{{Short description|Family of lichens}} {{Automatic taxobox | taxon = Harpidiaceae | authority = Vězda ex Hafellner (1984) | subdivision_ranks = Genera | subdivision = ''Euopsis''<br /> ''Harpidium'' }}
'''Harpidiaceae''' is a small family of lichen-forming fungi, containing two genera and five species. It is of uncertain classification in the Pezizomycotina.
==Taxonomy== The Harpidiaceae was first informally proposed by Antonín Vězda in 1974 to contain genus ''Harpidium'', which he noted "is an extremely isolated genus, unrelated to the Lecanoraceae. It should be recognized as a separate monotypic family".<ref name="Ahmadjian 1973"/> It was formally published in 1984 by Josef Hafellner, along with several other families characterised mainly by differences in the amyloid reactions of structures of their asci.<ref name="Hafellner 1984"/> In 1988, Aino Henssen and colleagues published the results of a study of the thallus, apothecia, and pycnidia of the genera ''Harpidium'' and ''Euopsis'', and concluded that they corresponded to the genus ''Pyrenopsis'' and other genera of the Lichinaceae (order Lichinales, class Lichinomycetes). With this, they justified including ''Harpidium'' and ''Euopsis'' in the Lichinaceae, and amended the circumscription of that family to include species with green-algal phycobionts. They concluded their paper stating: "Minor differences in the amyloid reaction of the ascus apex as viewed with the light microscope are, in our opinion, not a sound basis for the delimitation of families in lichenized ascomycetes as has been suggested by Hafellner (1984)".<ref name="Henssen et al. 1988"/>
The classification of these genera was for some time a matter of contention. In an advanced research workshop on ascomycete systematics conducted in 1993, Hafellner opposed the placement of these genera in the Lichinaceae, stating "The Harpidiaceae clearly have features of a lecanoralean fungus which separate it from Lichinaceae. If this amount of variation in ascus structure is permitted, there is no reason not to include the Lichinaceae in the Lecanorales".<ref name="Hawksworth 1994"/> Christoph Scheidegger and Matthias Schultz proposed to reinstate the Harpidiaceae in a 2004 publication, based on preliminary DNA sequence data that suggested its phylogenetic distinctiveness.<ref name="Scheidegger & Schultz 2004"/> Several later authors still did not accept the family, continuing to include the genera ''Harpidium'' and ''Euopsis'' in the Lichinaceae.<ref name="Cannon & Kirk 2007"/><ref name="Kirk et al. 2008"/><ref name="Lumbsch & Huhndorf 2010"/>
In a corrected and amended version of the "2016 classification of lichenized fungi in the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota", the Harpidiaceae was added as Pezizomycotina ''incertae sedis''. To support this decision, the authors mentioned two nuSSU sequences for ''Harpidium'' and ''Euopsis'', available on Genbank, but, at the time of publication, without a published phylogeny. In their own (unpublished) analysis, the genera were shown to be closely related and "form a clade apparently not nested within Lichinomycetes or any other known class in the Ascomycota".<ref name="Lücking et al. 2017"/> This classification, with a distinct Harpidiaceae, has been maintained in subsequent published revisions of fungal classification in 2020 and 2021.<ref name="Wijayawardene et al. 2020"/><ref name="Wijayawardene et al. 2022"/>
==Description== Harpidiaceae lichens have a crustose thallus form that grows on non-calcareous rocks. It is homoiomerous, meaning that the algae are uniformly distributed throughout the thallus. The apothecia are sunken, and bordered by the thallus, with a barely developed proper exciple (a margin around the apothecia, lacking algae). The asci have an amyloid tholus (a thickened apical region). Ascospores number eight per ascus, and they are colourless, thin walled, and crescent shaped.<ref name="Ahmadjian 1973"/>
==Genera and species== *''Euopsis'' {{small|Nyl. (1875)}}<ref name="Nylander 1875"/> ::*''Euopsis granatina'' ::*''Euopsis pulvinata''
*''Harpidium'' {{small|Körb. (1855)}}<ref name="Körber 1855"/> ::*''Harpidium gavilaniae'' ::*''Harpidium nashii'' ::*''Harpidium rutilans''
==References== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=
<ref name="Kirk et al. 2008">{{cite book |editor-last1=Kirk |editor-first1=Paul M. |editor-last2=Cannon |editor-first2=Paul F. |editor-last3=Minter |editor-first3=David W. |editor-last4=Stalpers |editor-first4=Joost A. |title=Dictionary of the Fungi |edition=10th |publisher=CABI |location=Wallingford, UK |year=2008 |page=305 |isbn=978-0-85199-826-8}}</ref>
<ref name="Ahmadjian 1973">{{cite book |authorlink1=Vernon Ahmadjian |last1=Ahmadjian |first1=Vernon |authorlink2=Mason Hale |last2=Hale |first2=Mason E. |year=1973 |title=The Lichens |publisher=Academic Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-12-044950-7 |page=626}}</ref>
<ref name="Cannon & Kirk 2007">{{cite book |last1=Cannon |first1=Paul F. |last2=Kirk |first2=Paul M. |year=2007 |title=Fungal Families of the World |pages=48–49 |publisher=CAB International |isbn=978-0851998275}}</ref>
<ref name="Hafellner 1984">{{cite journal |last1=Hafellner |first1=J. |year=1984 |title=Studien in Richtung einer natürlichen Gliederung der Sammelfamilien Lecanoracae und Lecideaceae |trans-title=Studies towards a natural classification of the collective families Lecanoracae and Lecideaceae |journal=Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia |volume=79 |page=283 |language=de}}</ref>
<ref name="Hawksworth 1994">{{cite book |editor-last1=Hawksworth |editor-first1=David L. |chapter=Discussion 5: Gyalectales, Lichninales, Peltigerales, and Pertusariales |title=Ascomycete Systematics: Problems and Perspectives in the Nineties |series=NATO ASI Series |date=25 December 2013 |volume=269 |publisher=Springer Science+Business Media |isbn=978-1-4757-9290-4 |page=390 |language=en}}</ref>
<ref name="Henssen et al. 1988">{{cite journal |last1=Henssen |first1=A. |last2=Büdel |first2=B. |last3=Titze |first3=A. |title=''Euopsis'' and ''Harpidium'', genera of the Lichinaceae (Lichenes) with rostrate asci* |journal=Botanica Acta |volume=101 |issue=1 |year=1988 |doi=10.1111/j.1438-8677.1988.tb00015.x |pages=83–89}}</ref>
<ref name="Körber 1855">{{cite book |last1=Körber |first1=Gustav Wilhelm |year=1855 |title=Systema lichenum Germaniae |pages=157; 425 |location=Breslau |publisher=Trewendt & Granier |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/23748103 |language=de}}</ref>
<ref name="Lücking et al. 2017">{{cite journal |last1=Lücking |first1=Robert |last2=Hodkinson |first2=Brendan P. |last3=Leavitt |first3=Steven D. |title=Corrections and amendments to the 2016 classification of lichenized fungi in the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota |journal=The Bryologist |volume=120 |issue=1 |year=2017 |doi=10.1639/0007-2745-120.1.058 |pages=58–69|s2cid=90363578 }}</ref>
<ref name="Lumbsch & Huhndorf 2010">{{cite journal |last1=Lumbsch |first1=H.T. |first2=S.M. |last2=Huhndorf |year=2010 |title=Myconet Vol. 14. Part One. Outline of Ascomycota – 2009 |journal=Fieldiana: Life and Earth Sciences |volume=1 |pages=1–42|doi=10.3158/1557.1 |s2cid=86529508 }}</ref>
<ref name="Nylander 1875">{{cite journal |last1=Nylander |first1=W. |year=1875 |title=Addenda nova ad lichenographiam Europaeam. Contin. XXII |journal=Flora (Regensburg) |volume=58 |pages=358–364 |language=la |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/62869}}</ref>
<ref name="Scheidegger & Schultz 2004">{{cite book |last1=Scheidegger |first1=Christoph |last2=Schultz |first2=Matthias |year=2004 |chapter=''Harpidium'' |pages=133–134 |editor-first1=T.H. III |editor-last1=Nash |editor-first2=B.D. |editor-last2=Ryan |editor-first3=P. |editor-last3=Diederich |editor-first4=C. |editor-last4=Gries |editor-first5=F. |editor-last5=Bungartz |title=Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region |volume=2 |publisher=Lichens Unlimited |location=Tempe, Arizona |isbn=978-0-9716759-1-9}}</ref>
<ref name="Wijayawardene et al. 2020">{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |last1=Wijayawardene |first1=Nalin |last2=Hyde |first2=Kevin |first3=Laith Khalil Tawfeeq |last3=Al-Ani |last4=Somayeh |first4=Dolatabadi |last5=Stadler |first5=Marc |last6=Haelewaters |first6=Danny |last7=Tsurykau |first7=Andrei |last8=Mesic |first8=Armin |last9=Navathe |first9=Sudhir |last10=Papp |first10=Viktor |last11=Oliveira Fiuza |first11=Patrícia |last12=Vázquez |first12=Víctor |last13=Gautam |first13=Ajay |last14=Becerra |first14=Alejandra G. |last15=Ekanayaka |first15=Anusha |last16=K. C. |first16=Rajeshkumar |last17=Bezerra |first17=Jadson |last18=Matočec |first18=Neven |last19=Maharachchikumbura |first19=Sajeewa |last20=Suetrong |first20=Satinee |year=2020 |title=Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa |journal=Mycosphere |volume=11 |pages=1060–1456 |doi=10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8 |doi-access=free|hdl=10481/61998 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
<ref name="Wijayawardene et al. 2022">{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |last1=Wijayawardene |first1=N.N. |last2=Hyde |first2=K.D. |last3=Dai |first3=D.Q. |last4=Sánchez-García |first4=M. |last5=Goto |first5=B.T. |last6=Saxena |first6=R.K. |last7=Erdoğdu |first7=M. |last8=Selçuk |first8=F. |last9=Rajeshkumar |first9=K.C. |last10=Aptroot |first10=A. |last11=Błaszkowski |first11=J. |last12=Boonyuen |first12=N. |last13=da Silva |first13=G. |last14=de Souza |first14=F.A. |last15=Dong |first15=W. |last16=Ertz |first16=D. |last17=Haelewaters |first17=D. |last18=Jones |first18=E.B. |last19=Karunarathna |first19=S.C. |last20=Kirk |first20=P.M. |last21=Kukwa |first21=M. |last22=Kumla |first22=J. |last23=Leontyev |first23=D.V. |last24=Lumbsch |first24=H.T. |last25=Maharachchikumbura |first25=S.S.N. |last26=Marguno |first26=F. |last27=Martínez-Rodríguez |first27=P. |last28=Mešić |first28=A. |last29=Monteiro |first29=J.S. |last30=Oehl |first30=F. |last31=Pawłowska |first31=J. |last32=Pem |first32=D. |last33=Pfliegler |first33=W.P. |last34=Phillips |first34=A.J.L. |last35=Pošta |first35=A. |last36=He |first36=M.Q. |last37=Li |first37=J.X. |last38=Raza |first38=M. |last39=Sruthi |first39=O.P. |last40=Suetrong |first40=S. |last41=Suwannarach |first41=N. |last42=Tedersoo |first42=L. |last43=Thiyagaraja |first43=V. |last44=Tibpromma |first44=S. |last45=Tkalčec |first45=Z. |last46=Tokarev |first46=Y.S. |last47=Wanasinghe |first47=D.N. |last48=Wijesundara |first48=D.S.A. |last49=Wimalaseana |first49=S.D.M.K. |last50=Madrid |first50=H. |last51=Zhang |first51=G.Q. |last52=Gao |first52=Y. |last53=Sánchez-Castro |first53=I. |last54=Tang |first54=L.Z. |last55=Stadler |first55=M. |last56=Yurkov |first56=A. |last57=Thines |first57=M. |year=2022 |title=Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa – 2021 |journal=Mycosphere |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=53–453 |doi=10.5943/mycosphere/13/1/2 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358798332|doi-access=free |hdl=10481/76378 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q60787803}}
Category:Pezizomycotina Category:Ascomycota families Category:Lichen families Category:Taxa described in 1984 Category:Taxa named by Josef Hafellner