazu clan, confirm Hideyoshi's poor background, with Ekei noting that Hideyoshi even had to beg on the street.<ref>[[:ja:渡邊大門|渡邊大門]] {{cite web |title=豊臣秀吉の父は貧農ではなく、名主クラスの富農だったのだろうか？ |trans-title=Was Toyotomi Hideyoshi's Father Not a Poor Farmer, But a Village Head-Class Wealthy Farmer? |url=https://news.yahoo.co.jp/expert/articles/f3fc19a62a1266c4c3dc2b3f358b55ea099f01fc |website=Yahoo! News |author= (Watanabe Daimon)|date=2025-07-16 |language=ja |access-date=2025-11-16 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251116074431/https://news.yahoo.co.jp/expert/articles/f3fc19a62a1266c4c3dc2b3f358b55ea099f01fc |archive-date=2025-11-16}}</ref>
Many legends describe Hideyoshi being sent to study at a [[temple]] as a young man, but he rejected temple life and went in search of adventure.<ref name=sam>{{Cite book|last =Turnbull |first= Stephen R. |title= The Samurai: A Military History |publisher=MacMillan Publishing Co. |place=New York |year =1977|page= 142}}</ref> Under the name {{Nihongo|'''Kinoshita Tōkichirō'''|木下 藤吉郎}}, he first joined the [[Imagawa clan]] as a servant to a local ruler named {{ill|Matsushita Yukitsuna|ja|松下之綱}} {{Nihongo||松下之綱}}.{{citation needed|date=October 2025}}
== Service under Nobunaga (1558–1582) == {{Main|Battle of Okehazama|Siege of Inabayama|Siege of Kanegasaki (1570)|Battle of Anegawa}} [[File:Hideyoshi battlefield vest.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A [[Jinbaori]] robe with a pattern of birds and other animals which is said to have been worn by Hideyoshi]]
In 1558, Hideyoshi became an ''[[ashigaru]]'' for the powerful [[Oda clan]], the rulers of his home province of [[Owari Province|Owari]], now headed by the ambitious [[Oda Nobunaga]].<ref name=sam /> Hideyoshi soon became Nobunaga's [[sandal-bearer]], a position of relatively high status.<ref>Samurai Archives: [http://www.samurai-archives.com/hideyoshi.html Toyotomi Hideyoshi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101224231135/http://www.samurai-archives.com/hideyoshi.html |date=December 24, 2010 }}</ref> According to his biographers, Hideyoshi also supervised the repair of [[Kiyosu Castle]], a claim described as "[[Apocrypha#Metaphorical usage|apocryphal]]", and managed the kitchen.<ref name="Berry38">[https://books.google.com/books?id=HQTbDphPKmoC&pg=PA38 Berry 1982, p. 38]</ref>
In 1561, Hideyoshi married [[Nene (person)|One]], the adopted daughter of [[Asano Nagakatsu]], a descendant of [[Minamoto no Yorimitsu]]. Hideyoshi carried out repairs on [[Sunomata Castle]] with his younger half-brother, [[Toyotomi Hidenaga|Hashiba Koichirō]], along with [[Hachisuka Masakatsu]], and [[Maeno Nagayasu]]. Hideyoshi's efforts were well-received because Sunomata was in enemy territory, and according to legend Hideyoshi constructed a fort in Sunomata overnight and discovered a secret route into [[Mount Kinka (Gifu)|Mount Inaba]], after which much of the local garrison surrendered.<ref name="Berry179"/>{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}
[[File:YoshiClimber.jpg|thumb|200px|''[[One Hundred Aspects of the Moon]]'' No.{{nnbsp}}6, by [[Tsukioka Yoshitoshi|Yoshitoshi]]: "Mount Inaba Moon" 1885, 12th month. The young Toyotomi Hideyoshi (then named ''Kinoshita Tōkichirō'') leads a small group assaulting the castle on [[Mount Kinka (Gifu)|Mount Inaba]]. ]]
In 1564, Hideyoshi found success as a negotiator. He managed to convince a number of [[Mino Province|Mino]] warlords to desert the [[Saitō clan]], mostly with liberal bribes. This included the Saitō clan's strategist, [[Takenaka Shigeharu]].{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}
Nobunaga's easy victory at the [[siege of Inabayama Castle]] in 1567 was largely due to Hideyoshi's efforts,<ref name=Sansom2>{{Cite book |last=Sansom |first=George |title=A History of Japan, 1334–1615 |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1961 |isbn=978-0-8047-0525-7 |page=278}}</ref> and despite his peasant origins. In 1568, Hideyoshi became one of Nobunaga's most distinguished generals, eventually taking the name {{Nihongo|'''Hashiba Hideyoshi'''|羽柴 秀吉}}. The new surname included two characters, one each from Oda's right-hand men {{Nihongo|[[Niwa Nagahide|Ni'''wa''' Nagahide]]|丹'''羽''' 長秀}} and {{Nihongo|[[Shibata Katsuie|'''Shiba'''ta Katsuie]]|'''柴'''田 勝家}}, and the new given name included characters from {{Nihongo|[[Akechi Mitsuhide|Akechi Mitsu'''hide''']]|明智 光'''秀'''}} and {{Nihongo|[[Mori Yoshinari|Mori '''Yoshi'''nari]]|森 '''吉'''成}}.
In 1570, Hideyoshi protected Nobunaga's retreat from [[Azai clan|Azai]]-[[Asakura clan|Asakura]] forces at [[Kanegasaki]]. Later, in June 1570, Nobunaga allied with [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]] at the [[Battle of Anegawa]] to lay siege to two fortresses of the Azai and Asakura clans, and Hideyoshi was assigned to lead [[Oda clan|Oda]] troops into open battle for the first time.<ref name="Berry38" /><ref name=Turnbull />
In 1573, after victorious campaigns against the Azai and Asakura, Nobunaga appointed Hideyoshi ''[[daimyō]]'' of three districts in the northern part of [[Ōmi Province]]. Initially, Hideyoshi stayed at the former Azai headquarters at [[Odani Castle]], but moved to Kunitomo town and renamed it "[[Nagahama, Shiga|Nagahama]]" in tribute to Nobunaga. Hideyoshi later moved to the port at Imahama on [[Lake Biwa]], where he began work on Imahama Castle and took control of the nearby Kunitomo [[firearms]] factory that had been established some years previously by the Azai and Asakura. Under Hideyoshi's administration, the factory's output of firearms increased dramatically.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=HQTbDphPKmoC&pg=PA54 Berry 1982, p. 54]</ref> Later, Hideyoshi participated in the 1573 [[siege of Nagashima]].<ref name="Cassell">{{cite book|last1=Turnbull|first1=Stephen|title=The Samurai Sourcebook|date=2000|publisher=Cassell & Co|location=London|isbn=978-1-85409-523-7|pages=87,223–224,228,230–232}}</ref>
In 1574, Hideyoshi and [[Araki Murashige]] captured [[Siege of Itami (1574)|Itami Castle]], and later in 1575, he fought in the [[Battle of Nagashino]] against the [[Takeda clan]].<ref name="Steve">{{cite book|last1=Turnbull|first1=Stephen|title=The Samurai|date=1977|publisher=Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc.|location=New York|isbn=978-0-02-620540-5|pages=156–160}}</ref>
In 1576, he took part in the [[Siege of Mitsuji]], part of the eleven-year [[Ishiyama Hongan-ji War]]. Later, Nobunaga sent Hideyoshi to [[Himeji Castle]] to conquer the [[Chūgoku region]] from the [[Mōri clan|Mori clan]]. Hideyoshi then fought in the [[Battle of Tedorigawa]] (1577), the [[siege of Miki]] (1578), the [[siege of Tottori]] (1581) and the [[siege of Takamatsu]] (1582).<ref name=Cassell />
=== Death of Nobunaga === {{Main|Honnō-ji incident|Battle of Yamazaki}}
On June 21, 1582, during the [[Siege of Takamatsu]], [[Oda Nobunaga]] and his eldest son and heir [[Oda Nobutada|Nobutada]] were both killed in the [[Honnō-ji incident]]. Their assassination ended Nobunaga's quest to consolidate centralised power in [[Japan]] under his authority. Hideyoshi, seeking vengeance for the death of his lord, made peace with the [[Mōri clan]] and thirteen days later met [[Akechi Mitsuhide]] and defeated him at the [[Battle of Yamazaki]], avenging Nobunaga and taking his authority and power for himself.<ref name=Cassell />{{rp|275–279}}
Meanwhile, the [[Hōjō clan]] and the Uesugi clan invaded Kai and Shinano province when they heard of Nobunaga's death, beginning the [[Tokugawa Ieyasu#Tenshō-Jingo war|Tenshō-Jingo war]].{{efn|The name "Tenshō-Jingo War" was coined by Tashiro Takashi in 1980.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Okamoto Ryoichi (岡本亮一) |title=日本城郭史研究叢書 第8巻 大坂城の諸研究 |trans-title=Japanese Castle History Research Series Vol. 8 Various Studies on Osaka Castle |date=1982 |publisher=名著出版 |isbn=4404010362 |pages=412–413 |url=https://www.kosho.or.jp/products/detail.php?product_id=445990645 |access-date=June 6, 2024 |language=Ja}}</ref><ref>{{harvtxt|Okamoto Ryoichi (岡本亮一) |1982 |pp=41–42}}</ref>}}<ref name="Tensho Jingo war">{{cite web |author1=Masaru Hirayama |title=天正壬午の乱【増補改訂版】─本能寺の変と東国戦国史 |trans-title=Tensho Migo Rebellion [revised and enlarged edition] - Honnoji Incident and the history of the Sengoku period in the Togoku region |url=https://sengokumap.net/history/1582-4/ |publisher=Ebisukosyo |access-date=May 17, 2024 |language=Ja |date=2016}}</ref>{{sfn|Hirayama|2015|pp=82,124,126}} When the Oda clan learned of the defeat of [[Takigawa Kazumasu]] at the [[Battle of Kanagawa]] by the Hōjō clan, Hideyoshi sent a letter to Ieyasu on July 7 giving him authorization to lead military operations to secure the two provinces from the Hōjō and Uesugi clans.{{efn|Ieyasu's position and actions here are not those of an independent feudal lord, but as a feudal lord under the Oda regime, with the aim of defeating the Hojo clan<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Miyagawa Nobuo |date=2012|title=天正期北関東政治史の一齣 : 徳川・羽柴両氏との関係を中心に |trans-title=A Scene in the Political History of Northern Kanto during the Tensho Period: Focusing on the Relationship with the Tokugawa and Hashiba Clan|url=http://repo.komazawa-u.ac.jp/opac/repository/all/32738/|journal=駒沢史学|issue=78|pages=19–37|publisher=駒沢史学会|issn=0450-6928}}(Addendum: Kazuhiro Marushima (丸島和洋), 2011, page 4)</ref>}} As the war turned in Ieyasu's favor and Sanada Masayuki defected to the Tokugawa side, the Hōjō clan negotiated a truce.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Masaru Hirayama |title=真田信之 : 父の知略に勝った決断力 |date=2016 |publisher=PHP研究所 |isbn=9784569830438 |url=https://www.book61.co.jp/book.php/N74723 |access-date=May 17, 2024 |language=Ja}}</ref> Hōjō Ujinobu and [[Ii Naomasa]] were the Hōjō and Tokugawa representatives for the preliminary meetings.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Aida Nirō |title=日本古文書学の諸問題 |date=1976 |publisher=名著出版 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SrANAQAAMAAJ |access-date=May 15, 2024 |language=Ja}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=千葉琢穂 |title=藤原氏族系図 6 |trans-title=Fujiwara clan genealogy 6 |date=1989 |publisher=展望社 |page=227 |url=https://www.kosho.or.jp/products/detail.php?product_id=3188838 |access-date=May 15, 2024}}</ref> Representatives from the Oda clan such as [[Oda Nobukatsu]], [[Oda Nobutaka]], and Hideyoshi himself mediated the negotiation until the truce officially took effect in October with both Ieyasu and [[Hōjō Ujinao]] exchanging family members as hostages as a sign of goodwill.<ref>{{harvtxt|Kazuhiro Marushima (丸島和洋)|2015|pp=33–52}}</ref>
== Rise to power (1582–1585) == [[File:Azuchimomoyama-japan.png|thumb|right|[[Japan]] around 1582]]
In 1582, Hideyoshi began construction of [[Osaka Castle]]. Built on the site of the temple [[Ishiyama Hongan-ji]], which was destroyed by [[Oda Nobunaga|Nobunaga]],<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=HQTbDphPKmoC&pg=PA64 Berry 1982, p. 64]</ref> construction was completed in 1597. The castle would become the last stronghold of the [[Toyotomi clan]] after Hideyoshi's death.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Turnbull|first=Stephen|title=Osaka 1615: The Last Battle of the Samurai|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing PLC|year=2006|location=London}}</ref>
=== Conflict with Katsuie === {{Main|Battle of Shizugatake}} [[File:Yoshitoshi - 100 Aspects of the Moon - 66.jpg|thumb|''[[One Hundred Aspects of the Moon]]'' No.{{nnbsp}}67, by [[Tsukioka Yoshitoshi|Yoshitoshi]]: The Moon and Hideyoshi at the [[Battle of Shizugatake]].]]
In late 1582, Hideyoshi was in a very strong position. He summoned the powerful ''daimyō'' to [[Kiyosu Castle]] so that they could determine [[Oda Nobunaga|Nobunaga's]] heir. [[Oda Nobukatsu]] and [[Oda Nobutaka]] quarreled, causing Hideyoshi to instead choose Nobunaga's infant grandson [[Oda Hidenobu]].<ref name="Berry 1982, p. 74">[https://books.google.com/books?id=HQTbDphPKmoC&pg=PA74 Berry 1982, p. 74]</ref>
[[Shibata Katsuie]] initially supported Hideyoshi's decision,<ref name="Berry 1982, p. 74"/> but later supported Nobunaga's third son Nobutaka, for whom Katsuie had performed the [[genpuku]] ritual. He allied with Nobutaka and [[Takigawa Kazumasu]] against Hideyoshi. Tension quickly escalated between Hideyoshi and Katsuie, and at the [[Battle of Shizugatake]] in the following year, Hideyoshi destroyed Katsuie's forces.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=HQTbDphPKmoC&pg=PA78 Berry 1982, p. 78]</ref> Hideyoshi had thus consolidated his own power, dealt with most of the Oda clan, and now controlled some 30 provinces.<ref name=Sansom2 />{{rp|313–314}}
=== Conflict with Ieyasu === {{Main|Battle of Komaki and Nagakute}}
In 1584, Nobukatsu allied himself with [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]], and the two sides fought at the inconclusive [[Battle of Komaki and Nagakute]]. This ultimately resulted in a stalemate, although Hideyoshi's forces were delivered a heavy blow.<ref name="Berry179">[https://books.google.com/books?id=HQTbDphPKmoC&pg=PA179 Berry 1982, p. 179]</ref> Ieyasu and Hideyoshi never fought against each other in person, but the former managed to check the advance of the latter's allies.<ref>Shogun : the life of Tokugawa Ieyasu, A.L Sadler</ref> After Hideyoshi and Ieyasu heard the news of [[Ikeda Tsuneoki]] and [[Mori Nagayoshi]]'s deaths, both withdrew their troops.<ref name=earthquakekomaki/>
[[File:Yōshū Chikanobu Mount Komaki.jpg|thumb|right|Edo period portrayal of Sakakibara Yasumasa chasing Toyotomi Hideyoshi at Mount Komaki]]
Following this, Ieyasu's general [[Sakakibara Yasumasa]] circulated a derogatory manifesto condemning Hideyoshi's conduct as betrayal towards the will of Oda Nobunaga and also insulting Hideyoshi's origins.<ref name="The Maker of Modern Japan The Life of Tokugawa Ieyasu; Yasumasa proclamation">{{cite book |author1=Arthur Lindsay Sadler |author1-link=Arthur Lindsay Sadler |title=The Maker of Modern Japan The Life of Tokugawa Ieyasu |date=2014 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781136924705 |pages=123–124 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oftisLbVFwgC |access-date=9 May 2024 |language=En}}</ref> This infuriated Hideyoshi, who offered a reward of 100,000 ''Kan'' (Japanese gold ingot) to anyone who could bring him Yasumasa's head.<ref name="江戸幕府の功労者たちはどんな人生を送ったのか？">{{cite book |title=江戸幕府の功労者たちはどんな人生を送ったのか？ 徳川四天王 |date=2014 |publisher=英和出版社 |isbn=978-4865450507 |language=Ja}}</ref>{{efn|This story of Yasumasa insulting Hideyoshi was first appeared in a work of [[Arai Hakuseki]]. Historian Watanabe Daimon stated that it is difficult to confirm the veracity of this story.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Watanabe Daimon |title=豊臣秀吉も高く評価した榊原康政とは、いったい何者なのだろうか |url=https://news.yahoo.co.jp/expert/articles/477044bca2d2b9cc5dd8b4e7dc09a22c181933d8 |website=yahoo.co.jp/expert |access-date=2 June 2024 |language=Ja |date=2023}}</ref>}}
Later, Hideyoshi made peace with Nobukatsu and Ieyasu, ending the pretext for war between the [[Tokugawa clan|Tokugawa]] and [[Hashiba clan|Hashiba]] clans. However, Ieyasu continued to refuse to become Hideyoshi's vassal. Hideyoshi had begun to move towards attacking Ieyasu, but the [[1586 Tenshō earthquake]] caused extensive damage to Osaka, causing Hideyoshi to abandon the campaign against Ieyasu. Hideyoshi sent his younger sister [[Asahi no kata]] and mother [[Ōmandokoro]] to Tokugawa Ieyasu as hostages. In response, Ieyasu finally traveled to Osaka and expressed his intention to submit to Hideyoshi.<ref name=earthquakekomaki>{{cite web|url=https://bizgate.nikkei.com/article/DGXMZO2841587022032018000000|title=この地震がなければ、家康が2カ月後に秀吉の大軍から総攻撃を受けるはずだった|date=September 2017 |publisher=Nikkei Inc.|access-date=16 February 2025 |language=ja |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251110192848/https://bizgate.nikkei.com/article/DGXMZO2841587022032018000000 |archive-date=November 10, 2025}}</ref>
=== Toyotomi clan and Imperial Court appointment === {{Main|Toyotomi clan}}
Like [[Oda Nobunaga]] before him, Hideyoshi never achieved the title of ''[[shōgun]]''. Instead, he arranged to have himself adopted by [[Konoe Sakihisa]], one of the noblest men belonging to the [[Fujiwara clan]], and secured a succession of high court titles. These included [[Chancellor]] ([[Daijō-daijin]]), and in 1585, the prestigious position of Imperial Regent ([[kampaku]]).<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=HQTbDphPKmoC&pg=PA168 Berry 1982, pp. 168–181]</ref> Also in 1585, Hideyoshi was formally given the new clan name [[Toyotomi clan|Toyotomi]] (instead of [[Fujiwara clan|Fujiwara]]) by the Imperial Court.<ref name="Berry179"/> He built a lavish palace in 1587, the [[Jurakudai]], and entertained the reigning [[Emperor Go-Yōzei]] the following year.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=HQTbDphPKmoC&pg=PA184 Berry 1982, pp. 184–186]</ref>
[[File:Toyotomi Hideyoshi Battle Standards.jpg|thumb|Battle standards of Toyotomi Hideyoshi]]
== Unification of Japan (1585–1592) == [[File:Toyotomi-Hideyoshi-Purge-Directive-Order-to-the-Jesuits-July-24-1587.png|thumb|Hideyoshi promulgated a ban on Christianity in form of the "Bateren-tsuiho-rei" (the Purge Directive Order to the Jesuits) on July 24, 1587.]] [[File:Letter from Viceroy of Portuguese India Duarte de Menezes to Toyotomi Hideyoshi 1588.png|thumb|Letter from Duarte de Meneses, Viceroy of [[Portuguese India]], to Hideyoshi dated April 1588, concerning the suppression of Christians, a National Treasure of Japan<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.horyuji.or.jp/kondo.htm |title = Kondō |publisher = [[Hōryū-ji]] |language = ja |access-date = November 23, 2009 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100111060042/http://www.horyuji.or.jp/kondo.htm |archive-date = January 11, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.horyuji.or.jp/gojyunoto.htm |script-title = ja:五重塔 |publisher = [[Hōryū-ji]] |language = ja |access-date = November 23, 2009 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100111080456/http://www.horyuji.or.jp/gojyunoto.htm |archive-date = January 11, 2010 }}</ref>]]
{{Main|Siege of Negoro-ji|Siege of Ōta Castle}} Also in 1585, Hideyoshi launched the [[siege of Negoro-ji]] and subjugated [[Kii Province]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=HQTbDphPKmoC&pg=PA85 Berry 1982, pp. 85–86]</ref> The [[Negoro-gumi]], the warrior monks of [[Negoro-ji]], were allied with the [[Ikkō-ikki]] and with [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]], whom they supported in the [[Battle of Komaki and Nagakute]] the previous year. After attacking a number of other outposts in the area, Hideyoshi's forces attacked Negoro-ji from two sides. Many of the Negoro-gumi had already fled to [[Ōta Castle]] by this time, which Hideyoshi later [[Siege of Ōta Castle|besieged]]. The complex was set aflame, beginning with the residences of the priests, and Hideyoshi's samurai cut down monks as they escaped the blazing buildings.{{citation needed|date=October 2025}}
In the 1585 [[Invasion of Shikoku]], Toyotomi forces seized Shikoku island, the smallest of Japan's four main islands, from [[Chōsokabe Motochika]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=HQTbDphPKmoC&pg=PA83 Berry 1982, p. 83]</ref> Toyotomi's forces arrived 113,000 strong under [[Toyotomi Hidenaga]], [[Toyotomi Hidetsugu]], [[Ukita Hideie]] and the [[Mōri clan]]'s "Two Rivers", [[Kobayakawa Takakage]] and [[Kikkawa Motoharu]].{{citation needed|date=October 2025}} Opposing them were 40,000 men of Chōsokabe's. Despite the overwhelming size of Hideyoshi's army, and the suggestions of his advisors, Motochika chose to fight to defend his territories.<ref name=TurnbullShikoku>{{cite book|last1=Turnbull|first1=Stephen|title=The Samurai Sourcebook|date=1998|publisher=Cassell & Co|location=London|isbn=9781854095237|page=236}}</ref>
During the late summer of August 1585, Hideyoshi launched an attack on [[Etchū Province]] and [[Hida Province]] where he [[Siege of Toyama|besieged Toyama Castle]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=HQTbDphPKmoC&pg=PA84 Berry 1982, p. 84]</ref>
=== 1586-1588 activities === {{Main|Kyūshū campaign|Sword hunt}} In 1586 Hideyoshi conquered [[Kyūshū]], wresting control from the [[Shimazu clan]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=HQTbDphPKmoC&pg=PA87 Berry 1982, pp. 87–93]</ref> [[Toyotomi Hidenaga]], Hideyoshi's half-brother, landed in the south of [[Bungo Province]] on Kyūshū's eastern coast. Meanwhile, Hideyoshi took his own forces down a more western route, in [[Chikuzen Province]].{{citation needed|date=October 2025}} Later that year, with a total of 200,000 soldiers against the 30,000 men of the Shimazu forces, the two brothers met in [[Satsuma Province]]. They [[Siege of Kagoshima|besieged Kagoshima castle]], the Shimazu clan's home. The Shimazu surrendered.<ref name=TurnbullKagoshima>{{cite book|last1=Turnbull|first1=Stephen|title=The Samurai Sourcebook|date=1998|publisher=Cassell & Co|location=London|isbn=9781854095237|page=240}}</ref>
In 1588, Hideyoshi forbade ordinary peasants from owning weapons and launched a [[sword hunt]] to confiscate all such weapons.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=HQTbDphPKmoC&pg=PA102 Berry 1982, pp. 102–106]</ref> The weapons were melted down into building material for the Hall of the Great Buddha at the [[Hōkō-ji (Kyoto)|Hōkō temple]] in [[Kyoto]]. which was built by Hideyoshi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Hall |first=John Whitney |title=The Cambridge history of Japan |date=1991 |publisher=Cambridge university press |isbn=978-0-521-22355-3 |location=Cambridge New York [etc]}}</ref> This measure effectively stopped peasant revolts, and ensured greater stability at the expense of freedom of the individual daimyō.<ref name="SwordHunt">{{Cite book |title=The Cambridge history of Japan |volume=4|date=1988–1999|publisher=Cambridge University Press|editor=John Whitney Hall |isbn=0-521-22352-0|location=Cambridge, UK|pages=49–50|oclc=17483588}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lu |first=David J. |date=2001 |orig-date=1588 |title=Collection of Swords |url=http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/japan/tokugawa_edicts_swords.pdf |journal=Asia for Educators |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625194254/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/japan/tokugawa_edicts_swords.pdf |archive-date=25 June 2024}}</ref>
=== Odawara Campaign === {{Main|Siege of Odawara (1590)}} In 1590, Hideyoshi carried out the [[Siege of Odawara (1590)|Odawara Campaign]] against the [[Later Hōjō clan]] in the [[Kantō region]],<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=HQTbDphPKmoC&pg=PA93 Berry 1982, pp. 93–96]</ref> in what historian [[Stephen Turnbull (historian)|Stephen Turnbull]] refers to as "the most unconventional siege lines in samurai history". The samurai were entertained by everything from concubines, prostitutes, and musicians to [[acrobat]]s, fire-eaters, and [[juggler]]s. The defenders slept on the ramparts with their [[teppō]] and armor; despite their smaller numbers, they discouraged Hideyoshi from attacking.<ref name=Turnbull>{{cite book|last1=Turnbull|first1=Stephen|title=The Samurai Sourcebook|date=1998|publisher=Cassell & Co|location=London|isbn=9781854095237|page=241}}</ref> Hideyoshi had [[Ishigakiyama Ichiya Castle]] secretly constructed in a nearby forest.<ref name="Odawara">{{cite web|url= https://www.city.odawara.kanagawa.jp/public-i/park/ishigaki-p.html |title=石垣山一夜城|publisher=Odawara city official| language=ja | access-date=9 August 2019}}</ref><ref name="Kojo">{{cite web|url=https://www.odawara-kankou.com/spot/spot_area/ishigaki.html |title=石垣山一夜城歴史公園|publisher=小田原観光|language=ja|access-date=9 August 2019}}</ref><ref name="KO">{{cite web|url=https://kojodan.jp/castle/113/ |title=石垣山城|publisher=攻城団|language=ja|access-date=9 August 2019}}</ref> During the siege, Hideyoshi offered Ieyasu the eight Hōjō-ruled provinces in the [[Kantō region]], in exchange for the submission of Ieyasu's five provinces, which Ieyasu accepted.<ref name="Ando Yuichiro; Tokugawa Kanto">{{cite web |author1=Andō yūichirō |title=だから織田と豊臣はあっさり潰れた…徳川家康が｢戦国最後の天下人｣になれた本当の理由 |trans-title=The reason why Oda and Toyotomi were easily defeated... Tokugawa Ieyasu was the "last of the Sengoku period." |url=https://president.jp/articles/-/64535?page=1 |website=President Online |access-date=4 June 2024 |pages=1–4 |language=Ja |date=2022}}</ref>
In late September of the same year, an uprising broke out in the Yokote Basin, Senboku district ([[Senboku District, Akita]] in post-Meiji era), in opposition to the Taiko land survey conducted by the Toyotomi government. Although the Senboku rebellion was suppressed later, the result was a disaster for the [[Onodera clan]].<ref>{{Cite book|author=Imamura Yoshitaka |chapter=太閤板 |trans-title="History of Akita Prefecture |pages=63–66 |year=1969 |title=秋田県の歴史 |language=ja|publisher=山川出版社}}</ref>
=== 1591 activities === {{Main|Sen no Rikyū}} In February 1591, Hideyoshi ordered [[Sen no Rikyū]] to commit suicide, likely in one of his angry outbursts.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=HQTbDphPKmoC&pg=PA223 Berry 1982, pp. 223–225]</ref> Following Rikyū's death, Hideyoshi turned his attention from tea ceremony to [[Noh]], which he had been studying since becoming Imperial Regent. During his brief stay in [[Nagoya Castle (Hizen Province)|Nagoya Castle]] in what is today [[Saga Prefecture]], on [[Kyūshū]], Hideyoshi memorised the ''shite'' (lead role) parts of ten Noh plays, which he then performed, forcing various ''daimyō'' to accompany him onstage as the ''waki'' (secondary, accompanying role). He even performed before the emperor.<ref>[[Ichikawa Danjūrō XII|Ichikawa, Danjūrō XII]]. ''Danjūrō no kabuki annai'' ({{lang|ja|團十郎の歌舞伎案内}}, "Danjūrō's Guide to Kabuki"). Tokyo: PHP Shinsho, 2008. pp. 139–140.</ref>
The [[Kunohe rebellion]], an [[insurrection]] that occurred in [[Mutsu Province]] from March 13 to September 4, 1591, began when [[Kunohe Masazane]], a claimant to daimyo of the [[Nanbu clan]], launched a rebellion against his rival [[Nanbu Nobunao]] which spread across Mutsu Province. Nobunao was backed by Hideyoshi, who along with sent a large army into the [[Tōhoku region]] in mid-1591 which quickly defeated the rebels. Hideyoshi's army arrived at [[Kunohe Castle]] in early September. Masazane, outnumbered, surrendered Kunohe Castle and was executed with the castle defenders. The Kunohe rebellion was the final battle in Hideyoshi's campaigns during the Sengoku period and completed the unification of Japan.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Turnbull|first1=Stephen|title=The Samurai Sourcebook|date=1998|publisher=Cassell & Co|location=London|isbn=978-1-85409-523-7|page=241}}</ref>
== Taikō (1592–1598) == [[File:Hokoji(rushanabutsu).jpg|thumb|Replica of [[:jp:京の大仏|Great Buddha of Kyoto]]. The Great Buddha of Kyoto was built by Hideyoshi to show off his power.]] [[File:Daigo no hanami.jpg|thumb|right|Toyotomi Hideyoshi and his wife [[Kōdai-in]] attended the [[Hanami|flower viewing]].]] The future stability of the [[Toyotomi clan|Toyotomi dynasty]] after Hideyoshi's eventual death was put in doubt when his only son, three-year-old Tsurumatsu, died in September 1591, which followed his half-brother [[Toyotomi Hidenaga|Hidenaga]]'s death from illness earlier that year in February. Hideyoshi subsequently named his nephew [[Toyotomi Hidetsugu|Hidetsugu]] his heir, adopting him in January 1592. Hideyoshi resigned as ''kampaku'' to take the title of ''taikō'' (retired regent), and Hidetsugu succeeded him as ''kampaku''.<ref name=":0" />
[[File:Hideyoshi Toyotomi's armor.jpg|thumb|Replica of Toyotomi Hideyoshi's armor]]
Hideyoshi adopted [[Oda Nobunaga]]'s dream of a Japanese conquest of [[China]], and launched the conquest of the [[Ming dynasty]] [[Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)|by way of Korea]] (at the time known as Koryu or [[Joseon]]).<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=HQTbDphPKmoC&pg=PA208 Berry 1982, p. 208]</ref>
In 1592, Hideyoshi began an invasion of Korea with the intent of conquering Korea and eventually Ming China.<ref name=":Ma&Kang">{{Cite book |last1=Ma |first1=Xinru |title=Beyond Power Transitions: The Lessons of East Asian History and the Future of U.S.-China Relations |last2=Kang |first2=David C. |date=2024 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=978-0-231-55597-5 |series=Columbia Studies in International Order and Politics |location=New York}}</ref>{{Rp|page=99}} In 1593, he attempted but failed at compelling Taiwan into a tributary relationship.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wachman |first=Alan M. |author-link=Alan M. Wachman |title=Why Taiwan?: Geostrategic Rationales for China's Territorial Integrity |date=2007-08-01 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=978-1-5036-2637-9 |doi=10.1515/9781503626379 |oclc=1294424907}}</ref>{{Reference page|page=60}} Hideyoshi's explicit war goal was for Japan to replace China at the top of the international order.<ref name=":Ma&Kang" />{{Rp|page=92}} Hideyoshi wrote to his adopted son Hidetsugu that "it is not Ming China alone that is destined to be subjugated by us, but India, the Philippines, and many islands in the South Sea will share a like fate."<ref name=":Ma&Kang" />{{Rp|pages=99–100}}
=== First campaign against Korea === {{Main|Imjin War}}
In the first campaign, Hideyoshi appointed [[Ukita Hideie]] as field marshal and sent him to the Korean Peninsula in April 1592. [[Konishi Yukinaga]] occupied [[Seoul]], which was the capital of [[Joseon]], on June 19. After Seoul fell, Japanese commanders held a war council there in June and determined targets of subjugation called ''Hachidokuniwari'', literally [[:ja:文禄・慶長の役|Eight(八) Route(道), Country(国) Division(割)]]. Each targeted province was attacked by one of the army's eight divisions:{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}} * [[Pyeongan Province]] by the First Division led by [[Konishi Yukinaga]]. * [[Hamgyong Province|Hamgyong]] by the Second Division led by [[Katō Kiyomasa]]. * [[Hwanghae Province]] by the Third Division led by [[Kuroda Nagamasa]]. * [[Kangwon Province (pre-1910)|Gangwon Province]] by the Fourth Division led by [[Mōri Katsunaga]]. * [[Chungcheong Province]] by the Fifth Division led by [[Fukushima Masanori]]. * [[Jeolla Province]] by the Sixth Division led by [[Kobayakawa Takakage]]. * [[Gyeongsang Province]] by the Seventh Division led by [[Mōri Terumoto]]. * [[Gyeonggi Province]] by the Eighth Division led by [[Ukita Hideie]].
Within four months, Hideyoshi's forces had a route into [[Manchuria]] and had occupied much of Korea. The Korean king [[Seonjo of Joseon]] escaped to [[Uiju]] and requested military intervention from China. In 1593, the [[Wanli Emperor]] of [[Ming dynasty|Ming China]] sent an army under general [[Li Rusong]] to block the planned Japanese invasion of China and recapture the Korean peninsula. On January 7, 1593, the Ming relief forces recaptured Pyongyang and surrounded [[Seoul]], but [[Kobayakawa Takakage]], [[Ukita Hideie]], [[Tachibana Muneshige]] and [[Kikkawa Hiroie]] were able to win the [[Battle of Byeokjegwan]] north of Seoul (now [[Goyang]]). At the end of the first campaign, Japan's entire navy was destroyed by Admiral [[Yi Sun-sin]] of Korea, whose base was located in a part of Korea the Japanese could not control. This destroyed Japan's ability to resupply their troops in Seoul, effectively ending the invasion.{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}}
=== Succession dispute === [[File:Hideyori Toyotomi.jpg|thumb|right|Toyotomi Hideyori]]
Following Hideyoshi's appointment of his nephew [[Toyotomi Hidetsugu|Hidetsugu]] to the position of ''[[Sesshō and Kampaku|kampaku]],'' tensions started to develop due to the dual power structure between Hidetsugu, who led the court system, and Hideyoshi, who retained actual military power as retired regent. Although Hideyoshi orchestrated Hidetsugu's rise, the regent's position was governed by established court frameworks, limiting Hideyoshi's ability to bypass precedents. This led to the formation of two factions: the "''Taiko'' (Hideyoshi's) group" and the "''Kampaku'' (Hidetsugu's) group," which clashed over political and military issues.<ref name=":0" />
The birth of Hideyoshi's second son in 1593, [[Toyotomi Hideyori|Hideyori]], exacerbated these tensions, as it introduced another potential heir to the Toyotomi dynasty. In July 1595, amidst suspicions of treason and the ongoing Korean invasion, Hidetsugu was stripped of his titles, exiled to [[Mount Kōya]], and then ordered to commit suicide in August 1595. Hidetsugu's family members who did not follow his example, including 31 women and several children, were then beheaded in [[Kyoto]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=HQTbDphPKmoC&pg=PA217 Berry 1982, pp. 217–223]</ref><ref name="jk270323" /><ref name="toyo220516" /><ref name="yh100324" /> In the aftermath, Hideyoshi solidified his authority by securing loyalty oaths, signed in blood, from magistrates and daimyos including influential damiyo like [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]], [[Maeda Toshiie]], [[Ukita Hideie]], [[Mōri Terumoto|Mori Terumoto]], and [[Kobayakawa Takakage]].<ref name=":0" />
=== Second campaign against Korea === {{Main|Imjin War}}
After several years of negotiations, which were broken off after envoys from both sides falsely reported that the opposition had surrendered, Hideyoshi appointed [[Kobayakawa Hideaki]] to lead a renewed invasion of Korea. This invasion met with less success than the first; Japanese troops remained pinned down in [[Gyeongsang Province]], and although the Japanese forces turned back several Chinese offensives in [[Suncheon]] and [[Sacheon]] in June 1598, they were unable to make further progress as the [[Ming dynasty|Ming]] army prepared for a final assault. While Hideyoshi's [[Battle of Sacheon (1598)|battle at Sacheon]], led by [[Shimazu Yoshihiro]], was a major Japanese victory, all three parties to the war were exhausted. He told his commander in Korea, "Don't let my soldiers become spirits in a foreign land.".<ref name="Holmes" />
== Death == [[File:Houkokubyo.jpg|thumb|Houkokubyo (Mausoleum of Toyotomi Hideyoshi) [[Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto|Higashiyama-ku]], [[Kyoto]]]] Toyotomi Hideyoshi died at [[Fushimi Castle]] on September 18, 1598 ([[Keichō]] 3, 18th day of the 8th month). His last words, delivered to his closest ''daimyō'' and generals, were "I depend upon you for everything. I have no other thoughts to leave behind. It is sad to part from you." His death was kept secret by the [[Council of Five Elders]] to preserve morale, and they ordered Japanese forces in [[Korea]] to return to Japan.
According to the ''Tokugawa Jikki'' record, Hideyoshi held a secret meeting with [[Koide Hidemasa]] and [[Katagiri Katsumoto]] where he shared his regret of launching invasions of Korea. Hideyoshi also instructed Hidemasa and Katsumoto to guide Hideyori into making an alliance with Ieyasu, as he predicted the power of the [[Tokugawa clan]] would grow unchecked after his death, and the only solution for the Toyotomi clan to survive was to not oppose Ieyasu.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Hamada Koichiro |author2=[[University of Hyogo]] |author3=[[Himeji Dokkyo University]] |title=どうする家康」豊臣秀吉が抱いていた豊臣家滅亡を回避する "秘策" とは |trans-title="What should Ieyasu do?" What is Toyotomi Hideyoshi's "secret plan" to avoid the destruction of the Toyotomi family? |url=https://sengoku-his.com/2111 |access-date=May 27, 2024 |language=Ja |date=2023}}</ref>
After Hideyoshi's death, the other members of the Council of Five Elders were unable to keep Ieyasu's ambitions in check. Two of Hideyoshi's [[Seven Spears of Shizugatake|top generals]], [[Katō Kiyomasa]] and [[Fukushima Masanori]], had fought bravely during the war but returned to find the [[Toyotomi clan]] [[castellan]] [[Ishida Mitsunari]] in power. He held the generals in contempt, and they sided with Ieyasu. Hideyori lost the power his father once held, and Ieyasu's power was consolidated when his Eastern Army defeated the Mitsunari's Western Army at the [[Battle of Sekigahara]] in 1600. Ieyasu, who was appointed as a [[shogun]] in 1603 and established the [[Tokugawa shogunate]], attacked [[Osaka Castle]] twice in 1614 and 1615 (the [[Siege of Osaka]]), forcing Hideyoshi's concubine [[Yodo-dono]] and Hideyori to commit suicide, destroying the [[Toyotomi clan]].<ref name="sekigahara">{{cite web|url=https://www.archives.go.jp/exhibition/digital/ieyasu/contents3_01/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230108090341/https://www.archives.go.jp/exhibition/digital/ieyasu/contents3_01/|script-title=ja:関ヶ原の戦い|language=ja|publisher=[[National Archives of Japan]]|date=|archive-date=January 8, 2023|access-date=March 9, 2024}}</ref><ref name="osakajk">{{cite web|url=https://japanknowledge.com/introduction/keyword.html?i=63|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204220601/https://japanknowledge.com/introduction/keyword.html?i=63|script-title=ja:大坂の陣|language=ja|website=Japan Knowledge|archive-date=February 4, 2023|access-date=March 7, 2024}}</ref>
It is now believed that Hideyoshi's loss of all his adult heirs, leaving only the five-year-old Hideyori as his successor, was the primary reason for the weakening of the Toyotomi regime and its eventual downfall.<ref name="jk270323">{{cite web|url=https://japanknowledge.com/introduction/keyword.html?i=67|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327064223/https://japanknowledge.com/introduction/keyword.html?i=67|script-title=ja:豊臣秀次|language=ja|publisher=Japan Knowledge|date=|archive-date=March 27, 2023|access-date=March 10, 2024}}</ref><ref name="toyo220516">{{cite web|url=https://toyokeizai.net/articles/-/117781?page=3|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421180805/https://toyokeizai.net/articles/-/117781?page=3|script-title=ja:新説!豊臣家を滅ぼした｢組織運営｣の大失敗|language=ja|publisher=Toyo Keizai|date=May 22, 2016|archive-date=April 21, 2021|access-date=March 10, 2024}}</ref><ref name="yh100324">{{cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.co.jp/expert/articles/cf674ebf35996045d03fcb26aab8ae4fd833e8df|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310115834/https://news.yahoo.co.jp/expert/articles/cf674ebf35996045d03fcb26aab8ae4fd833e8df|script-title=ja:どうして豊臣政権は短命だったのか?存続のカギは弟・豊臣秀長が握っていた|language=ja|publisher=Yahoo News|date=September 1, 2023|archive-date=March 10, 2024|access-date=March 10, 2024}}</ref>
== Family == * Father: Kinoshita Yaemon (d. 1543) ** Adopted father: [[Konoe Sakihisa]] (1536–1612) * Mother: [[Ōmandokoro]] (1513–1592) ** Siblings: *** [[Toyotomi Hidenaga]] (1540–1591) *** [[Tomo (Toyotomi)|Tomo]] (1534–1625), married [[Soeda Jinbae]] *** [[Asahi no kata]] (1543–1590), married first Soeda Oshinari then [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]]
=== Wives and concubines === [[File:Taikō gosai rakutō yūkan no zu.jpg|thumb|Hideyoshi sitting with his wives and concubines]] * Wife [[Nene (aristocrat)|Nene]] (between 1541 and 1549–1624), or One, later Kōdai-in * [[Minami-dono]], daughter of [[Yamana Toyokuni]] * [[Yodo-dono]] (1569–1615), or Chacha, later Daikōin, daughter of [[Azai Nagamasa]] * [[Minami no Tsubone]], daughter of [[Yamana Toyokuni]] * [[Kyōgoku Tatsuko]], daughter of [[Kyōgoku Takayoshi]] * [[Kaga-dono]] or [[Maahime]], daughter of [[Maeda Toshiie]] * [[Kaihime]], daughter of [[Narita Ujinaga]] * [[Sonnomaru-dono]], adopted daughter of [[Gamō Ujisato]], daughter of [[Oda Nobunaga]] * Kusu no Tsubone, later Hokoin, daughter of [[Azai Nagamasa]] * [[Sanjo-dono]] or Tora, daughter of [[Gamō Katahide]] * [[Himeji-dono]], daughter of [[Oda Nobukane]] * [[Hirozawa no Tsubone]], daughter of [[Kunimitsu Kyosho]] * Ōshima or Shimako, later [[Gekkein]], daughter of [[Ashikaga Yorizumi]] * [[Anrunkin]] or [[Otane no Kata]] * [[Ofuku]], later Enyu-in, daughter of [[Miura Noto no Kami]] and mother of [[Ukita Hideie]]
=== Children === [[File:Hashiba-Hidekatsu.png|thumb|139px|[[Hashiba Hidekatsu]] (Ishimatsumaru)]] * [[Hashiba Hidekatsu]] (Ishimatsumaru) (1570–1576) by Minami-dono * daughter (name unknown) by Minami-dono
[[File:Toyotomi Tsurumatsu.jpg|thumb|187px|Tsurumatsu]] * Toyotomi Tsurumatsu (1589–1591) by [[Yodo-dono]] * [[Toyotomi Hideyori]] (1593–1615) by [[Yodo-dono]]
=== Adopted sons === * [[Hashiba Hidekatsu]] (Tsugaru) (1567–1586), fourth son of [[Oda Nobunaga]] * Oda Nobutaka, later Toyotomi Takahiro (1576–1602), seventh son of [[Oda Nobunaga]] * Oda Nobuyoshi, later Toyotomi Musashi (1573–1615), eighth son of [[Oda Nobunaga]] * Oda Nobuyoshi (d. 1609), tenth son of [[Oda Nobunaga]] * [[Ukita Hideie]] (1572–1655), son of [[Ukita Naoie]] * [[Toyotomi Hidetsugu]] (1568–1595), first son of Hideyoshi's sister Tomo with Miyoshi Kazumichi * [[Toyotomi Hidekatsu]] (1569–1592), second son of Hideyoshi's sister Tomo with Miyoshi Kazumichi * Toyotomi Hideyasu (1579–1595), third son of Hideyoshi's sister Tomo with Miyoshi Kazumichi * [[Yūki Hideyasu]] (1574–1607), [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]]'s second son * Ikeda Nagayoshi, third son of [[Ikeda Nobuteru]] * [[Kobayakawa Hideaki]] (1577–1602), Hideyoshi's nephew from his wife [[Nene (aristocrat)|Nene]]{{'}}s family * [[Prince Hachijō Toshihito]] (1579–1629), sixth son of [[Prince Masahito]]
=== Adopted daughters === * [[Gōhime|Gohime]] (1574–1634), daughter of [[Maeda Toshiie]], married to [[Ukita Hideie]] * [[O-hime]] (1585–1591), daughter of [[Oda Nobukatsu]], married to [[Tokugawa Hidetada]] * [[Oeyo]] (1573–1626), daughter of [[Azai Nagamasa]], married to [[Saji Kazunari]], [[Toyotomi Hidekatsu]], [[Tokugawa Hidetada]] * [[Konoe Sakiko]] (1575–1630), daughter of [[Konoe Sakihisa]], married to [[Emperor Go-Yōzei]] * [[Chikurin-in]] (1579/80–1649), daughter of [[Ōtani Yoshitsugu]]. She was also known as Akihime and Riyohime. She was married to [[Sanada Yukimura]]. They had two sons, Sanada Daisuke and Sanada Daihachi, and some daughters * [[Toyotomi Sadako]] (1592–1658), daughter of [[Toyotomi Hidekatsu]] with [[Oeyo]], later became the adopted daughter of [[Tokugawa Hidetada]] and married to [[Kujō Yukiie]] * Daizen-in, daughter of [[Toyotomi Hidenaga]], married to [[Mōri Hidemoto]] * Kikuhime, daughter of [[Toyotomi Hidenaga]], married to Toyotomi Hideyasu * Maeda Kikuhime (1578–1584), daughter of [[Maeda Toshiie]]
=== Grandchildren === * [[Toyotomi Kunimatsu]] (1608–1615) * {{Nihongo|[[Tenshuni]]|[[:ja:天秀尼|天秀尼]]}} (1609–1645)
==Character and policy analysis == Described as a "hitotarashi" (a person with natural charisma or a master charmer), Hideyoshi was skilled at winning people over and mastering human psychology. This resulted in favorable views from both his superiors and his subordinates, and for some opposing warlords to open up to him and agree to surrender after meeting him in person.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://toyokeizai.net/articles/-/136862|title=｢人たらし｣豊臣秀吉のスゴすぎる人心掌握術|date=September 29, 2016 |publisher=Toyo Keizai|access-date=5 November 2025}}</ref> According to Japanese historian [[:ja:渡邊大門|Watanabe Daimon]], Hideyoshi had a deep inferiority complex which influenced his behavior after he became regent, as he often toyed with or pranked his vassals. This behavior may have stemmed from his humble origin and experiences during Nobunaga's lifetime, such as not being permitted to ride alongside other generals who hailed from samurai class and being required to dismount before bowing.<ref>{{cite web |title=豊臣秀吉は、なぜ家臣を弄（もてあそ）ぶようなことをしたのだろうか？ |url=https://sengoku-his.com/2832 |author=渡邊大門 |website=戦国ヒストリー |access-date=2025-11-05 |language=Ja |date=14 May 2025}}</ref>
=== Religious policy === In 1587, while trying to establish control in some parts of Kyushu, Hideyoshi encountered Buddhist temples that had been sacked by Catholic forces attempting to forcibly convert the island.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Far East since 1500|last=Eckel|first=Paul E.|publisher=Harcourt, Brace and Company|year=1948|location=New York|pages=131–133}}</ref> In response, he issued the [[Bateren Edict]]{{efn|''Bateren'' is derived from the Latin ''patrem'', which means ''father'' in the accusative case, or the Portuguese word ''padre''}} on June 19, 1587, which ordered the expulsion of [[Christianity|Christian]] [[missionary|missionaries]] from Japan. Promulgated during Hideyoshi's campaign to unify Kyushu, the edict was a response to several perceived threats posed by Christianity,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://openlibrary.org/works/OL5660630W/Nihon_Kirisutoky%C5%8D_shi?edition=key%3A/books/OL21665232M |title=Nihon Kirisutokyō shi |trans-title=History of Christianity in Japan |year=1990 |author=Takashi Gonoi |isbn=978-4642072878 |pages=150–151}}</ref> to exert greater control over the ''[[Kirishitan]]'' ''daimyō''<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=HQTbDphPKmoC&pg=PA91 Berry 1982, pp. 91–93]</ref> or to prohibit human trafficking.<ref name="Japanslavesportuguese; Watanabe Daimon">{{cite web |author1=Watanabe Daimon |title=｢大量の日本人女性を､奴隷として本国に持ち帰る｣豊臣秀吉がキリスト教追放を決意したワケ |trans-title="Bringing a large number of Japanese women back to his home country as slaves": Why Toyotomi Hideyoshi decided to expel Christianity |url=https://president.jp/articles/-/52513?page=3 |website=President Online |publisher=PRESIDENT Inc |access-date=June 4, 2024 |pages=1–3 |language=Ja |date=2021}}</ref> Around that time, at least 50,000 Japanese people were sold overseas as slaves, mainly by Portuguese merchants.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Arata Harumasa |title=｢日本人の奴隷化｣を食い止めた豊臣秀吉の大英断 |trans-title=Hideyoshi's Great Decision to Prevent the Enslavement of the Japanese People |url=https://toyokeizai.net/articles/-/411584?display=b |website=Toyo Keizai Online |publisher=Toyo Keizai |access-date=June 5, 2024 |pages=1–4 |language=Ja |date=2021}}</ref> This stance was further shown in Hideyoshi's letter sent in 25 July 1590 to [[Alessandro Valignano]], which content are similar the contents of a letter he sent to the ruler of [[Joseon]]. In those letters, Hideyoshi expressed his unique religious view that Indian Buddhism, Chinese Confucianism, and Japanese Shinto are fundamentally one unit, while also warned that he would no longer tolerate the propagation of Christianity ("evil religion" in Hideyoshi's letter), and he would no longer allow Christian missionaries to enter the country, albeit he still allowed merchants from Europe (Nanban) to enter and trade.<ref>[[:ja:辻善之助|Tsuji Zennosuke]] {{cite book|year = 1942|chapter = 豊臣秀吉による支那朝鮮征伐の原因|title = 海外交通史話 |trans-title="National Diet Library Digital Collection: The Causes of Toyotomi Hideyoshi's Conquest of China and Korea", Overseas Transportation History |publisher = 内外書籍|url = {{NDLDC|1918140/213}} }}</ref>
[[File:Painting of the Nagasaki Martyrs.jpg|thumb|right|[[26 Martyrs of Japan|The 26 Christian martyrs of Nagasaki]], 18–19th century, Choir of La Recoleta, [[Cuzco]]]]
In January 1597, Toyotomi Hideyoshi had twenty-six Christians arrested as an example to Japanese who wanted to convert to [[Christianity]]. They are known as the [[Twenty-six Martyrs of Japan]]. They included five European [[Franciscans|Franciscan]] [[missionary|missionaries]], one [[Philip of Jesus|Mexican Franciscan]] missionary, three Japanese [[Jesuits]] and seventeen Japanese [[laymen]] including three young boys. They were tortured, mutilated, and paraded through towns across Japan. On February 5, they were executed in [[Nagasaki]] by public [[crucifixion]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Martyrs List | url=http://www1.bbiq.jp/martyrs/ListEngl.html | publisher=Twenty-Six Martyrs Museum | access-date=January 11, 2010 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100214135648/http://www1.bbiq.jp/martyrs/ListEngl.html | archive-date=February 14, 2010 }}</ref>
== Legacy == [[File:Osaka Castle 02bs3200.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|A replicated [[Osaka Castle]] has been created on the site of Hideyoshi's great ''[[donjon]].'' The iconic castle has become a symbol of [[Osaka]]'s re-emergence as a great city after its devastation in [[World War II]].]]
By 18 August 1915 Hideyoshi was given posthumous rank of [[List of Japanese court ranks, positions and hereditary titles|Senior First Rank]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}}
Toyotomi Hideyoshi changed [[Japanese society]] in many ways. These include the imposition of a rigid [[social class|class]] structure, restrictions on travel, and surveys of land and production.<ref>{{Citation|last=Elisonas|first=Jurgis|title=Toyotomi Hideyoshi|date=2003|work=Oxford Art Online|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t085944}}</ref>
[[Separation Edict|Class reforms]] affected commoners and warriors. During the [[Sengoku period]], it had become common for peasants to become warriors, or for samurai to farm due to the constant uncertainty caused by the lack of centralised government and always tentative peace. Upon taking control, Hideyoshi decreed that all peasants be disarmed completely.<ref>Jansen, Marius. (2000). ''The Making of Modern Japan'', p. 23.</ref> Conversely, he required samurai to leave the land and take up residence in the castle towns.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=HQTbDphPKmoC&pg=PA106 Berry 1982, pp. 106–107]</ref><ref>Jansen, pp. 21–22.</ref>
Furthermore, he ordered comprehensive surveys and a [[Population Census Edict|complete census]] of Japan. Once this was done and all citizens were registered, he required all Japanese to stay in their respective ''[[Han (administrative division)|han]]'' (fiefs) unless they obtained official permission to go elsewhere. This ensured order in a period when bandits still roamed the countryside and peace was still new. The land surveys formed the basis for systematic taxation.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=HQTbDphPKmoC&pg=PA111 Berry 1982, pp. 111–118]</ref>
In 1590, Hideyoshi completed construction of the [[Osaka Castle]], the largest and most formidable in all Japan, to guard the western approaches to [[Kyoto]]. In that same year, Hideyoshi banned "unfree labour" or [[slavery in Japan]],<ref>Lewis, James Bryant. (2003). [https://books.google.com/books?id=0YIbNlliRswC&pg=PA31 ''Frontier Contact Between Choson Korea and Tokugawa Japan'', pp. 31]–32.</ref> but forms of contract and indentured labour persisted alongside the period penal codes' [[forced labour]].<ref>"Bateren-tsuiho-rei" (the Purge Directive Order to the Jesuits) Article 10</ref>
Hideyoshi also influenced the material [[culture of Japan]]. He lavished time and money on the [[Japanese tea ceremony]], collecting implements, sponsoring lavish social events, and patronizing acclaimed masters. As interest in the tea ceremony rose among the ruling class, so too did the demand for fine ceramic implements, and during the course of the Korean campaigns, not only were large quantities of prized [[ceramic]] ware confiscated but many Korean artisans were forcibly relocated to Japan.<ref>[[Takeuchi Rizō|Takeuchi, Rizō]]. (1985). ''Nihonshi shōjiten'', pp. 274–275; Jansen, p. 27.</ref>
Inspired by the dazzling [[Kinkaku-ji|Golden Pavilion]] in [[Kyoto]], he had the [[Golden Tea Room]] constructed, which was covered with [[gold leaf]] and lined inside with red gossamer. Using this mobile innovation, he was able to practice the tea ceremony wherever he went, displaying his power and status at all times.<ref>{{Cite web|last=大阪観光局©|date=January 29, 2018|title=Osaka Castle|url=https://osaka-info.jp/en/page/osaka-castle|access-date=November 12, 2020|website=osaka-info.jp|language=en}}</ref>
Politically, he set up a governmental system that balanced out the most powerful Japanese warlords (or ''daimyō''). A council was created to include the most influential lords. At the same time, a regent was designated to be in command.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tucker |first=Spencer |title=A Global Chronology of Conflict, From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2009 |isbn=978-1851096725 |page=865}}</ref>
Just before his death, Hideyoshi hoped to set up a system stable enough to survive until his son grew old enough to become the next leader.<ref>[http://www.imfine.cc/hideyoshi.htm 豊臣秀吉の遺言状] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919154653/http://www.imfine.cc/Hideyoshi.htm |date=September 19, 2008 }}</ref>
Ieyasu left in place the majority of Hideyoshi's decrees and built his shogunate upon them. This ensured that Hideyoshi's cultural legacy remained. In a letter to his wife, Hideyoshi wrote: {{blockquote|I mean to do glorious deeds and I am ready for a long siege, with provisions and gold and silver in plenty, so as to return in triumph and leave a great name behind me. I desire you to understand this and to tell it to everybody.<ref>Sansom, George. (1943). ''Japan. A Short Cultural History'', p. 410.</ref>}}
== Names ==
The [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] sources of the time referred to him as {{lang|es|Cuambacondono}}<ref name="Taicosama">{{cite book |last1=Trujillo Dennis |first1=Ana |title=Lacas namban: Huellas de Japón en España: IV centenario de la embajada Keichô |date=2013 |publisher=Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte |isbn=978-84-616-4625-8 |page=46 |language=es |chapter=I.a. Rutas, viaje y encuentros entre Japón y España}}</ref> (from {{lang|ja|kampaku}} and the honorific ''[[-dono]]'') and "emperor {{lang|es|Taicosama}}"<ref name="Taicosama" /> (from ''taikō'', a retired ''kampaku'' (see [[Sesshō and Kampaku]]), and the honorific ''[[japanese titles|-sama]]'').
== In popular culture == {{See also|People of the Sengoku period in popular culture#Toyotomi Hideyoshi}}
=== Films === In the 1949 Mexican hagiographic film ''[[Philip of Jesus]]'', [[Luis Aceves Castañeda]] plays a character corresponding to Hideyoshi but named "Emperor Iroyoshi Taikosama".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Riera |first1=Emilio García |title=Julio Bracho, 1909–1978 |date=1986 |publisher=Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro de Investigaciones y Enseñanza Cinematográficas |isbn=978-968-895-040-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rNwuAAAAYAAJ&q=Felipe+de+Jesús+Iroyoshi+Taikosama |access-date=June 17, 2023 |language=es}}</ref>
In the 2009 Japanese [[historical fantasy]] film ''[[Goemon (film)|Goemon]]'', Toyotomi Hideyoshi (played by [[Eiji Okuda]]) features as the principal antagonist to the film's protagonist, [[Ishikawa Goemon]]. This is based on the tradition that Goemon was executed for his failed attempt to assassinate Toyotomi Hideyoshi in 1594,<ref>H. L. Joly, ''Legend in Japanese Art'', London, 1908: 101–102.</ref> but the film otherwise bears little resemblance to either historical events or the received tradition. In the film, Goemon murders Hideyoshi's stand-in, avoids his execution by boiling (being replaced by an associate), succeeds in murdering Hideyoshi on a later occasion, and survives to intervene in the [[Battle of Sekigahara]]. Goemon is portrayed as the faithful retainer and avenger of [[Oda Nobunaga]], unhistorically depicted as the victim of Toyotomi Hideyoshi. All of this is counter to historical facts; tradition credits Goemon with serving Nobunaga's enemies the [[Miyoshi clan]] and his murderer, [[Akechi Mitsuhide]], as well as with failed murder attempts on both Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi.<ref>S. A. Thornton, ''The Japanese Period Film: A Critical Analysis'', Jefferson, NC, 2008, 96–97.</ref>
Hideyoshi is portrayed by actor/director [[Takeshi Kitano]] in his 2023 film ''[[Kubi (film)|Kubi]]''.
=== Anime === In the anime series ''[[Great Pretender (TV series)|Great Pretender]]'' (2020), Hideyoshi is referenced many times by Laurent Thierry, one of the central protagonists of the series.<ref>{{cite news |title=Interview: Great Pretender Director Hiro Kaburagi and Writer Ryota Kosawa |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interview/2020-12-14/great-pretender-director-hiro-kaburagi-and-writer-ryota-kosawa/.167355 |work=Anime News Network |date=June 17, 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
=== Documentary === In the [[Netflix]] documentary series ''[[Age of Samurai: Battle for Japan]]'' (2021), Hideyoshi is portrayed by Masami Kosaka. The show depicts his life and rise to power.<ref>{{cite web |title=Age of Samurai: Battle for Japan |url=https://www.japansociety.org.uk/review?review=775 |website=The Japan Society |access-date=June 17, 2023}}</ref>
=== Television === Actor [[Naoto Takenaka]] portrays Toyotomi Hideyoshi in the 1996 NHK drama ''[[Hideyoshi (TV series)|Hideyoshi]]'', which shows his life from his time under Oda Nobunaga to his rise as a leader himself who helped to unify Japan. It earned an average TV rating of 30.5% running from January 7 – December 22, 1996. He would reprise this role again in [[Nioh 2]]. Additionally, actor [[Yukijirō Hotaru]] plays The Taikō (Nakamura Hidetoshi), a character based on Toyotomi Hideyoshi, in the 2024 miniseries ''[[Shōgun (2024 miniseries)|Shōgun]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fxnetworks.com/shows/shogun/viewers-guide/additional-characters#taiko |title=Additional Characters |work=FX Networks |access-date=April 19, 2024}}</ref>
=== Video Games ===
Toyotomi Hideyoshi is an NPC and playable character in [[Koei Tecmo]]'s ''[[Samurai Warriors]]'' series and ''[[Nobunaga's Ambition (video game)|Nobunaga's Ambition]]'' series. Both of these games follow historical events of the late Sengoku Period.
== See also == {{Portal|Japan|History|Biography}} * [[Itsukushima#Senjokaku (Toyokuni Shrine)|Itsukushima's Senjokaku Hall]] * [[Sorori Shinzaemon]] * [[Dom Justo Takayama]] * [[Bateren Edict]] * [[Imjin War]] * [[Endoji Shopping Arcade Statues]]
== Appendix ==
=== Footnotes === {{notelist}}
=== References === {{Reflist|30em}}
=== Bibliography === * {{Cite journal|author=Kazuhiro Marushima (丸島和洋) |title=北条・徳川間外交の意思伝達構造 |trans-title=The structure of communication in diplomacy between the Hojo and Tokugawa |journal=国文学研究資料館紀要 |issn=1880-2249 |publisher=国文学研究資料館 |date=2015 |volume=11 |issue=11 |doi=10.24619/00001469 |url=https://doi.org/10.24619/00001469}} * Berry, Mary Elizabeth. (1982). ''Hideyoshi.'' Cambridge: Harvard UP, {{ISBN|978-0674390256}}; {{OCLC|8195691}} * Haboush, JaHyun Kim. (2016) ''The Great East Asian War and the Birth of the Korean Nation'' (2016) [https://www.amazon.com/Great-Asian-Birth-Korean-Nation/dp/0231172281/ excerpt] * {{cite book|title=天正壬午の乱 |trans-title=Tensho-Jingo war |edition=増補改訂版|last=Hirayama|first=Yū |date=2015|publisher=戎光祥出版|isbn=978-4-86403-170-7}} * [[Marius Jansen|Jansen, Marius B.]] (2000). ''The Making of Modern Japan.'' Cambridge: Harvard UP. {{ISBN|978-0674003347}}; {{OCLC|44090600}} * Joly, H. L., ''Legend in Japanese Art'', London, 1908. * Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC ''Japan encyclopedia.''] Cambridge: Harvard University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-674-01753-5}}; {{OCLC|58053128}} * Thornton, S. A., ''The Japanese Period Film: A Critical Analysis'', Jefferson, NC, 2008.
== External links == {{Commons category|Toyotomi Hideyoshi}} * {{IMDb title|id=0115201 | title=Hideyoshi (1996) TV-Series}} * [https://archive.org/details/THECHRISTIANCENTURYINJAPAN15491650CRBOXER The Christian Century in Japan, by Charles Boxer]
{{S-start}} {{s-reg}} {{S-bef | before=[[Konoe Sakihisa]]}} {{S-ttl | title=[[Kampaku]] | years=1585–1591}} {{S-aft | after=[[Toyotomi Hidetsugu]]}} {{s-gov}} {{S-bef | before=[[Fujiwara no Sakihisa]]}} {{S-ttl | title=[[Daijō Daijin]] | years=1585–1591}} {{S-aft | after=[[Tokugawa Ieyasu]]}} {{S-end}}
{{People of the Sengoku period}} {{Kampaku}} {{Daijō-daijin}} {{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Toyotomi, Hideyoshi}} [[Category:1537 births]] [[Category:1598 deaths]] [[Category:16th-century Japanese people]] [[Category:Daimyo]] [[Category:Samurai]] [[Category:Sesshō and Kampaku]] [[Category:Toyotomi clan]] [[Category:Oda retainers]] [[Category:People from Nagoya]] [[Category:People of the Muromachi period]] [[Category:People of the Azuchi–Momoyama period]] [[Category:Japanese military engineers]] [[Category:People of the Imjin War]] [[Category:16th-century Japanese calligraphers]] [[Category:Deified Japanese men]] [[Category:Kabuki characters]] [[Category:Toyotomi Hideyoshi| ]] [[Category:16th-century military engineers]]