Hamamatsu Castle

{{Short description|Japanese castle ruin}} {{Infobox military installation | name = Hamamatsu Castle | nativename-a = 浜松城 | partof = | location = [[Hamamatsu]], [[Shizuoka Prefecture]], [[Japan]] | map_type = Japan Shizuoka Prefecture#Japan | map_alt = Location in Japan | map_relief = 1 | map_caption = | map_size = 270px | image = Hamamatsu_Castle 2023.jpg | image_size = 250px | caption = Keep of Hamamatsu Castle | type = [[Japanese castle]] | coordinates = {{coord|34.711802|137.724958|format=dms|display=title|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000}} | built = Circa 1532, rebuilt 1958 | builder = [[Imagawa clan]] | materials = Wood, stone | height = Three stories | used = | demolished = | condition = Reconstructed, serves as a museum | ownership = | controlledby = | garrison = | commanders = | occupants = | battles = | events = | image2 = | caption2 = }}

{{nihongo|'''Hamamatsu Castle'''|浜松城|Hamamatsu-jō}} is a ''hirayama''-style [[Japanese castle]] ruin, with some replica castle buildings. It was the seat of various ''[[fudai daimyō]]'' who ruled over [[Hamamatsu Domain]], [[Tōtōmi Province]], in what is now central [[Hamamatsu]], [[Shizuoka Prefecture]], [[Japan]] under the [[Edo period]] [[Tokugawa shogunate]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Connolly, Peter |title=The Hutchinson Dictionary of Ancient and Medieval Warfare |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |year=1998 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/hutchinsondictio0000benn/page/213 213] |isbn=1-57958-116-1 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/hutchinsondictio0000benn/page/213 }}</ref> It is also called {{nihongo|'''Shusse Castle'''|出世城|Shusse-jō}}.

==Background== Hamamatsu is at the edge of Mikatagahara plateau in the center of Tōtōmi Province, and was from ancient times a [[shukuba|post station]] on the [[Tōkaidō (road)|Tōkaidō]] highway connecting [[Kyoto]] with the eastern provinces of Japan. During the late [[Muromachi period|Muromachi]] and [[Sengoku period]], this area came under the control of the [[Imagawa clan]], a powerful warlord from [[Suruga Province]]. It is uncertain when the original Hamamatsu Castle was constructed; however, it appears that a fortification was built on what is now the [[Hamamatsu Tōshō-gū]], east of the present castle, by Imagawa Sadatsuke, the fourth head of the Enshū Imagawa clan from around 1504–1520. The early castle was called {{nihongo|'''Hikuma Castle'''|引馬城 or曳馬城|Hikuma-jō}} and was entrusted to Imagawa retainer [[Iio Noritsura]]. After the fall of [[Imagawa Yoshimoto]] at the 1560 [[Battle of Okehazama]], [[Iio Tsuratatsu]] rebelled against [[Imagawa Ujinao]], but was defeated. However, the greatly weakened Imagawa clan was unable to withstand the combined forces for [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]] from [[Mikawa Province|Mikawa]] and [[Takeda Shingen]] from [[Kai Province|Kai]]. The former Imagawa territories in Tōtōmi were divided between the Tokugawa and Takeda in 1568. In December of the same year Tokugawa Ieyasu laid siege to Hikuma Castle and took it from [[Otazu no kata]]. He relocated his headquarters from [[Okazaki Castle]] to Hamamatsu in 1570, and started construction of a new castle on a site which partially overlapped that of the original Hikuma Castle.

==Layout== Hamamatsu Castle was approximately 500 meters north–south by 450 meters east–west. The location has few natural barriers, but the castle utilizes the natural slope of the Mikatagahara plateau, with the [[donjon]] at the highest point in the northwest. To east was the [[inner bailey]], followed by the second bailey and third bailey roughly in a straight line to the southeast. The stone walls were constructed in the ''nozura-zumi'' style using unshaped stones, with the ruins of the fortifications of the original Hikuma Castle also forming part of the outer defenses.

==History== [[File:MET DP122802.jpg|thumb|left|Print of [[Utagawa Hiroshige]]]] Tokugawa Ieyasu spent 17 years at Hamamatsu Castle, from age 29 to 45. The [[Battle of Anegawa]], [[Battle of Nagashino]], and [[Battle of Komaki and Nagakute]] were all fought when Hamamatsu was his seat. After his defeated at the [[Battle of Mikatagahara]], Ieyasu was forced to retreat here for what he thought would be his final stand. However, the tide later turned for Ieyasu and he survived. He renamed Hikuma Castle "Hamamatsu Castle" in 1577.

Ieyasu relocated to [[Sunpu Castle]] in 1586, entrusting Hamamatsu Castle to [[Horio Yoshiharu]], who was followed by his son [[Horio Tadauji]]. Under Horio Yoshiharu, the castle was renovated in line with contemporary advances in stone ramparts, and was expanded in size. Contemporary records indicate that the castle was never built with a [[tenshu|''tenshukaku''-style keep]]. Throughout its history, a two-story ''[[Yagura (tower)|yagura]]'' located within the second [[Ward (fortification)|bailey]] served as a substitute keep.

After the [[Battle of Sekigahara]], the Horio clan was relocated to [[Izumo Province]] and Hamamatsu was briefly ruled by [[Tokugawa Yorinobu]], followed by a succession of ''[[fudai daimyō]]'' through the remainder of the [[Edo period]]. Assignment to Hamamatsu was considered a very prestigious appointment due to the castle's association with Tokugawa Ieyasu, the founder of the Tokugawa shogunate. Most of the 25 ''daimyō'' who ruled Hamamatsu were assigned to Hamamatsu for only a short period, before being transferred to another domain, usually with a higher ''[[kokudaka]]'' ranking. Many also went on to hold high offices within the shogun administration, including five ''[[rōjū]]'', two ''[[Kyoto Shoshidai]]'', two ''[[Osaka-jō dai]]'' and four ''[[Jisha-bugyō]]''. For this reason, Hamamatsu Castle gained its nickname of ''Shusse Castle'', meaning "Castle of promotion.

With the [[Meiji Restoration]], the remaining military structures of the castle were destroyed, outer moats filled in, and outer baileys sold off. The central portion was retained by the city of Hamamatsu as a park after [[World War II]]

In 1958, a faux donjon was constructed out of reinforced concrete on top of the original stone palisade built by Tokugawa Ieyasu. The reconstructed structure has three stories with an observatory affording a view of the [[Pacific Ocean]] at the topmost level. There is a small museum inside which houses armor and other relics of the [[Tokugawa clan]], as well as a miniature model of how the city might have looked at the start of the Edo period. Surrounding the museum is Hamamatsu Castle Park which is planted with numerous [[cherry blossom|sakura]] trees. A large bronze statue of [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]] also stands in the park.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[TripAdvisor]]|url=https://www.tripadvisor.com/Attraction_Review-g303148-d555401-Reviews-Statue_of_Tokugawa_Ieyasu-Hamamatsu_Shizuoka_Prefecture_Chubu.html|title=Statue of Tokugawa Ieyasu}}</ref> The castle was listed as one of the [[Continued Top 100 Japanese Castles]] in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jokaku.jp/japan-top-100-castles/best-100-castles-of-japan-2nd-selection/|title=続日本100名城|publisher=日本城郭協会|language=ja|access-date=25 July 2019|archive-date=2 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202170315/http://jokaku.jp/japan-top-100-castles/best-100-castles-of-japan-2nd-selection/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Notes == {{Reflist}}

== References == {{Commons category|Hamamatsu Castle}} *{{cite book |title=An Encyclopedia of Japanese Castles | last=De Lange |first=William |year=2021 |pages=600 pages|publisher=Toyo Press |location=Groningen |isbn=978-9492722300}} *{{cite book| title=Castles in Japan| last=Schmorleitz| first=Morton S.| year=1974| pages=[https://archive.org/details/castlesinjapan00schm/page/144 144–145]| publisher=Charles E. Tuttle Co.| location=Tokyo| isbn=0-8048-1102-4| url-access=registration| url=https://archive.org/details/castlesinjapan00schm/page/144}} *{{cite book | title=Japanese Castles| last=Motoo| first=Hinago| year=1986| publisher=Kodansha| location=Tokyo| isbn=0-87011-766-1| page= 200 pages}} *{{cite book | title=Castles of the Samurai: Power and Beauty | last=Mitchelhill| first=Jennifer| year=2004| publisher=Kodansha| location=Tokyo| isbn=4-7700-2954-3 | page= 112 pages}} *{{cite book | title=Japanese Castles 1540–1640 | url=https://archive.org/details/japanesecastles00turn | url-access=limited | last=Turnbull| first=Stephen| year=2003| publisher=Osprey Publishing| isbn=1-84176-429-9 | page= [https://archive.org/details/japanesecastles00turn/page/n33 64] pages}}

== External links == {{Commons category-inline}} * [https://www.japan.travel/en/spot/1297/ Hamamatsu Castle guide] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080229154013/http://www.jcastle.info/castle/profile/42-Hamamatsu-Castle Guide to Japanese Castles site] *[http://www.japanese-castle-explorer.com/castle_profile.html?name=Hamamatsu Japanese Castle Explorer - Hamamatsu Castle]

[[Category:Castles in Shizuoka Prefecture]] [[Category:Buildings and structures in Hamamatsu]] [[Category:Museums in Shizuoka Prefecture]] [[Category:History museums in Japan]] [[Category:Tōtōmi Province]] [[Category:Tokugawa clan]]