Halide Edib Adıvar

{{Short description|Turkish novelist, teacher, and a nationalist and feminist intellectual (1884-1964)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}} {{Infobox officeholder | name = Halide Edib Adıvar | image = Halide adivar.jpg | image_size = | alt = | caption = | pseudonym = | birth_name = | office = {{GNAT MP}} | term_start = 14 May 1950 | term_end = 5 January 1954 | constituency = İzmir (1950) | birth_date = 11 June 1884 | birth_place = Constantinople, Ottoman Empire | death_date = {{death date and age|1964|1|9|1884|6|11|df=yes}} | death_place = Istanbul, Turkey | resting_place = Merkezefendi Cemetery, Istanbul, Turkey | occupation = Novelist | citizenship = Turkey | education = American College for Girls | alma_mater = | period = | genre = | movement = | notableworks = | spouse = Salih Zeki<br />Adnan Adıvar | partner = | children = | relatives = | influences = | influenced = | awards = Şefkat Nişanı | signature = | website = | portaldisp = }}

'''Halide Edip Adıvar''' ({{langx|ota|خالده اديب}} {{IPA|tr|hɑːliˈde eˈdib|}}, sometimes spelled '''Halidé Edib''' in English; 11 June 1884 – 9 January 1964) was a Turkish novelist, teacher, and a nationalist and feminist intellectual.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Halide-Edib-Adivar | title=Halide Edib Adıvar | Feminist Writer, Novelist & Activist | Britannica }}</ref> She was best known for her novels criticizing the low social status of Turkish women and what she saw from her observation as the lack of interest of most women in changing their situation. She was a Pan-Turkist and several of her novels advocated for the Turanism movement.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Adıvar |first=Halide Edib |title=Memoirs of Halidé Edib |publisher=Gorgias Press |year=2004 |isbn=9781593332068 |edition=1st |location=Piscataway, NJ |pages=472}}</ref><ref name="Meyer, pages 161-162">Meyer, pages 161-162</ref>

During World War I, Halide Edib Adıvar served as the inspector of schools in Beirut, Damascus, and Aleppo. In this role, she oversaw for six months an orphanage in Antoura (in modern-day Lebanon) where children orphaned in the Armenian genocide were subjected to forced assimilation.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="Fisher, page 164" /><ref name="Kévorkian, page 843" /> In her memoirs, Adıvar indicates that she was responsible for administering the orphanage but did not believe that the practice of forced assimilation was ethical, and she states that her ultimate goal was to save the lives of the Armenian orphans.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khachatryan |first=Shushan |date=2021-06-17 |title=Halide Edip and the Turkification of Armenian Children: Enigmas, Problems and Questions |url=https://agmipublications.am/index.php/ijags/article/view/3 |journal=International Journal of Armenian Genocide Studies |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=48–79 |doi=10.51442/ijags.0017 |issn=1829-4405 |quote=You have been as good to Armenians as it is possible to be in these hard days. Why do you allow Armenian children to be called by Moslem names? It looks like turning the Armenians into Moslems, and history some day will revenge it on the coming generation of Turks.|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-03-09 |title=Robert Fisk: Living proof of the Armenian genocide |url=https://www.the-independent.com/voices/commentators/fisk/robert-fisk-living-proof-of-the-armenian-genocide-1918367.html |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=The Independent |language=en |quote=It looks like turning the Armenians into Moslims, and history some day will revenge it on the coming generation of Turks.' 'You are an idealist,' he answered gravely and like all idealists lack a sense of reality ... This is a Moslem orphanage and only Moslem orphans are allowed.'" According to Adivar, Jemal Pasha said that he "cannot bear to see them die in the streets" and promised they would go "back to their people" after the war.}}</ref> According to researcher Keith David Watenpaugh, regardless of the motives, what was done at the Antoura orphanage constitutes genocide, based on the 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Genocide.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Panian |first=Karnig |title=Goodbye, Antoura |url=https://www.sup.org/books/middle-east-studies/goodbye-antoura/excerpt/introduction}}</ref>

==Early life==

175px|thumb|Early portrait

Halide Edib was born in Constantinople (Istanbul), Ottoman Empire to an upper-class family. Her father was a secretary of the Ottoman sultan Abdul Hamid II.<ref name="Meyer, pages 161-162"/> Halide Edib was educated at home by private tutors from whom she learned European and Ottoman literature, religion, philosophy, sociology, piano playing, English, French, and Arabic. She learned Greek from her neighbors and from briefly attending a Greek school in Constantinople. She attended the  American College for Girls briefly in 1893. In 1897, she translated ''Mother'' by Jacob Abbott, for which the sultan awarded her the Order of Charity (Şefkat Nişanı).<ref name=news>{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/ottoman-medal-for-compassionate-british-lady-to-go-under-the-hammer.aspx?pageID=238&nID=77387&NewsCatID=385|title=Ottoman medal for 'compassionate' British lady to go under the hammer|publisher=Hurriyet Daily News|date=24 January 2015}}</ref> She attended the American College again from 1899 to 1901, when she graduated. Her father's house was a center of intellectual activity in Constantinople and even as a child Halide Edib participated in the intellectual life of the city.<ref>Erol, pages vii–viii.</ref>

After graduating, she married the mathematician and astronomer Salih Zeki Bey, with whom she had two sons. She continued her intellectual activities, however, and in 1908 began writing articles on education and on the status of women for Tevfik Fikret's newspaper ''Tanin'' and the women's journal Demet. She published her first novel, ''Seviye Talip'', in 1909. Because of her articles on education, the education ministry hired her to reform girls' schools in Constantinople. She worked with Nakiye Hanım on curriculum and pedagogy changes and also taught pedagogy, ethics, and history in various schools. She resigned over a disagreement{{clarify|date=January 2014}} with the ministry concerning mosque schools.<ref>Erol, page viii.</ref>

She received a divorce from Salih Zeki in 1910. Her house became an intellectual salon, especially for those interested in new concepts of Turkishness.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Al |first=Serhun |date=April 2015 |title=An Anatomy of Nationhood and the Question of Assimilation: Debates on Turkishness Revisited |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/sena.12121 |journal=Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=83–101 |doi=10.1111/sena.12121 |issn=1473-8481|url-access=subscription }}</ref> She became involved with the Turkish Hearths (Türk Ocağı) in 1911 and became the first female member in 1912. She was also a founder of the Elevation of Women ({{Transliteration|ota|Taali-i Nisvan}}) organization.<ref>Erol, page ix.</ref> Among the people with whom she associated during this period was the Armenian priest and composer Komitas, whose music she highly valued and regarded as Anatolian rather than Armenian.<ref>Adıvar, pp. 421-422.</ref>

==During World War I== [[File:Edib Halide.jpg|thumb|Early photo of Halide Edib wearing a yashmak]]

She married again in 1917 to Dr. Ali Adnan (later Adıvar) and the next year took a job as a lecturer in literature at Istanbul University's Faculty of Letters. It was during this time that she became increasingly active in Turkey's nationalist movement, influenced by the ideas of Ziya Gökalp.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

In 1916–1917, she acted as Ottoman inspector for schools in Damascus, Beirut and the Collège Saint Joseph in Aintoura (or Antoura), Mount Lebanon. The students at these schools included hundreds of Armenian, Arab, Assyrian, Maronite, Kurdish, and Turkish orphans.<ref>Adıvar, pages 431–471.</ref> In the course of the Armenian genocide and under the direction of Halide Edib Adıvar and Djemal Pasha, about 1,000 Armenian and 200 Kurdish children were "Turkified" at the Collège Saint Joseph.<ref name="Fisher, page 164">Fisher, page 164.</ref><ref name="Kévorkian, page 843">Kévorkian, page 843.</ref> The children at the Aintoura orphanage were taken from existing orphanages, not saved from the streets by Djemal Pasha as Halide Edip later asserted. Most of the Armenian orphans at Aintoura returned to their Armenian identities after the Ottoman withdrawal.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Deringil |first=Selim |date=2019-02-28 |title='Your Religion is Worn and Outdated': Orphans, Orphanages and Halide Edib during the Armenian Genocide: The Case of Antoura |url=https://journals.openedition.org/eac/2090 |journal=Études arméniennes contemporaines |language=en |issue=12 |pages=33–65 |doi=10.4000/eac.2090 |issn=2269-5281 |quote=Appointed as the general director of education in Cemal Pasha’s Syria, she was personally involved in the project of Turkification and Islamization at Antoura, although she was later to deny it in her memoirs.|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Halide Edip's own account of her inspectorship—the accuracy of which has been questioned by modern scholars Selim Deringil and Shushan Khachatryan—and a few other accounts emphasize her humanitarian efforts and claim that she did not impose a strict policy of Islamization of the orphans. She claims that she was opposed to the policy of Turkification and initially refused to take part in the Aintoura orphanage but ultimately accepted "as a duty towards humanity".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khachatryan |first=Shushan |date=2021-06-17 |title=Halide Edip and the Turkification of Armenian Children: Enigmas, Problems and Questions |url=https://agmipublications.am/index.php/ijags/article/view/3 |journal=International Journal of Armenian Genocide Studies |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=61-62 |doi=10.51442/ijags.0017 |issn=1829-4405 |quote=You have been as good to Armenians as it is possible to be in these hard days. Why do you allow Armenian children to be called by Moslem names? It looks like turning the Armenians into Moslems, and history some day will revenge it on the coming generation of Turks. |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Deringil writes that Halide Edip "was personally involved in the project of Turkification and Islamization at Antoura".<ref name=":0" /> Robert Fisk wrote that Halide Edip "helped to run this orphanage of terror in which Armenian children were systematically deprived of their Armenian identity and given new Turkish names, forced to become Muslims and beaten savagely if they were heard to speak Armenian".<ref name=Fisk>Fisk, Robert [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/living-proof-of-the-armenian-genocide-1918367.html "Living Proof of the Armenian Genocide"] (9 March 2010) The Independent</ref>

Karnig Panian, author of ''Goodbye, Antoura'', was a six-year-old Armenian genocide survivor at the orphanage in 1916. Panian's name was changed to the number 551. He witnessed children that resisted Turkification being punished with beatings and starvation:<ref name=Fisk />

<blockquote>At every sunset in the presence of over 1,000 orphans, when the Turkish flag was lowered, 'Long Live General Pasha!' was recited. That was the first part of the ceremony. Then it was time for punishment for the wrongdoers of the day. They beat us with the falakha [a rod used to beat the soles of the feet], and the top-rank punishment was for speaking Armenian.</blockquote>According to Panian, these punishments were carried out by the director Fevzi Bey, in Halide Edip's presence.<ref name=":0" />thumb|Halide Edip with her converted orphans Emile Joppin, the head priest at the Saint Joseph College in Antoura, wrote in a 1947 school magazine:<ref name=Fisk />

<blockquote>The Armenian orphans were Islamicised, circumcised and given new Arab or Turkish names. Their new names always kept the initials of the names in which they were baptised. Thus Haroutioun Nadjarian was given the name Hamed Nazih, Boghos Merdanian became Bekir Mohamed, to Sarkis Safarian was given the name Safouad Sulieman.</blockquote>

In a 1918 report, American Red Cross officer Major Stephen Trowbridge, met with surviving orphans and reported:<ref name=Fisk />

<blockquote>Every vestige, and as far as possible every memory, of the children's Armenian or Kurdish origin was to be done away with. Turkish names were assigned and the children were compelled to undergo the rites prescribed by Islamic law and tradition ... Not a word of Armenian or Kurdish was allowed. The teachers and overseers were carefully trained to impress Turkish ideas and customs upon the lives of the children and to catechize them regularly on ... the prestige of the Turkish race.</blockquote>

Professor of Human Rights Studies Keith David Watenpaugh compared the treatment of non-Turkish orphans by Halide Edip and Djemal Pasha to the American and Canadian schools for Native American children that were forcibly assimilated and often abused.<ref>Panian, page xii.</ref> He wrote that Edip showed a strong hatred of Armenians in her writings, portraying them as "a mythical and existential enemy of the Ottomans" and even made claims of blood libel and child cannibalism similar to those in anti-Semitism. She also claimed a conspiracy to turn Turkish children into Armenians, "thus also turning the accusations leveled against her for her work at Antoura back toward the Armenians themselves".<ref>Panian, page xvi.</ref> Watenpaugh writes of her:<ref>Panian, page xvii.</ref>

<blockquote>Modernizing Turkey and defending its Muslim elite against Western criticism are key elements of Halide Edip's life's work, but her reluctance to protect Armenian children or even voice empathy for them as victims of genocide shows a basic lack of human compassion. For Halide Edip questions of social distinction and religion placed limits upon the asserted universal nature of humanity; for her, genocide had not been too high a price to pay for Turkish progress, modernity, and nationalism.</blockquote>

Despite her role in the orphanages in Antoura, Halide Edib expressed her sympathies with the Armenians regarding the bloodshed and drew the rage of the Committee of Union and Progress members inciting them to call for her punishment.<ref name="Adıvar, pages 388">Adıvar, pages 388.</ref> Talat Pasha refused to administer any and said that "She serves her country in the way she believes. Let her speak her mind; she is sincere."<ref name="Adıvar, pages 388"/> A U.S. High Commissioner refers to her as a "chauvinist" and someone who is "trying to rehabilitate Turkey."<ref>Mark Lambert Bristol, undated confidential report, cited in Hovannisian, page 122; page 141, note 29.</ref> On the other hand, German historian Hilmar Kaiser says: "And even if you're a Turkish nationalist, that doesn't make you a killer. There were people who were famous Turkish nationalists like Halide Edip; she advocated assimilation of Armenians, but she very strongly opposed any kind of murder."<ref>[http://todayszaman.com/news-170297-historian-challenges-politically-motivated-1915-arguments.html "Historian challenges politically motivated 1915 arguments"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202231758/http://todayszaman.com/news-170297-historian-challenges-politically-motivated-1915-arguments.html|date=2 December 2013}}, ''Today's Zaman'', 22 March 2009.</ref> On 21 October 1918, Halide Edip then wrote an article in the ''Vakit'' newspaper condemning the massacres: "We slaughtered the innocent Armenian population ... We tried to extinguish the Armenians through methods that belong to the medieval times".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dadrian|first1=Vahakn N.|last2=Akçam|first2=Taner|title=Judgment at Istanbul the Armenian genocide trials|date=2011|publisher=Berghahn Books|location=New York|isbn=978-0857452863|page=28|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BU1FAAAAQBAJ}}</ref><ref name="insel">{{cite magazine|last=Insel|first=Ahmet|title="This Conduct Was a Crime Against Humanity": An Evaluation of the Initiative to Apologize to the Armenians|url=http://www.birikimdergisi.com/articles/7409/this-conduct-was-a-crime-against-humanity-an-evaluation-of-the-initiative-to-apologize-to-the-armenians|magazine=Birikim}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Eye Witnesses Tell The Story|journal=Greek America|year=1998|volume=4|issue=1–7|page=36|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8PUMAQAAMAAJ|publisher=Cosmos Communications Group}}</ref> In biographer Hülya Adak's view, Edip's position evolved over time: earlier she had been more sympathetic to Armenians, but in the 1920s she adopted the "defensive Republican narrative" and justified the Armenian genocide as "reciprocal killings".<ref name=":0" />

From 1919 to 1920 she was among the contributors of ''Büyük Mecmua'', a weekly established to support the Turkish independence war.<ref>{{cite thesis|author=Hülya Semiz|title=İkinci Dünya Savaşı Döneminde Gazeteci Sabiha Sertel'in Döneme İlişkin Görüşleri|url=http://nek.istanbul.edu.tr:4444/ekos/TEZ/43664.pdf|location=Istanbul University|page=20|degree=MA|date=2008|language=Turkish}}</ref>

==During the War of Independence== [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 137-012604, Demonstration in der Türkei.jpg|thumb|In a demonstration during the Turkish War of Independence]]

After the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I, Allied forces occupied Constantinople and various other regions of the empire. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk began organizing resistance to the occupation, and Edib gained a reputation in Istanbul as a "firebrand and a dangerous agitator."<ref>"Turk Nationalists."</ref> She was one of the main figures of the empire to give speeches to thousands of people protesting the occupation of Smyrna by Greek forces during the Sultanahmet demonstrations.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

Edib eventually left Constantinople and moved to Anatolia together with her husband to join the Turkish National Movement. On the road to Ankara she met with Yunus Nadi Abalıoğlu, another journalist who had decided to join the Turkish National Movement. In a meeting at the train station in Geyve, on 31 March 1920, they agreed on the importance of informing the international public opinion about the developments regarding the Turkish War of Independence and decided to help the national struggle by establishing a news agency. They concurred on the name "Anadolu Ajansı".<ref>[http://www.aa.com.tr/tr/kurumsal/61996--tarihce Anadolu Ajansı. Kuruluşundan Bugüne Anadolu Ajansı] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115130319/http://www.aa.com.tr/tr/kurumsal/61996--tarihce |date=2013-01-15 }}</ref><ref>[http://atam.gov.tr/milli-mucadelede-anadolu-ajansinin-kurulusu-ve-faaliyetlerine-ait-bazi-belgeler/ Certain documents concerning the establishment of the Anatolian news agency and its work during the war of national independence (1920)] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130418172722/http://atam.gov.tr/milli-mucadelede-anadolu-ajansinin-kurulusu-ve-faaliyetlerine-ait-bazi-belgeler/ |date=2013-04-18 }}</ref>

During the Greco-Turkish War she was granted the ranks of first corporal and then sergeant in the nationalist army. In her memoirs, she emphasized the active participation of women in combat during the war.<ref>Adıvar, Halide Edib. ''Türk'ün Ateşle İmtihanı''. İstanbul: Atlas Kitabevi, 1962.</ref> She traveled to the fronts, worked in the headquarters of İsmet Pasha, Commander of the Western Front and wrote her impressions of the scorched earth policy of the invading Hellenic Army and the atrocities committed against Turkish civilians by the Greek Army in Western Anatolia in her book ''The Turkish Ordeal''.

==After the war== [[File:Alphonse_Mucha_Portrait_of_Halide_Edib_Adivar.jpg|thumb|Halide Edib by Alphonse Mucha, 1928]] As a result of her husband Adnan Adıvar's participation in the establishment of the Progressive Republican Party, the family moved away from the ruling elite. When the one-party period started in 1926 with the Progressive Republican Party's abolition and the approval of the Law of Reconciliation, she and her husband were accused of treason and escaped to Europe.<ref>Marcosson, pages 174–175.</ref> They lived in France and the United Kingdom from 1926 to 1939.

175px|thumb|An inscription at Jamia Millia Islamia commentrating Halide Edib Halide Edib traveled widely, teaching and lecturing repeatedly in the United States and in India. She collected her impressions of India as a British colony in her book ''Inside India''.<ref>[http://yayinlar.yesevi.edu.tr/files/article/449.pdf Halide Edip Adıvar’ın Hindistan’daki Konferansları] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127034203/http://yayinlar.yesevi.edu.tr/files/article/449.pdf |date=2013-11-27 }}</ref> She returned to Turkey in 1939, becoming a professor in English literature at the Faculty of Letters in Istanbul. In 1950, she was elected to Parliament, resigning in 1954; this was the only formal political position she ever held.

==Literature== Common themes in Halide Edib's novels were strong, independent female characters who succeeded in reaching their goals against strong opposition. She was also a fervent Turkish nationalist, and several stories highlight the role of women in Turkish independence. She also published a thriller novel, ''Yolpalas Cinayeti'' (Murder in Yolpalas), which was first serialized in ''Yedigün'' magazine between 12 August and 21 October 1936.<ref>{{cite book|editor1=Börte Sagaster|editor2=Theoharis Stavrides|editor3=Birgitt Hoffmann|title=Press and Mass Communication in the Middle East: Festschrift for Martin Strohmeier|publisher=University of Bamberg Press|author=Börte Sagaster|doi=10.20378/irbo-50016 |year=2018|isbn=978-3-86309-527-7|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EHNTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA269|location=Bamberg |page=269|chapter=‘Cheers to the New Life’ – Five Turkish serial novels of the 1930s in the popular magazine Yedigün}}</ref>

She was a Pan-Turkist and promoted Turanism in several of her novels. Her book entitled ''Yeni Turan'' (New Turan) calls for the unification of Turkic peoples in Central Asia and the Caucasus under an empire led by Turkey.<ref name="Meyer, pages 161-162"/>

== Description == A contemporary described her as "a slight, tiny little person, with masses of auburn hair and large, expressive Oriental eyes, she has opinions on most subjects, and discusses the problems of the day in a manner which charms one not so much on account of what she says, but because it is so different from what one expected".<ref>[https://archive.org/details/englishwomanintu00ellirich Ellison, Grace Mary. An English woman in a Turkish harem. (1915) London : Methuen & Co., Ltd.]</ref>

==Death== Halide Edib died on 9 January 1964 in Istanbul. She was laid to rest at the Merkezefendi Cemetery in Istanbul.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://yazarmezar.com/mezar-sayfa-144.html|publisher=Yazar Mezar|title=Halide Edip Adıvar |language=tr|access-date=14 October 2011|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914031219/http://yazarmezar.com/mezar-sayfa-144.html|archive-date=14 September 2011}}</ref>

==Legacy==

Starting in the 1970s, the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association awarded students a Halide Edip Adıvar scholarship. After Adıvar's involvement in the Armenian genocide became widely known, the Association attempted to rename the scholarship; however, as of 2021 the name remains because the association's board had not yet obtained the consent of the donor who sponsors the Halide Edip Adıvar scholarships.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://avim.org.tr/en/Yorum/THE-SMEARING-OF-KOPRULU-AND-ADIVAR-BY-THE-CURRENT-ADMINISTRATION-OF-THE-OTTOMAN-AND-TURKISH-STUDIES-ASSOCIATION | title=The Smearing of Koprulu and Adivar by the Current Administration of the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association }}</ref>

===Major works=== *Raik'in Annesi * Heyula *''Seviye Talip'' (1910). *''Handan'' (1912). *''Mevut Hükümler'' (1918). *''Yeni Turan'' (1912). *''Son Eseri'' (1919). *''Ateşten Gömlek'' (1922; translated into English as ''The Daughter of Smyrna'' or ''The Shirt of Flame''). *''Çıkan Kuri'' (1922). *''Kalb Ağrısı'' (1924).  *''Vurun Kahpeye'' (1926). *''[https://archive.org/download/memoirsofhalide00haliuoft/memoirsofhalide00haliuoft.pdf The Memoirs of Halide Edib]'', New York-London: The Century, 1926 (published in English). [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.31708/ Profile] *''[http://louisville.edu/a-s/history/turks/Turkish%20Ordeal.pdf The Turkish Ordeal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130331064034/http://louisville.edu/a-s/history/turks/Turkish%20Ordeal.pdf |date=31 March 2013 }}'', New York-London: The Century, 1928 (memoir, published in English). *''Zeyno'nun Oğlu'' (1928). *''[https://archive.org/download/turkeyfaceswesta010382mbp/turkeyfaceswesta010382mbp.pdf Turkey Faces West]'', New Haven-London: Yale University Press/Oxford University Press, 1930. *''The Clown and His Daughter'' (first published in English in 1935 and in Turkish as ''Sinekli Bakkal'' in 1936). * "Tatarcik" (1939) * "Akile Hanim Sokağı" (1958) *''Inside India'' (first published in English in 1937 and in Turkish as ''Hindistan'a Dair'' in its entirety in 2014.) *''Türk'ün Ateşle İmtihanı'' (memoir, published in 1962; translated into English as ''House with Wisteria'').

===In popular culture=== * The novel ''Halide's Gift'' by Frances Kazan (2001) is a coming-of-age story about Halide Edib's youth and maturation. * Halide Edib appears as a character in several films and television shows including ''Kurtuluş'',<ref>Internet Movie Database. ''[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0388189/ Retrieved 4 September 2009 Kurtulus]''.</ref> ''Cumhuriyet'',<ref>Internet Movie Database. ''[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0432807/ Cumhuriyet]''. Retrieved 4 September 2009.</ref> and ''The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles''.<ref>Internet Movie Database. ''[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0103586/epcast#year-1993 The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles]''. Retrieved 4 September 2009.</ref> * Several of Halide Edib's novels have also been adapted for film and television.<ref>Internet Movie Database. ''[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0012022/ Halide Edip Adivar]''. Retrieved 4 September 2009.</ref> One of them is ''Yolpalas Cinayeti''. * Halide Edib is the subject of ''The Greedy Heart of Halide Edib'', a documentary film for school children.<ref>''[http://www.indyintheclassroom.com/lessons/young_indy/masks_evil_docs.asp#edib Indy in the Classroom: Documentaries: Masks of Evil] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110528022538/http://www.indyintheclassroom.com/lessons/young_indy/masks_evil_docs.asp |date=2011-05-28 }}''. Retrieved 5 September 2009.</ref>

==See also==  * Adivar (crater) * Witnesses and testimonies of the Armenian genocide * Women in Turkish politics

==Footnotes== {{Reflist|30em}}

==References== * Adıvar, Halide Edip. (1926) ''Memoirs of Halidé Edib''. John Murray. * Adler, Philip J., & Randall L. Pouwels. (2007) ''World Civilizations: To 1700''. Cengage Learning. {{ISBN|978-0-495-50261-6}}. * Davis, Fanny. (1986) ''The Ottoman Lady: A Social History from 1718 to 1918''. * Erol, Sibel. (2009) Introduction to ''House with Wisteria: Memoirs of Turkey Old and New'' by Halide Edip Adıvar. Transaction Publishers. {{ISBN|978-1-4128-1002-9}}. * Fisher, Harriet Julia. (1917) [http://www.gomidas.org/gida/index_and_%20documents/RG256.htm/docs/RG256%20813.pdf "Adana. Inquiry Document 813."] In James L. Barton, ''Turkish Atrocities: Statements of American Missionaries on the Destruction of Christian Communities in Ottoman Turkey, 1915–1917''. Gomidas Institute, Ann Arbor. 1998. {{ISBN|1-884630-04-9}}. * Heck, J. G. (1852) ''[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_SjooAAAAYAAJ Iconographic Encyclopaedia of Science, Literature, and Art]''. Trans. Spencer F. Baird. * Hovannisian, Richard G. (1999) ''Remembrance and Denial: The Case of the Armenian Genocide''. Wayne State University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-8143-2777-7}}. * Kévorkian, Raymond. (2006) ''Le Génocide des Arméniens''. Odile Jacob, Paris. {{ISBN|2-7381-1830-5}}. * Larousse.fr. (No date) [http://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/ville/Istanbul/125316 "Istanbul."] Retrieved 3 June 2010. * Marcosson, Isaac Frederick. (1938) ''Turbulent Years''. Ayer Publishing. * Meyer, James. (2014) ''Turks Across Empires: Marketing Muslim Identity in the Russian-Ottoman Borderlands, 1856-1914''. Oxford University Press. * Mitler, Louis. (1997) ''Contemporary Turkish Writers''. * Sonmez, Emel. (1973) "The Novelist Halide Edib Adivar and Turkish Feminism." ''Die Welt des Islams'', New Ser. Vol. 14, Issue 1/4: 81–115. * Stathakopoulos, Dionysios. (2008, November) "The Elusive Eastern Empire." ''History Today'', Vol. 58, No. 11. * [https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1920/03/20/118311807.pdf "Turk Nationalists Organize to Resist."] (1920, March 20) ''New York Times,'' page 5. * Üsküdar American Academy. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20110114224600/http://www.uaa.k12.tr/ViewPage/D8F8C5A6-A095-4BD5-A583-06396995F1AB.aspx About Halide Edip Adıvar]''. Retrieved 20 September 2009. * Vauchez, André, Richard Barrie Dobson, & Michael Lapidge. (2000) ''Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages''. Routledge. {{ISBN|978-1-57958-282-1}}. * Yeghenian, Aghavnie. (1922, September 17) [https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1922/09/17/99072107.pdf "The Turkish Jeanne d'Arc: An Armenian Picture of Remarkable Halide Edib Hanoum"] (letter to editor). ''New York Times,'' page 97. * Fisk, Robert [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/living-proof-of-the-armenian-genocide-1918367.html "Living Proof of the Armenian Genocide"] (9 March 2010) The Independent

==External links== {{Commons category}} *[http://gvcommunity.tripod.com/ladies/haide.htm Notable Ladies: Halide Edib Adivar] *[https://snailstales.blogspot.com/2006/12/halides-ordeal.html Halide's Ordeal] *[http://www.turkishculture.org/pages.php?SearchID=246 Halide Edip Adivar] by Turkish Cultural Foundation. {{Turkish Literature}} {{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Adivar, Halide Edib}} Category:1884 births Category:1964 deaths Category:Writers from Istanbul Category:People from Constantinople vilayet Category:Democrat Party (Turkey, 1946–1960) politicians Category:Members of the 9th Parliament of Turkey Category:Deputies of İzmir Category:Turkish nationalists Category:Pan-Turkists Category:Turanists Category:Turkish women novelists Category:Novelists from the Ottoman Empire Category:Turkish feminist writers Category:Turkish women activists Category:Turkish women academics Category:20th-century Turkish women politicians Category:20th-century Turkish women writers Category:20th-century Turkish novelists Category:Anti-Armenian sentiment in Turkey Category:Üsküdar American Academy alumni Category:Academic staff of Istanbul University Category:Witnesses of the Armenian genocide Category:Turkish Army personnel Category:Turkish military personnel of the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922) Category:Women in the Turkish War of Independence  Category:Burials at Merkezefendi Cemetery