{{Short description|Genus of annelids}} {{For|Greek mythological figure|Harmothoe (mythology)}} {{Italic title}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = Harmothoe sp (13984527274).jpg | image_caption = ''Harmothoe'' sp. | image_upright = | image_alt = | taxon = Harmothoe | authority = Kinberg, 1856 | synonyms = | type_species = ''Harmothoe spinosa'' | type_species_authority = Kinberg, 1856 }}
'''''Harmothoe''''' is a genus of marine Polychaete worms belonging to the family ''Polynoidae'' (scale worms). Species of ''Harmothoe'' are found world-wide to depths of at least 5,000 m but are more common in shallower water.<ref name=read>{{Cite web| last1 = Read| first1 = Geoffrey B.| last2 = Fauchald| first2 = Kristian| title = The World Polychaeta Database| date = 2020| url = http://www.marinespecies.org/polychaeta/}} </ref>
== Description == Body dorsoventrally flattened, short, with 15 pairs of elytra and up to 50 segments; the body is more or less covered by elytra, although long specimens may have a short posterior region uncovered. The prostomium is rounded anteriorly and has distinct cephalic peaks on the dorsal surface. There are three antennae, a pair of lateral antennae inserted ventrally, directly beneath the median antenna ceratophore. The neuropodia are elongate and tapering. The notoochaetae are stout with transverse rows of spines and blunt tips. The neurochaetae also have transverse rows of spines and both unindentate and bidentate neurochaetae are present.<ref name=barnich2000>Barnich R, Fiege D (2000) Revision of the Mediterranean species of Harmothoe Kinberg, 1856 and Lagisca Malmgren, 1865 Polychaeta: Polynoidae: Polynoinae) with descriptions of a new genus and a new species. Journal of Natural History 34: 1889–1938. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222930050144783</ref>
== Biology ==
''Harmothoe'' is one of many genera in the family Polynoidae that contain bioluminescent species.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Herring |first1=Peter J. |title=Systematic distribution of bioluminescence in living organisms |journal=Journal of Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence |date=1987 |issue=3|volume=1 |pages=147–163|doi=10.1002/bio.1170010303 |pmid=3503524 }}</ref>
== Taxonomic comments ==
In many parts of the world, identification of species in this diverse genus is problematic, however recently published revisions provide a guides to species of ''Harmothoe'' from the Mediterranean,<ref name=barnich2000 /> Northeast Atlantic<ref name=barnich2009>Barnich R, Fiege D (2000) Barnich R, Fiege D (2009) Revision of the genus Harmothoe Kinberg, 1856 (Polychaeta: Polynoidae) in the Northeast Atlantic. Zootaxa 2104: 1–76. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2104.1.1</ref> and from the Subantarctic and Antarctic.<ref name=barnich2006>Barnich R, Fiege D, Micaletto G, Gambi MC (2006) Redescription of Harmothoe spinosa Kinberg, 1856 (Polychaeta: Polynoidae) and related species from Subantarctic and Antarctic waters, with the erection of a new genus. Journal of Natural History 40: 33–75. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222930500445044</ref>
==Species== The genus ''Harmothoe'' includes 152 species as of June 2020<ref name=read/> {{Columns-list| *''Harmothoe abyssicola'' Bidenkap, 1895 *''Harmothoe aculeata'' Andrews, 1891 *''Harmothoe acuminata'' Willey, 1902 *''Harmothoe aequespina'' (Langerhans, 1884) *''Harmothoe africana'' Augener, 1918 *''Harmothoe africanus'' (Hartman, 1976) *''Harmothoe anoculata'' (Hartmann-Schröder, 1975) *''Harmothoe antarctica'' (McIntosh, 1885) *''Harmothoe antilopes'' McIntosh, 1876 *''Harmothoe areolata'' (Grube, 1860) *''Harmothoe asiatica'' Uschakov & Wu, 1962 *''Harmothoe aspera'' (Hansen, 1878) *''Harmothoe assimilis'' (Örsted, 1843) *''Harmothoe atra'' Horst, 1915 *''Harmothoe augeneri'' Salazar-Silva, 2010 *''Harmothoe australis'' Kirkegaard, 1995 *''Harmothoe balboensis'' Monro, 1928 *''Harmothoe bellani'' Barnich & Fiege, 2000 *''Harmothoe benthaliana'' McIntosh, 1885 *''Harmothoe benthophila'' Ehlers, 1913 *''Harmothoe beringiana'' Annenkova, 1952 *''Harmothoe borealis'' (Théel, 1879) *''Harmothoe branchiata'' Hartman, 1976 *''Harmothoe campoglacialis'' Hilbig & Montiel, 2000 *''Harmothoe capensis'' (Willey, 1904) *''Harmothoe capitulifera'' Ditlevsen, 1911 *''Harmothoe casabullicola'' Brito, Nuñez & Bacallado, 1991 *''Harmothoe cascabullicola'' Brito, Núñez & Bacallado, 1991 *''Harmothoe cedrici'' Barnich, Beuck & Freiwald, 2013 *''Harmothoe charlottae'' Hutchings & Murray, 1984 *''Harmothoe ciliata'' Monro, 1936 *''Harmothoe cilielytris'' Uschakov, 1962 *''Harmothoe clavigera'' (M. Sars, 1863) *''Harmothoe coeliaca'' de Saint-Joseph, 1888 *''Harmothoe commensalis'' Rozbaczylo & Cañete, 1993 *''Harmothoe cornuta'' (Potts, 1910) *''Harmothoe craigsmithi'' Pettibone, 1993 *''Harmothoe crassicirrata'' Johnson, 1897 *''Harmothoe crosetensis'' (McIntosh, 1885) *''Harmothoe crucis'' (Grube, 1856) *''Harmothoe cylindrica'' Imajima, 1997 *''Harmothoe dannyi'' Barnich, Beuck & Freiwald, 2013 *''Harmothoe dearborni'' Pettibone, 1955 *''Harmothoe derjugini'' (Annenkova, 1937) *''Harmothoe dictyophora'' (Grube, 1878) *''Harmothoe dinardensis'' Nolte, 1936 *''Harmothoe discoveryae'' Pettibone, 1993 *''Harmothoe eltanina'' (Hartman, 1967) *''Harmothoe ernesti'' Augener, 1931 *''Harmothoe evei'' Kirkegaard, 1980 *''Harmothoe exanthema'' (Grube, 1856) *''Harmothoe extenuata'' (Grube, 1840) *''Harmothoe fernandi'' Barnich & Fiege, 2009 *''Harmothoe flaccida'' (Potts, 1910) *''Harmothoe forcipata'' (Marenzeller, 1902) *''Harmothoe fragilis'' Moore, 1910 *''Harmothoe fraserthomsoni'' McIntosh, 1897 *''Harmothoe fuligineum'' (Baird, 1865) *''Harmothoe fullo'' (Grube, 1878) *''Harmothoe fusca'' (McIntosh, 1885) *''Harmothoe fuscaspinae'' Salazar-Silva, 2003 *''Harmothoe gilchristi'' Day, 1960 *''Harmothoe glabra'' (Malmgren, 1865) *''Harmothoe globifera'' (Sars G.O., 1873) *''Harmothoe globosa'' Pettibone, 1990 *''Harmothoe glomerosa'' Imajima, 1997 *''Harmothoe gordae'' Pettibone, 1990 *''Harmothoe goreensis'' Augener, 1918 *''Harmothoe grisea'' (Grube, 1870) *''Harmothoe gruzovi'' Averincev, 1972 *''Harmothoe hanleyi'' Salazar-Silva, 2010 *''Harmothoe helderensis'' Nolte, 1936 *''Harmothoe hirsuta'' Johnson, 1897 *''Harmothoe hollisi'' Pettibone, 1989 *''Harmothoe holothuricola'' Izuka, 1912 *''Harmothoe hyalonemae'' Martin, Rossel & Uriz, 1992 *''Harmothoe imbricata'' (Linnaeus, 1767) *''Harmothoe impar'' (Johnston, 1839) *''Harmothoe ingolfiana'' Ditlevsen, 1917 *''Harmothoe johnstoni'' (McIntosh, 1876) *''Harmothoe joubini'' Fauvel, 1913 *''Harmothoe juvenalis'' Hartmann-Schröder, 1962 *''Harmothoe kieliensis'' Nolte, 1936 *''Harmothoe lanceocirrata'' Treadwell, 1928 *''Harmothoe liaoi'' Barnich, Sun & Fiege, 2004 *''Harmothoe longidentis'' Salazar-Silva, 2003 *''Harmothoe longisetis'' (Grube, 1863) *''Harmothoe macginitiei'' Pettibone, 1955 *''Harmothoe macnabi'' Pettibone, 1985 *''Harmothoe macquoriensis'' Averincev, 1978 *''Harmothoe macrolepidota'' (Schmarda, 1861) *''Harmothoe madrynensis'' Barnich, Orensanz & Fiege, 2012 *''Harmothoe magellanica'' (McIntosh, 1885) *''Harmothoe marerubrum'' Wehe, 2006 *''Harmothoe mariannae'' Barnich & Fiege, 2009 *''Harmothoe melanicornis'' Britaev, 1981 *''Harmothoe meteroae'' Augener, 1931 *''Harmothoe micraspis'' Eliason, 1962 *''Harmothoe muiri'' Salazar-Silva, 2010 *''Harmothoe multisetosa'' (Moore, 1902) *''Harmothoe norvegica'' Bidenkap, 1895 *''Harmothoe notochaetosa'' Lopez & San Martín, 1996 *''Harmothoe oculinarum'' (Storm, 1879) *''Harmothoe ornatus'' (Hartman, 1967) *''Harmothoe pagenstecheri'' Michaelsen, 1896 *''Harmothoe panamensis'' Kirkegaard, 1995 *''Harmothoe paraminuta'' Hartmann-Schröder, 1984 *''Harmothoe paxtoni'' Averincev, 1978 *''Harmothoe pentactae'' (Giard, 1886) *''Harmothoe picta'' Saint-Joseph, 1888 *''Harmothoe pokoui'' Intes & Le Loeuff, 1975 *''Harmothoe praeclara'' (Haswell, 1883) *''Harmothoe profunda'' Day, 1963 *''Harmothoe propinqua'' (Malmgren, 1867) *''Harmothoe pulchella'' (Kinberg, 1856) *''Harmothoe quadriceps'' Grube in Augener, 1922 *''Harmothoe quadrituberculata'' Augener, 1922 *''Harmothoe rarispina'' (M. Sars, 1861) *''Harmothoe reticulata'' (Claparède, 1870) *''Harmothoe rottnestensis'' Hanley, 1993 *''Harmothoe ruthae'' Miranda & Brasil, 2014 *''Harmothoe saldanha'' Day, 1953 *''Harmothoe sanctaehelenae'' Day, 1949 *''Harmothoe serrata'' Day, 1963 *''Harmothoe setosissima'' (Lamarck, 1818) *''Harmothoe sexdentata'' (Marenzeller, 1902) *''Harmothoe sinensis'' Barnich, Sun & Fiege, 2004 *''Harmothoe spinifera'' (Ehlers, 1864) *''Harmothoe spinosa'' Kinberg, 1856 *''Harmothoe spongicola'' Hanley & Burke, 1991 *''Harmothoe stephensoni'' Pettibone, 1993 *''Harmothoe sylliformia'' Treadwell, 1928 *''Harmothoe synaptae'' Saint-Joseph, 1906 *''Harmothoe tahitiensis'' Pettibone, 1993 *''Harmothoe talismani'' Roule, 1898 *''Harmothoe tenuisetis'' (McIntosh, 1885) *''Harmothoe triannulata'' Moore, 1910 *''Harmothoe tridestinensis'' Nolte, 1936 *''Harmothoe trimaculata'' (Treadwell, 1924) *''Harmothoe turbinata'' Hanley & Burke, 1991 *''Harmothoe vagabunda'' Pettibone, 1985 *''Harmothoe vesiculosa'' Ditlevsen, 1917 *''Harmothoe villosa'' Treadwell, 1926 *''Harmothoe vinogradovae'' Averincev, 1978 *''Harmothoe viridis'' Loshamn, 1981 *''Harmothoe viscayensis'' Nolte, 1936 *''Harmothoe vittata'' Trautsch, 1889 *''Harmothoe vossae'' Salazar-Silva, 2003 *''Harmothoe waahli'' (Kinberg, 1856) *''Harmothoe watsoni'' McIntosh, 1919 *''Harmothoe westoni'' Salazar-Silva, 2010 *''Harmothoe yendoi'' Izuka, 1912 }}
==References== {{Reflist}}
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Category:Polychaete genera Category:Phyllodocida Category:Bioluminescent annelids
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