Brady Campaign

{{Short description|American nonprofit gun control organization}} {{Third-party|date=February 2019}} {{Use mdy dates|date=June 2019}} {{Use American English|date=December 2022}} {{Infobox organization | name = Brady: United Against Gun Violence | logo = File:Brady Campaign logo.svg | image = | image_border = | image_size = | image_alt = | caption = Brady logo | map = | map_size = | map_alt = | map_caption = | abbreviation = | former_name = National Council to Control Handguns (NCCH) (1974-1980)<br /> Handgun Control, Inc. (HCI) (1980-2000)<br /> Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence (2000-2009) | formation = {{start date and age|1974}} | extinction = | type = Political lobbying group | tax_id = 23-7321017<ref name="Annual Report FY2025">{{cite web |url=https://assets.bradyunited.org/production/files/AR-25-1121-small.pdf |title=Brady Annual Report Fiscal Year 2025|access-date=Dec 25, 2025}}</ref> | status = [[501(c)(4)]] organization | purpose = | headquarters = [[Washington, D.C.]], U.S. | region_served = United States | coordinates = {{coord|38.9011872|-77.0065122|type:landmark_region:US-DC|display=inline,title}} | membership = | leader_title = President | leader_name = Kris Brown<ref name="Annual Report FY2025">{{cite web |url=https://assets.bradyunited.org/production/files/AR-25-1121-small.pdf |title=Brady Annual Report Fiscal Year 2025|access-date=Dec 25, 2025}}</ref> | leader_title2 = Board Chair | leader_name2 = Kevin Quinn<ref name="Annual Report FY2025"/> | budget = | budget_year = | revenue = $62,100,000<ref name="Annual Report FY2025"/> | revenue_year = 2025 | disbursements = | expenses = $60,000,000<ref name="Annual Report FY2025"/> | expenses_year = 2025 | main_organ = | parent_organization = | affiliations = | num_staff = | num_volunteers = | mission = | website = {{URL|http://www.bradyunited.org/}} | remarks = }}

'''Brady: United Against Gun Violence''' (formerly '''Handgun Control, Inc.''', the '''Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence''' and the '''Brady Center to Prevent Gun Violence''') is an American [[nonprofit organization]] that advocates for [[gun control]] and against [[gun violence]]. It is named after former [[White House]] press secretary [[James Brady]], who was permanently disabled and later died in 2014 as a result of the [[Reagan assassination attempt|Ronald Reagan assassination attempt]] of 1981, and his wife [[Sarah Brady]].<ref name=":0" /> Sarah was a chairwoman of the organization from 1989 until her death in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Almasy|first=Steve|date=2015-04-03|title=Sarah Brady, widow of James Brady, dies at 73 {{!}} CNN Politics|url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/04/03/politics/sarah-brady-death/index.html|access-date=2021-12-31|website=CNN|language=en}}</ref>

Brady was founded in 1974 as the National Council to Control Handguns (NCCH). From 1980 through 2000, it operated under the name Handgun Control, Inc. (HCI). In 2001, it was renamed the Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence, and its sister project, the Center to Prevent Handgun Violence, was renamed the Brady Center to Prevent Gun Violence. The nonprofits rebranded as '''Brady''' in February 2019, on the 25th anniversary of the implementation of the Brady Bill.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/business-a-lobbying/business-a-lobbying/431718-brady-gun-control-group-gets-rebranding|title=Brady gun control group gets rebranding|last=Mali|first=Meghashyam|date=2019-02-26|website=TheHill|language=en|access-date=2020-02-04}}</ref>

== History == In 1974, the National Council to Control Handguns (NCCH) was founded by armed-robbery victim Mark Borinsky, a graduate of [[Johns Hopkins University]]. In 1975, Republican marketing manager Pete Shields, whose 23-year-old son had been murdered, joined NCCH as chairman. In 1980, the organization became Handgun Control, Inc. (HCI) and partnered with the National Coalition to Ban Handguns (NCBH). The partnership did not last long; the NCBH, renamed in 1990 as the [[Coalition to Stop Gun Violence]] (CSGV), generally advocates for stricter gun laws than does the Brady Campaign.<ref name=SpitzerPGC2012>{{cite book |last=Spitzer |first=Robert J. |year=2012 |title=The Politics of Gun Control |edition=5th |publisher=Paradigm Press |isbn=978-1-59451-987-1}}</ref>{{rp|111–112}}<ref name=BradyHistory>{{cite web |url=http://www.bradycampaign.org/?q=our-history |title=Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence: Our History |author= |year=2013 |website=bradycampaign.org |publisher=Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence |access-date=February 7, 2014}}</ref>

HCI had few resources until 1980, after the murder of musician [[John Lennon]] increased the public's interest in shootings. By 1981, HCI's membership exceeded 100,000. In 1983, the center to Prevent Handgun Violence (CPHV) was founded as an educational outreach organization and sister project. In 1989, CPHV established the Legal Action Project to press its agenda in the courts.<ref name=SpitzerPGC2012 /><ref name=BradyHistory />

In 2001, Handgun Control, Inc. was renamed the Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence, and the center to Prevent Handgun Violence was renamed the Brady Center to Prevent Handgun Violence, in honor of both [[Jim Brady|Jim]] and [[Sarah Brady]]. The same year, the [[Million Mom March]] (MMM) was incorporated into the Brady Campaign.<ref name=SpitzerPGC2012 /><ref name=BradyHistory /><ref name=GunsandMothers-debate2>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/independentlens/gunsandmothers/debate2.html |title=Guns & Mothers: About the NRA and the Brady Campaign |year=2003 |website=pbs.org |publisher=ITVS |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031012201700/http://www.pbs.org/independentlens/gunsandmothers/debate2.html |archive-date=October 12, 2003 |access-date=February 7, 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Leadership ==

=== Current === In September 2017, Kris Brown and Avery W. Gardiner assumed the roles of co-president, replacing [[Dan Gross (activist)|Dan Gross]].<ref>Kevin Quinn (Board Chair) stated: "The Brady Campaign and Center's mission has never been more urgent and with a focused strategy to prevent gun violence, we need strong leaders with exceptional strategic and operational skills. The Board of Trustees has appointed Kristin Brown and Avery Gardiner as Co-Presidents. Both Kris and Avery, who are members of Brady's Executive Management Team and shaped Brady's programs as the Chief Strategy Officer and Chief Legal Officer, respectively, will lead the Brady team from its Washington, DC headquarters.</ref> Brown was named the organization's sole president in November 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bradyunited.org/press-releases/the-brady-campaign-and-center-names-kristin-brown-as-president|title=The Brady Campaign and Center Names Kristin Brown as President|website=Brady|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-04}}</ref>

=== Former === Mark Borinsky founded the National Council to Control Handguns in 1974. He served as chair until 1976. Charlie Orasin was a key player in the founding and growth of Handgun Control (HCI). He worked at HCI from 1975 until 1992.<ref>{{cite web |title=Biographies: Additional |publisher=bradycenter.org |url=http://www.bradycenter.org/about/bio/additional |access-date=February 3, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005120604/http://www.bradycenter.org/about/bio/additional |archive-date=October 5, 2011}}</ref>

Nelson "Pete" Shields became the organization's chairman in 1978 and retired in 1989.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/01/27/obituaries/nelson-shields-3d-69-gun-control-advocate.html |title=Nelson Shields 3d, 69, Gun-Control Advocate |access-date=November 14, 2008 |date=January 7, 1993 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> In July 1976, Shields estimated that it would take seven to ten years for NCCH to reach the goal of "total control of handguns in the United States." He said: "The first problem is to slow down the increasing number of handguns being produced and sold in this country. The second is to get handguns registered. And the final problem is to make the possession of ''all'' handguns and ''all'' handgun ammunition – except for the military, policemen, licensed security guards, licensed sporting clubs, and licensed gun collectors – totally illegal."<ref name="Harris760726">{{cite magazine |last=Harris |first=Richard |date=July 26, 1976 |title=A Reporter at Large: Handguns |url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/1976/07/26/1976_07_26_053_TNY_CARDS_000319312 |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |pages=53–58 |access-date=January 19, 2014}}</ref> In 1987 Shields said that he believed "in the right of law-abiding citizens to possess handguns... for legitimate purposes.".<ref name="Sugarmann870601">{{cite journal |last=Sugarmann |first=Josh |date=June 1, 1987 |title=The NRA is right; but we still need to ban handguns |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+NRA+is+right%3b+but+we+still+need+to+ban+handguns.-a05010444 |journal=Washington Monthly |publisher=Farlex Inc. |access-date=January 19, 2014}}</ref>

[[Richard Aborn]] served as president from 1992 until 1996 and went on to form the [[Citizens Crime Commission of New York City]].<ref name="BradyBarnesBio" /><ref name="vandenHeuvel090519">{{cite journal |url=http://www.thenation.com/blog/richard-aborn-manhattan-da |title=Richard Aborn for Manhattan DA |last=vanden Heuvel |first=Katrina |date=May 19, 2009 |journal=[[The Nation]]}}</ref>

[[Jim Brady|Jim]] and [[Sarah Brady]] were both influential in the movement since at least the mid-1980s. Mrs. Brady became chair in 1989, and the Bradys became the namesakes of the organization in 2000.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Biographies: Sarah Brady |publisher=bradycenter.org |url=http://www.bradycenter.org/about/bio/sarah |access-date=February 3, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227140739/http://www.bradycenter.org/about/bio/sarah |archive-date=February 27, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Former [[Maryland]] congressman [[Michael D. Barnes]] was the president of the Brady Campaign from 2000 to May 2006.<ref name="BradyBarnesBio">{{cite web|url=http://www.bradycenter.org/about/bio/additional|title=Brady Campaign: Biographies: Additional Biographies|publisher=Bradycenter.org|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005120604/http://www.bradycenter.org/about/bio/additional|archive-date=October 5, 2011|access-date=December 8, 2011}}</ref>

Former [[Fort Wayne, Indiana]], mayor [[Paul Helmke]] served from July 2006 to July 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bradycenter.org/about/bio/helmke |title=Brady Campaign: Biographies: Paul Helmke |publisher=Bradycenter.org |date=March 13, 2011 |access-date=February 7, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005120608/http://www.bradycenter.org/about/bio/helmke |archive-date=October 5, 2011}}</ref> In November 2008, Brady president Helmke, a former Republican mayor of Fort Wayne, Indiana, endorsed the [[American Hunters and Shooters Association]] saying, "I see our issues as complementary to theirs." He said, "The Brady Campaign is not just East Coast liberal Democrats."<ref name="Birnbaum080318">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/03/17/AR2008031702579_pf.html |title=New Pro-Gun Group Hopes to Draw From the NRA |last=Birnbaum |first=Jeffrey H. |date=March 18, 2008 |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=November 8, 2008}}</ref>

[[Dan Gross (activist)|Dan Gross]] was president from February 2012 to September 2017. He is one of the founders of the [[Center to Prevent Youth Violence]] (formerly PAX).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bradycampaign.org/about/bio/dan?s=1 |title=Brady Campaign: Biographies: Dan Gross |date=February 7, 2012 |publisher=Bradycenter.org |access-date=February 7, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209050556/http://www.bradycampaign.org/about/bio/dan?s=1 |archive-date=February 9, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Political advocacy ==  [[Image:Brady State Ratings 2009.svg|thumb|border|right|300px |'''Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence<br/>2009 Brady Campaign State Scorecard'''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bradycampaign.org/xshare/bcam/stategunlaws/scorecard/BradyScorecard.pdf | title=2009 Brady Campaign State Scorecard | publisher=Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence | access-date=March 28, 2010}}</ref><br> {{legend|#c00000|75–100, Most restrictive}} {{legend|#c05a00|50–74}} {{legend|#c0a200|25–49}} {{legend|#89c000|11–24}} {{legend|#008c0f|0-10, Least restrictive}}]]

=== Undetectable Firearms Act === In 1988, HCI supported Congress in passing the [[Undetectable Firearms Act]], which banned the manufacture, possession and transfer of firearms with less than 3.7 oz of metal, after the emergence of "plastic" handguns<ref name=BradyHistory /><ref>{{cite press release |title=NRA Double-Talk on Guns |url=http://www.bradycampaign.org/media/press/view/244 |publisher=Brady Campaign |date=March 3, 2000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611044121/http://www.bradycampaign.org/media/press/view/244 |archive-date=June 11, 2011 |access-date=December 8, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> like [[Glock pistol]]s.

Critics said that so-called "plastic" handguns contain many metal components (such as the [[Pistol slide|slide]], [[Gun barrel|barrel]] and [[ammunition]]) and can be detected by conventional screening technologies. Their response was to say the type of polymer used in the firearms is opaque to X-ray scanners, which would've hidden the metal components.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ruhl |first1=Jesse Matthew |last2=Rizer |first2=Arthur L. III |last3=Wier |first3=Mikel J. |year=2004 |title=Gun Control: Targeting Rationality in a Loaded Debate |url=http://www.learningace.com/doc/27806/febd77de41388c7100eb41c1321aadfc/ruhl |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140209204946/http://www.learningace.com/doc/27806/febd77de41388c7100eb41c1321aadfc/ruhl |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 9, 2014 |journal=The Kansas Journal of Law & Public Policy |volume=13 |pages=424–426 |access-date=February 9, 2014 }}"Plastic Pistols"</ref>

=== Brady Law === HCI was the chief supporter of the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act, commonly known as the [[Brady Law]], enacted in 1993 after a seven-year debate. It successfully lobbied for passage of the [[Federal Assault Weapons Ban]], banning the manufacture and importation of so-called military-style [[assault weapon]]s.<ref>{{cite book |title=Battleground |last=Barak |first=Gregg |year=2007 |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |isbn=978-0-313-34040-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/battlegroundcrim0002unse/page/335 335] |url=https://archive.org/details/battlegroundcrim0002unse/page/335 }}</ref>

=== Castle and stand-your-ground laws === In May 2005, Florida passed a [[stand-your-ground law]] that authorized persons attacked in any place they were lawfully present to use lethal force in self-defense without a [[duty to retreat]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sebok |first=Anthony |date=May 2, 2005 |title=Florida's New "Stand Your Ground" Law: Why It's More Extreme than Other States' Self-Defense Measures, And How It Got that Way |url=http://writ.news.findlaw.com/sebok/20050502.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109195053/http://writ.news.findlaw.com/sebok/20050502.html |archive-date=January 9, 2012 |access-date=April 4, 2022 |website=findlaw.com}}</ref> Brady Campaign workers passed out fliers at Miami International Airport offering tips like "Do not argue unnecessarily with local people." The group also published ads in ''[[The Boston Globe]]'', ''[[Chicago Tribune|The Chicago Tribune]]'', and ''[[Detroit Free Press|The Detroit Free Press]]'' saying: "Thinking about a Florida vacation? Please ensure your family is safe."<ref name=Goodnough051004>{{cite news |last=Goodnough |first=Abby |date=October 4, 2005 |title=Tourists to Florida Get a Warning as Greeting |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/04/national/nationalspecial/04shoot.html |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=December 8, 2011}}</ref> In 2006, when similar laws were enacted or proposed in other states, the Brady Campaign and other critics warned they could result in [[Vigilante|vigilantism]].<ref name=Willing060321>{{cite news |last=Willing |first=Richard |date=March 21, 2006 |title=States allow deadly self-defense |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2006-03-20-states-self-defense_x.htm |newspaper=USA Today |access-date=December 8, 2011}}</ref>

=== ''Heller'' and ''McDonald'' cases === After the [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]] ruling in 2010 in ''[[McDonald v. Chicago]]'', Brady president Paul Helmke said he was "pleased that the Court reaffirmed its language in ''[[District of Columbia v. Heller]]'' that the Second Amendment individual right to possess guns in the home for self-defense does not prevent our elected representatives from enacting 'common-sense' gun laws to protect our communities from gun violence."<ref name=Monopoli100628>{{cite news |last=Montopoli |first=Brian |date=June 28, 2010 |title=Supreme Court Gun Rights Decision: A Win or a Setback? |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/supreme-court-gun-rights-decision-a-win-or-a-setback/ |work=CBS News |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100701020933/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-20009049-503544.html |archive-date=July 1, 2010}}</ref>

=== Lawsuits === On March 19, 2009, a federal judge ordered a temporary injunction blocking the implementation of the rule allowing [[Concealed carry in the United States|concealed carry]] permit holders to carry firearms concealed within [[National Park Service]] lands within states where their permits are valid, based upon environmental concerns, in response to efforts by the Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence, the [[National Parks Conservation Association]], and the Coalition of National Park Service Retirees.<ref name=EilperinWilber090320>{{cite news |last1=Eilperin |first1=Juliet |last2=Wilber |first2=Del Quentin |date=March 20, 2009 |title=Judge Blocks Rule Permitting Concealed Guns in U.S. Parks |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/03/19/AR2009031902801.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=January 19, 2014}}</ref><ref name=NRAILAcopyMO>{{cite web |url=http://www.nraila.org/media/PDFs/nationalparks_MemoOpiniononintervention.PDF |title=Memorandum Opinion |website=nraila.org |date=March 19, 2009 |access-date=September 12, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090407054553/http://www.nraila.org/media/PDFs/nationalparks_MemoOpiniononintervention.PDF |archive-date=April 7, 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> On May 20, 2009, the injunction was overturned by the passing of [[Credit CARD Act of 2009#Amendment|an amendment]] to the [[Credit CARD Act of 2009]], added by Senator [[Tom Coburn]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]], [[Oklahoma|OK]]) over the objections of the Brady Campaign.<ref>{{cite news |date=May 20, 2009 |title=Congress Approves Bill Restricting Credit Card Industry, Allowing Guns in Parks |url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/congress-approves-bill-restricting-credit-card-industry-allowing-guns-in-parks/ |publisher=FOX News Network |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090524214702/http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2009/05/20/credit-card-forces-dems-vote-gun-rights |archive-date=May 24, 2009 |url-status=live |access-date=September 12, 2009}}</ref>

=== Sandy Hook school shooting aftermath === In the month after the [[Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting]], the Brady Campaign raised about $5 million<ref name=Palmer130114>{{cite news |last=Palmer |first=Anna |date=January 14, 2013 |title=Brady Campaign raises $5M post-Sandy Hook |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2013/01/brady-campaign-raises-5m-post-sandy-hook-86157.html |publisher=POLITICO}}</ref> and renewed public interest in passing legislation to reduce gun violence. The Brady Campaign has continued to promote federal reform legislation, including an expansion of the [[National Instant Criminal Background Check System|national background check]] program. Its leadership met with President Obama and Vice President Biden to craft a package of bills aimed at reducing gun violence.<ref name=Slack130116>{{cite news |last=Slack |first=Donovan |date=January 16, 2013 |title=Brady Campaign: White House showing 'tremendous leadership' |url=https://www.politico.com/blogs/politico44/2013/01/brady-campaign-white-house-showing-tremendous-leadership-154360.html |publisher=POLITICO}}</ref>

=== Theater shooting in Aurora, Colorado === In 2014, the parent and step-parent of one of the victims of the [[2012 Aurora theater shooting]], represented by Brady Center lawyers, filed suit against the companies from whom [[James Holmes (mass murderer)|James Holmes]] purchased the ammunition, magazines, and body armor he used in the shooting. In 2015, the judge in the case dismissed the suit on the grounds that such a lawsuit is in violation of both Colorado law and the federal [[Protection of Lawful Commerce in Arms Act]] because the guns and ammunition obtained from the online companies, including Lucky Gunner and [[The Sportsman's Guide]], worked as claimed. He also ordered the plaintiffs to pay the legal costs of the defendants, which came to $280,000. As the Brady Center lawyers would be expected to know applicable case law in such a lawsuit, it is not clear whether the Brady Center or the plaintiffs themselves are responsible for paying the judgment.<ref>Cramer, Clayton. "Odds & Ends," Shotgun News, June 1, 2015, Volume 69, Issue 16, page 20.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://blog.legalsolutions.thomsonreuters.com/current-awareness-2/brady-center-blamed-for-200k-legal-fee-ruling-against-aurora-victims-parents/ |title=Legal Solutions Blog Brady Center blamed for $200K legal fee ruling against Aurora victim's parents – Legal Solutions Blog |work=[[Thomson Reuters]] |access-date=June 27, 2015 |date=June 26, 2015}}</ref>

=== Assault weapons === The Brady Campaign contends that [[Semi-automatic firearm|self-loading]] and [[Selective fire|select-fire]] weapons are virtually identical since a [[semi-automatic rifle]] may be fired rapidly.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blog.bradycampaign.org/?p=693 |title=What's The Difference Between A Fully Automatic and a Semi-Automatic Assault Weapon? About 3.5 Seconds. |date=February 26, 2009 |publisher=Brady Campaign |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725101039/http://blog.bradycampaign.org/?p=693 |archive-date=July 25, 2011 |url-status=dead |access-date=December 8, 2011}}</ref>

In December 2025, Brady Campaign released a statement against the Trump Administration [[Department of Justice (United States)|Department of Justice]] for suing the city of [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] over the [[Gun laws in the District of Columbia|assault weapons ban]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brady Denounces Trump DOJ “Gun Rights” Office’s Lawsuit Challenging… |url=https://www.bradyunited.org/press/brady-trump-doj-gun-rights-office-lawsuit-district-of-columbia-assault-weapons-ban |access-date=2025-12-25 |website=Brady United |language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also == * [[Denying Firearms and Explosives to Dangerous Terrorists Act of 2007]] * [[James Gowda]], "largest gun-trafficking case" as of 2000

== References == {{Reflist|30em}}

== Further reading == * {{cite magazine |author=Richard Harris |title=A Reporter at Large: Handguns |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |date=July 26, 1976 |pages=53–58 |url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/1976/07/26/1976_07_26_053_TNY_CARDS_000319312}} * [https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5214a2.htm "First Reports Evaluating the Effectiveness of Strategies for Preventing Violence: Firearms Laws"] The [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]], Robert A. Hahn, PhD; Oleg O. Bilukha, M.D., PhD; Alex Crosby, M.D.; [[Mindy Thompson Fullilove]], M.D.; Akiva Liberman, PhD; Eve K. Moscicki, Sc.D.; Susan Snyder, PhD; Farris Tuma, Sc.D.; Peter Briss, M.D. October 3, 2003

[[Category:American organizations established in 1974]] [[Category:Charities based in Washington, D.C.]] [[Category:501(c)(4) nonprofit organizations]] [[Category:Gun control advocacy groups in the United States]] [[Category:Organizations established in 1974]] [[Category:Nonpartisan organizations in the United States]] [[Category:Conservative political advocacy groups in the United States]]