{{short description|German World War II fighter pilot}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}} {{Use American English|date=May 2023}} {{Infobox military person |name=Hans Remmer |birth_date=17 August 1920 |death_date={{death date and age|1944|4|2|1920|8|17|df=y}} |image= |caption=Hans Remmer in 1944 |birth_place=Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany |death_place=Graz, Nazi Germany |nickname= |allegiance={{flag|Nazi Germany}} |branch=Luftwaffe |service_years= |rank=''Hauptmann'' (captain) |unit=JG 27 |commands=1./JG 27 |battles={{hidden |''See battles'' |World War II *North African Campaign *Allied invasion of Sicily *Defense of the Reich{{KIA}} |- |headerstyle=background:#dbdbdb |style=text-align:center; }} |awards=Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross |other_work= }}
'''Hans Remmer''' (17 August 1920 – 2 April 1944) was a German Luftwaffe military aviator during World War II, a fighter ace credited with 27 aerial victories—that is, 27 aerial combat encounters resulting in the destruction of the enemy aircraft. All of his victories were claimed over the Western Allies and included eight four-engined heavy bombers.
Born in Freiburg im Breisgau, Remmer was trained as a fighter pilot and posted to ''Jagdgeschwader'' 27 (JG 27—27th Fighter Wing) in early 1941. His fought in the North African Campaign where he claimed his first aerial victory on 17 June 1941 during the Siege of Tobruk. In November 1942, Remmer was appointed ''Staffelkapitän'' (squadron leader) of 1. ''Staffel'' (1st squadron) of JG 27. In early 1943, his unit was relocated to the Western Front in France. He then fought in defense of the Reich against the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) heavy bombers. On 2 April 1944, Remmer was killed in action near Graz when his parachute failed to open after he was shot down by USAAF fighters. Posthumously, he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 9 June 1944.
==Career== Remmer was born on 17 August 1920 in Freiburg im Breisgau, at the time in the Republic of Baden of the Weimar Republic.{{sfn|Obermaier|1989|p=185}} Following flight training,{{refn|Flight training in the Luftwaffe progressed through the levels A1, A2 and B1, B2, referred to as A/B flight training. A training included theoretical and practical training in aerobatics, navigation, long-distance flights and dead-stick landings. The B courses included high-altitude flights, instrument flights, night landings and training to handle the aircraft in difficult situations.{{sfn|Bergström|Antipov|Sundin|2003|p=17}}|group="Note"}} he was transferred to the ''Ergänzungsstaffel'' (Training/Supplement Squadron) of ''Jagdgeschwader'' 27 (JG 27—27th Fighter Wing) on 2 January 1941.{{sfn|Mathews|Foreman|2015|p=1028}}
===North Africa=== Following Operation Marita, the German invasion of Greece, the air elements of JG 27 briefly moved to Munich-Riem Airfield before they transferred to North Africa, arriving in Ayn al-Ġazāla between 18 and 22 April 1941.{{sfn|Prien|Rodeike|Stemmer|1998|p=138}} Remmer became a member of 1. ''Staffel'' (1st squadron) of JG 27 under the command of ''Oberleutnant'' Karl-Wolfgang Redlich. The squadron was subordinated to I. ''Gruppe'' (1st group) of JG 27 headed by ''Hauptmann'' Eduard Neumann.{{sfn|Prien|Rodeike|Stemmer|1998|p=139}} On 15 June, British forces launched Operation Battleaxe, an offensive to raise the Siege of Tobruk and re-capture eastern Cyrenaica. On 17 June, the offensive ended without reaching its objectives. The next day, the Royal Air Force (RAF) attacked the road from Fort Capuzzo to Al Adm and Tobruk. A flight from 1. ''Staffel'' bounced these aircraft and Remmer claimed his first aerial victory when he shot down east of Sallum what was claimed to be a Brewster F2A Buffalo, but was probably a Curtiss P-40 Warhawk, as no Buffalos were deployed in North Africa.{{sfn|Prien|Rodeike|Stemmer|1998|pp=143, 145, 563}}{{Refn|Initially, the Luftwaffe referred to the Curtiss P-40 Warhawk fighter as "Brewster" before they started referring to them as "Curtiss".{{sfn|Prien|Rodeike|Stemmer|1998|p=145}}|group="Note"}} On 26 August, he claimed his second aerial victory over a Hawker Hurricane north of Sidi Barrani{{sfn|Prien|Rodeike|Stemmer|1998|pp=146, 564}}
thumb|upright=0.6|left|JG 27 insignia In late October, I. ''Gruppe'' was reequipped with the Messerschmitt Bf 109 F-4/trop. To retain operation status, 1. and 3. ''Staffel'' left North Africa on 22 October while 2. ''Staffel'' stayed. In Italy they handed over their Bf 109 E variants and continued the journey back home by train. The pilots were sent on a short home-leave before returning to Ayn al-Ġazāla on 10 November.{{sfn|Prien|Rodeike|Stemmer|1998|pp=149–150}} Following the reequipment, Remmer claimed a Vickers Wellington bomber shot down on 21 November east of Sidi Omar, his third aerial victory.{{sfn|Prien|Rodeike|Stemmer|1998|pp=152, 564}} He then claimed a Hurricane south of Al Adm on 27 November and a Bristol Blenheim bomber east of Ayn al-Ġazāla the following day. On 5 December, 1. ''Staffel'' was placed under the command of ''Oberleutnant'' Ludwig Franzisket when Redlich was transferred.{{sfn|Prien|Rodeike|Stemmer|1998|pp=153, 565}} Two days later, I. ''Gruppe'' had to withdraw and relocated to an airfield at Timimi. That day, Remmer claimed a Douglas A-20 Havoc bomber, also known as "Boston", south of Al Adm.{{sfn|Prien|Rodeike|Stemmer|1998|pp=154, 565}}
Remmer claimed his first aerial victory in 1942, his ninth in total, on 13 June when he shot down a Hurricane northeast of Al Adm.{{sfn|Prien|Rodeike|Stemmer|1998|pp=164, 568}}{{Refn|On this mission, I./JG 27 claimed three P-40s and two Hurricanes near El Adem/Gazala.{{sfn|Shores|Massimello|Guest|2012|p=146}}{{sfn|Prien|Rodeike|Stemmer|1998|p=568}} ''Oberleutnant'' Hans-Joachim Marseille claimed four and Remmer one.{{sfn|Brown|2000|pp=124, 299}} These were P-40s from No. 450 Squadron RAAF; no Hurricanes were involved and only four aircraft were lost but another South African aircraft sustained heavy damage and crash-landed at base. Flight Sergeant Bill Halliday (''AL127'') and Flight Sergeant Roy Stone (RAF) in ''AK952'' were both killed in action. Pilot Officer Osborne (''AL106'') crash landed and was picked up by the army.{{sfn|Brown|2000|p=124}}|group="Note"}} He was credited with his tenth aerial victory on 10 August when he claimed a Blenheim southeast of Abu Dweis.{{sfn|Prien|Rodeike|Stemmer|1998|p=569}} That day, Remmer and his wingman escorted a Messerschmitt Bf 110 fighter on an aerial reconnaissance mission when they encountered a single aircraft near Abu Dweis. It is assumed that the aircraft was misidentified and may have been the Martin Baltimore ''AG737'' bomber from the RAF No. 1437 (Strategic Reconnaissance) Flight.{{sfn|Shores|Massimello|Guest|2012|pp=302–303}}
On 1 November, Remmer was appointed ''Staffelkapitän'' (squadron leader) of 1. ''Staffel'' of JG 27. He succeeded Franzisket who had been wounded on 31 October.{{sfn|Prien|Rodeike|Stemmer|1998|pp=311, 535}} The next day during the Second Battle of El Alamein, Remmer claimed his 15th and last aerial victory in North Africa. In aerial combat with about 20 Curtiss P-40 Warhawk fighters southeast of Fuka, pilots of I. ''Gruppe'' claimed four P-40s shot down including one by Remmer.{{sfn|Prien|Rodeike|Stemmer|1998|pp=312, 571}}{{sfn|Shores|Massimello|Guest|2012|p=423}} The ''Gruppe'' was withdrawn from North Africa on 11 November and began relocating back to Germany.{{sfn|Prien|Rodeike|Stemmer|1998|p=313}}
===Western Front=== Following the withdrawal from North Africa, I. ''Gruppe'' returned to Germany where they were based at Krefeld Airfield. Both pilots and ground personnel then went on home-leave. On 2 January 1943, the ''Gruppe'' was ordered to relocate to Évreux Airfield located northwest of Paris. Here, the ''Gruppe'' was replenished with new pilots who lacked any combat experience. The ''Gruppe'' also received ten factory new Bf 109 G-4 aircraft followed by further nineteen aircraft in February. On 31 January, I. ''Gruppe'' without its 2. ''Staffel'' moved to the airfield at Bernay located southwest of Rouen.{{sfn|Prien|Rodeike|Stemmer|1998|p=319}} The following three weeks were spent with training and familiarization with the Bf 109 G-4 which had significant problems with engine overheating.{{sfn|Prien|Rodeike|Stemmer|1998|p=320}} On 20 February, I. ''Gruppe'' reported operational readiness and was then subordinated to ''Jagdgeschwader'' 2 (JG 2—2nd Fighter Wing). Tasked with patrolling the area of the Seine estuary up to Dieppe in the east and the Cotentin Peninsula in the west, the ''Gruppe'' faced the RAF during the Circus offensive as well as the first appearances of the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) heavy bombers.{{sfn|Prien|Rodeike|Stemmer|1998|p=321}}
On 14 April, I. ''Gruppe'' moved to an airfield near Poix-de-Picardie, located southwest of Amiens. A week later, on 21 April, Lockheed Ventura medium bombers from No. 21 Squadron attacked the Abbeville railroad yards.{{sfn|Caldwell|1998|p=48}} In this encounter, Remmer was credited with the destruction of one Ventura bomber.{{sfn|Prien|Rodeike|Stemmer|1998|p=323}} On 13 May, 169 USAAF Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress bombers, escorted by fighter aircraft, attacked the Potez manufacturing sites at Albert and the Luftwaffe airfields near Saint-Omer. At 16:15, I. ''Gruppe'' intercepted a formation of B-17 bombers heading for Albert near Abbeville. In this aerial battle, Remmer claimed his 17th aerial victory and first heavy bomber when he shot down a B-17 southeast of Doullens.{{sfn|Prien|Rodeike|Stemmer|1998|pp=323, 572}}
In early June 1943, I. ''Gruppe'' of JG 27 moved to the airfield at Marignane, present-day the Marseille Provence Airport. Here, Remmer temporarily led I. ''Gruppe'' after its former commander ''Hauptmann'' Erich Hohagen had been wounded. On 15 July, command of the ''Gruppe'' officially passed to ''Hauptmann'' Franzisket. At Marignane, I. ''Gruppe'' was subordinated to ''Jagdfliegerführer Südfrankreich'' (Fighter Leader Southern France) commanded by ''Oberst'' Friedrich Vollbracht and equipped with the Bf 109 G-4 and G-6. Until their relocation to Münster-Handorf Airfield in late July, the ''Gruppe'' trained and prepared for action in defense of the Reich.{{sfn|Prien|Rodeike|Stemmer|1998|pp=356, 535}}
===Defense of the Reich and death=== The air elements of I. ''Gruppe'' arrived at Münster-Handorf on 29 July followed by the ground personnel on 3 August. The aircraft were then equipped with the 20 mm MG 151/20 underwing gun pod to better effectively combat the USAAF heavy bombers.{{sfn|Prien|Rodeike|Stemmer|1998|pp=360–361}} The ''Gruppe'' flew its first combat mission in defense of the Reich on 12 August. That day, the USAAF VIII Bomber Command dispatched 330 B-17s from the 1st and 4th Bombardment Wing on a mission to Bochum, Gelsenkirchen, Recklinghausen and Bonn. Only 243 bombers reached the target area which was hidden under cloud coverage. In consequence, the bombers attacked targets of opportunity. At 08:45, I. ''Gruppe'' was scrambled and by means of Y-Control for fighters was vectored to a point of intercept near Remscheid. Over the next 45 minutes, I. ''Gruppe'' engaged the bombers, claiming five B-17s destroyed, including a B-17 shot down by Remmer south of Bonn.{{sfn|Prien|Rodeike|Stemmer|1998|pp=361–362, 572}} The ''Gruppe'' relocated from Münster-Handorf to an airfield at Fels am Wagram, located approximately {{convert|17|km|mi|abbr=off|sp=us}} east-northeast of Krems an der Donau in Lower Austria, on 22 August.{{sfn|Prien|Rodeike|Stemmer|1998|p=364}} Here on 31 August, Remmer was awarded the German Cross in Gold ({{lang|de|Deutsches Kreuz in Gold}}).{{sfn|Mathews|Foreman|2015|p=1029}}
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-662-6659-37, Flugzeug Messerschmitt Me 109.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|right|A JG 27 Bf 109 G-6 with two MG 151/20.{{sfn|Prien|Rodeike|Stemmer|1998|p=437}}]] The ''Gruppe'' flew its first combat mission from Fels am Wagram on 1 October when the USAAF targeted the German aircraft industry. The heavy bomber formations attacked from the south, flying over the Alps, particularly aiming for the Wiener Neustadter Flugzeugwerk (WNF), the aircraft manufacturing site in Wiener Neustadt. At 12:10, 50 to 60 Consolidated B-24 Liberator bombers of the USAAF Twelfth Air Force approached the area of Agram, present-day Zagreb, Ödenburg, present-day Sopron, heading for Wiener Neustadt where they severely damaged the WNF factory. I. ''Gruppe'' intercepted this formation after the bomb run. Pilots of I. ''Gruppe'' claimed nine aerial victories of which five were confirmed, including a B-24 shot down by Remmer.{{sfn|Prien|Rodeike|Stemmer|1998|pp=366–367}} On 2 November, the USAAF again targeted the WNF factory. At 12:30, I. ''Gruppe'' intercepted a USAAF bomber formation south of Wiener Neustadt. During an attack on a B-24, Remmer's Bf 109 G-6 (''Werknummer'' 140138—factory number) was hit by defensive gun fire from the bomber. Forced to bail out near Neufeld an der Leitha, he was wounded in this combat.{{sfn|Prien|Rodeike|Stemmer|1998|pp=371–372, 547}}
On 20 February 1944, the USAAF and RAF Bomber Command launched Operation Argument, also known as "Big Week". As part of Operation Argument on 22 February, the USAAF Fifteenth Air Force targeted the Messerschmitt factories at Regensburg-Obertraubling and Prüfening. I. ''Gruppe'' took off at 12:20 and intercepted the bombers an hour later after they had completed their bomb run. In a head-on attack flown northeast of Graz, Remmer claimed his 20th aerial victory when he shot down a B-24.{{sfn|Prien|Rodeike|Stemmer|1998|pp=377–378, 573}} The next day, the USAAF Fifteenth Air Force bombed the ball bearing factories at Steyr. At 11:13, I. ''Gruppe'' took off from Fels am Wagram and intercepted the bombers near Steyr. In 20 minute aerial combat, Remmer claimed a B-24 and an escorting Lockheed P-38 Lightning fighter shot down southwest of Linz.{{sfn|Prien|Rodeike|Stemmer|1998|pp=379, 573}}{{sfn|Weal|2006|p=64}} On 25 February, the last day of Operation Argument, Remmer claimed three aerial victories. The USAAF again targeted the German aircraft industry in southern Germany. I. ''Gruppe'' was scrambled at 11:10 and intercepted the bombers of the Fifteenth Air Force near Klagenfurt at 12:00. In this engagement, Remmer claimed an ''Herausschuss'' (separation shot)—a severely damaged heavy bomber forced to separate from its combat box which was counted as an aerial victory—over a B-17 and the destruction of another B-17. Low on fuel, the Luftwaffe fighters landed at Graz for refueling. Later that day they returned to Fels am Wagram. On this shuttle flight, Remmer claimed a P-38 shot down for his 25th aerial victory.{{sfn|Prien|Rodeike|Stemmer|1998|pp=382–383, 573}}
On 18 March, Remmer and his wingman, ''Oberfähnrich'' Adolf Schreyer, lost their orientation due to electrical failure of Remmer's radio guidance system. This resulted in a forced landing near Cilli, present-day Celje located between Maribor and Ljubljana. At the time, Remmer was acting commander of I. ''Gruppe'', replacing Franzisket who was on home-leave.{{sfn|Prien|Rodeike|Stemmer|1998|pp=387–388, 549}} The following day, the USAAF Fifteenth Air Force targeted the Steyr-Daimler-Puch factory at Steyr. The ''Gruppe'' led by Remmer intercepted a formation of 24 B-24 bombers near Klagenfurt. On this mission, Remmer claimed a B-24 shot down east of Marburg an der Drau, present-day Maribor.{{sfn|Prien|Rodeike|Stemmer|1998|pp=389–390, 573}} On 2 April, the USAAF Fifteenth Air Force again targeted the Steyr-Daimler-Puch. At 09:34, 32 Bf 109s from the ''Stab'' (headquarters unit) and I. ''Gruppe'' took off from Fels am Wagram. Near Bruck an der Mur at 10:25, Remmer ordered the attack on a B-24 formation. During this attack, four B-24s were shot down including one by Remmer, his 27th and last aerial victory. Shortly after, the Bf 109s came under attack by escorting P-38s west of Graz. Remmer's Bf 109 G-6 (''Werknummer'' 411915) was hit and he radioed that he would attempt a forced landing. However, the terrain was unsuitable and he bailed out at low altitude, falling to his death near Deutschlandsberg. Command of 1. ''Staffel'' was then passed to ''Hauptmann'' Josef Jansen.{{sfn|Prien|Rodeike|Stemmer|1998|pp=390–393, 549}}{{sfn|Prien|Balke|Stemmer|Bock|2019|p=266}} Posthumously, Remmer was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross ({{lang|de|Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes}}) on 9 June 1944.{{sfn|Forsyth|2011|p=74}}{{sfn|Weal|2003|p=88}}
==Summary of career== ===Aerial victory claims=== According to Obermaier, Remmer was credited with 27 aerial victories, all of which claimed over the Western Allies in an unknown number of combat missions.{{sfn|Obermaier|1989|p=185}} Mathews and Foreman, authors of ''Luftwaffe Aces: Biographies and Victory Claims'', researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 21 aerial victory claims, plus eight further unconfirmed claims. All of his aerial victories were claimed on the Western Front and include eight four-engined bombers.{{sfn|Mathews|Foreman|2015|pp=1028–1029}}
Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = ''Planquadrat''), for example "PQ 14 Ost S/JJ-4". The Luftwaffe grid map ({{lang|de|Jägermeldenetz}}) covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about {{Convert|360|sqmi|sqkm|sp=us}}. These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area {{Convert|3|x|4|km|mi|abbr=on|sp=us}} in size.{{sfn|''Planquadrat''}}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders collapsible" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; text-align:right; width: 100%;" |- ! colspan="10" | Chronicle of aerial victories |- | colspan="12" style="text-align: left;" | {{legend|#e3d9ff|This and the – (dash) indicates unconfirmed aerial victory claims for which Remmer did not receive credit.|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|#C0EFBA|This along with the * (asterisk) indicates an ''Herausschuss'' (separation shot)—a severely damaged heavy bomber forced to separate from his combat box which was counted as an aerial victory.|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|#faecc8|This and the ? (question mark) indicates information discrepancies listed by Prien, Balke, Stemmer, Rodeike, Bock, Mathews and Foreman.|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} |- !scope="col"| Claim !scope="col"| Date !scope="col"| Time !scope="col" width="100px"| Type !scope="col"| Location !scope="col" style="border-left: 3px solid grey;" | Claim !scope="col"| Date !scope="col"| Time !scope="col" width="100px"| Type !scope="col"| Location |- ! colspan="10" | – 1. ''Staffel'' of ''Jagdgeschwader'' 27 –<br /><small>Sicily, Balkans and North Africa — 4 December 1940 – 17 November 1941</small> |- | 1 | 18 June 1941 | 06:00 | Brewster | east of Sallum{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2003|p=370}} | style="border-left: 3px solid grey; background:#faecc8" | 2?{{Refn|According to Mathews and Foreman, this claim is unconfirmed.{{sfn|Mathews|Foreman|2015|p=1029}}|group="Note"|name="unconfirmed"}} | 26 August 1941 | {{Center|—}} | Hurricane | {{Convert|25|km|mi|abbr=on}} north of Sidi Barrani{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2003|p=371}} |- ! colspan="10" | – 1. ''Staffel'' of ''Jagdgeschwader'' 27 –<br /><small>In North Africa — 18 November 1941 – 13 November 1942</small> |- | 3 | 21 November 1941 | 09:50 | Wellington | east of Sidi Omar{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2004|p=175}} | style="border-left: 3px solid grey; background:#e3d9ff;" | {{Center|—}} | 7 August 1942 | {{Center|—}} | Hurricane | northwest of El Alamein{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2004|p=183}} |- | 4 | 27 November 1941 | 16:20 | Hurricane | south of Al Adm{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2004|p=175}} | style="border-left: 3px solid grey;" | 10 | 10 August 1942 | 09:30 | Blenheim | southeast of Abu Dweis{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2004|p=184}} |- | 5 | 28 November 1941 | 15:00 | Blenheim | east of Ain el Gazala{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2004|p=176}} | style="border-left: 3px solid grey; background:#faecc8" | 11?<ref group="Note" name="unconfirmed"/> | 28 August 1942 | 07:33 | P-46 | north of Abu Dweis{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2004|p=184}} |- | 6 | 7 December 1941 | 10:15 | Boston | south of Al Adm{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2004|p=176}} | style="border-left: 3px solid grey;" | 12 | 1 September 1942 | 11:12 | P-40 | southeast of El Alamein{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2004|p=184}} |- | 7 | 20 December 1941 | 09:35 | P-40 | west of Marawa{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2004|p=177}} | style="border-left: 3px solid grey;" | 13 | 3 September 1942 | 15:43 | Hurricane | north of El Masra{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2004|p=185}} |- | 8 | 23 December 1941 | 12:25 | Maryland | northeast of Ajdabiya{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2004|p=177}} | style="border-left: 3px solid grey; background:#faecc8" | 14?<ref group="Note" name="unconfirmed"/> | 16 October 1942 | {{Center|—}} | Spitfire | La Valetta{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2004|p=186}} |- | 9 | 13 June 1942 | 18:20 | Hurricane | northeast of Al Adm{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2004|p=181}} | style="border-left: 3px solid grey;" | 15 | 2 November 1942 | 05:40 | P-40 | southeast of Fuka{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2004|p=186}} |- | style="background:#e3d9ff;" | {{Center|—}} | 18 July 1942 | {{Center|—}} | Hurricane | Bir Mumin Busak{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2004|p=183}} | style="border-left: 3px solid grey;" | | | | | |- ! colspan="10" | – 1. ''Staffel'' of ''Jagdgeschwader'' 27 –<br /><small>On the Western Front — 1 February – 29 July 1943</small> |- | 16 | 21 April 1943 | 12:20 | Ventura | {{Convert|25|km|mi|abbr=on}} west of Le Crotoy{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2010|p=608}} | style="border-left: 3px solid grey;" | 17 | 13 May 1943 | 16:20 | B-17 | {{Convert|7|km|mi|abbr=on}} southeast of Doullens{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2010|p=608}} |- ! colspan="10" | – 1. ''Staffel'' of ''Jagdgeschwader'' 27 –{{sfn|Prien|Rodeike|Stemmer|1998|pp=572–573}}<br /><small>Defense of the Reich — 29 July 1943 – 2 April 1944</small> |- | 18 | 12 August 1943 | 09:30 | B-17 | Kessenich, south of Bonn{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2009|p=171}} | style="border-left: 3px solid grey;" | 23 | 25 February 1944 | 12:01 | style="background:#C0EFBA" | B-17*{{Refn|In the 1998 book by Prien, Rodeike and Stemmer, this aerial victory is listed as an ''Herausschuss'' (separation shot).{{sfn|Prien|Rodeike|Stemmer|1998|pp=383, 573}} In the 2019 book by Prien, Balke, Stemmer and Bock, this claim is listed as a normal aerial victory.{{sfn|Prien|Balke|Stemmer|Bock|2019|p=262}}|group="Note"}} | PQ 14 Ost S/JJ-4 /JH-8{{sfn|Prien|Balke|Stemmer|Bock|2019|p=262}} |- | 19 | 1 October 1943 | 13:06 | B-24 | {{Convert|35|km|mi|abbr=on}} south-southwest of Wiener Neustadt{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2009|p=171}} | style="border-left: 3px solid grey; background:#faecc8" | 24?<ref group="Note" name="unconfirmed"/> | 25 February 1944 | 12:10 | B-17 | PQ 14 Ost S/HH{{sfn|Prien|Balke|Stemmer|Bock|2019|p=262}} |- | 20 | 22 February 1944 | 13:40 | B-24 | PQ 14 Ost S/EL-HM, northeast of Graz{{sfn|Prien|Balke|Stemmer|Bock|2019|p=262}} | style="border-left: 3px solid grey; background:#faecc8" | 25?<ref group="Note" name="unconfirmed"/> | 25 February 1944 | 13:42 | P-38 | PQ 14 Ost S/GJ{{sfn|Prien|Balke|Stemmer|Bock|2019|p=262}} |- | 21 | 23 February 1944 | 12:11 | B-24 | southwest of Linz{{sfn|Prien|Balke|Stemmer|Bock|2019|p=262}} | style="border-left: 3px solid grey;" | 26 | 19 March 1944 | 13:50 | B-24 | east of Marburg an der Drau{{sfn|Prien|Balke|Stemmer|Bock|2019|p=262}} |- | style="background:#faecc8" | 22?<ref group="Note" name="unconfirmed"/> | 23 February 1944 | 12:25 | P-38 | west-southwest of Linz{{sfn|Prien|Balke|Stemmer|Bock|2019|p=262}} | style="border-left: 3px solid grey;" | 27 | 2 April 1944 | 10:32 | B-24 | PQ 14 Ost S/HK, west of Graz{{sfn|Prien|Balke|Stemmer|Bock|2019|p=262}} |}
===Awards=== * Iron Cross (1939) 2nd and 1st Class{{sfn|Dixon|2023|p=121}} * Honor Goblet of the Luftwaffe on 1 July 1942 as ''Leutnant'' and pilot{{sfn|Patzwall|2008|p=169}} * German Cross in Gold on 31 August 1943 as ''Oberleutnant'' in the I./''Jagdgeschwader'' 27{{sfn|Patzwall|Scherzer|2001|p=373}} * Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 9 June 1944 as ''Hauptmann'' and ''Staffelkapitän'' of the 1./''Jagdgeschwader'' 27{{sfn|Fellgiebel|2000|p=355}}{{sfn|Scherzer|2007|p=623}}
==Notes== {{Reflist|group="Note"}}
==References==
===Citations=== {{Reflist|25em}}
===Bibliography=== {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite book |last1=Bergström |first1=Christer |author-link1=:sv:Christer Bergström |last2=Antipov |first2=Vlad |last3=Sundin |first3=Claes |year=2003 |title=Graf & Grislawski – A Pair of Aces |location=Hamilton MT |publisher=Eagle Editions |isbn=978-0-9721060-4-7 }} * {{Cite web |last=Bergström |first=Christer |author-link=:sv:Christer Bergström |work=Identifying a Luftwaffe Planquadrat |title=Bergström Black Cross/Red Star website |url=http://www.bergstrombooks.elknet.pl/bc-rs/planquadrat.htm |access-date=10 May 2023 |ref={{sfnRef|''Planquadrat''}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222042030/http://www.bergstrombooks.elknet.pl/bc-rs/planquadrat.htm |archive-date=22 December 2018 |url-status=dead }} * {{Cite book |last=Brown |first=Russell |year=2000 |title=Desert Warriors: Australian P-40 Pilots at War in the Middle East and North Africa, 1941–1943 |location=Maryborough, Queensland, Australia |publisher=Banner Books |isbn=978-1-875593-22-4 }} * {{Cite book |last=Caldwell |first=Donald L. |year=1998 |title=The JG 26 War Diary: Volume Two 1943–1945 |location=London |publisher=Grub Street |isbn=978-1-898697-86-2 }} * {{Cite book |last=Dixon |first=Jeremy |year=2023 |title=Day Fighter Aces of the Luftwaffe: Knight's Cross Holders 1943–1945 |location=Barnsley |publisher=Pen and Sword Books |isbn=978-1-39903-073-1 }} * {{Cite book |last=Fellgiebel |first=Walther-Peer |author-link=:de:Walther-Peer Fellgiebel |year=2000 |orig-date=1986 |title=Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile |trans-title=The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches |language=de |location=Friedberg, Germany |publisher=Podzun-Pallas |isbn=978-3-7909-0284-6 }} * {{Cite book |last=Forsyth |first=Robert |year=2011 |title=Luftwaffe Viermot Aces 1942–45 |series=Aircraft of the Aces |volume=101 |location=Oxford, UK |publisher=Osprey Publishing |isbn=978-1-84908-438-3 }} * {{Cite book |last1=Mathews |first1=Andrew Johannes |last2=Foreman |first2=John |year=2015 |title=Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims — Volume 3 M–R |location=Walton-on-Thames, UK |publisher=Red Kite |isbn=978-1-906592-20-2 }} * {{Cite book |last=Obermaier |first=Ernst |year=1989 |title=Die Ritterkreuzträger der Luftwaffe Jagdflieger 1939 – 1945 |trans-title=The Knight's Cross Bearers of the Luftwaffe Fighter Force 1939 – 1945 |language=de |location=Mainz, Germany |publisher=Verlag Dieter Hoffmann |isbn=978-3-87341-065-7 }} * {{Cite book |last1=Patzwall |first1=Klaus D. |last2=Scherzer |first2=Veit |year=2001 |title=Das Deutsche Kreuz 1941 – 1945 Geschichte und Inhaber Band II |trans-title=The German Cross 1941 – 1945 History and Recipients Volume 2 |language=de |location=Norderstedt, Germany |publisher=Verlag Klaus D. 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{{s-start}} {{s-mil}} {{succession box |before=''Hauptmann'' Erich Hohagen |after=''Hauptmann'' Ludwig Franzisket |title= Acting Gruppenkommandeur of II./JG 27 |years=1 June 1943 – 15 July 1943 }} {{s-end}}
{{Knight's Cross recipients of JG 27}} {{Subject bar | portal1=Aviation | portal2=Biography }}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Remmer, Hans}} Category:1920 births Category:1944 deaths Category:Military personnel from Freiburg im Breisgau Category:German World War II flying aces Category:Recipients of the Gold German Cross Category:Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross Category:People from the Republic of Baden Category:Luftwaffe personnel killed in World War II Category:Aviators killed by being shot down Category:Deaths from falls