Hal Anger

{{Short description|American engineer and biophysicist}} {{Infobox scientist | name = Hal Anger | image = Hal Anger and Benedict Cassen.gif | image_size = | alt = | caption = Hal Anger and Benedict Cassen at the International Conference on Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy in Geneva, Switzerland, 1955 | birth_date = {{Birth date|1920|5|20}} | birth_place = Denver, Colorado, U.S. | death_date = {{Death date and age|2005|10|31|1920|5|20}} | death_place = Berkeley, California, U.S. | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates =  | residence = | fields = nuclear medicine, biomedical engineering | workplaces = Ernest O. Lawrence Radiation Laboratory | alma_mater = University of California Berkeley | thesis_title = | thesis_url = | thesis_year = | doctoral_advisor = | academic_advisors = | doctoral_students = | notable_students = | known_for = gamma camera, well counter, Anger logic<ref>{{cite journal | title = SPECT detectors: the Anger Camera and beyond | author1 = Todd E. Peterson | author2 = Lars R. Furenlid | doi = 10.1088/0031-9155/56/17/R01 | journal = Physics in Medicine & Biology | volume = 56 | number = 17 | date = 9 August 2011 | pages = R145-182| pmid = 21828904 | pmc = 3178269 | bibcode = 2011PMB....56R.145P }}</ref> | author_abbrev_bot = | author_abbrev_zoo = | influences = | influenced = | awards = John Scott Award in 1964 for the development of the positron camera; Guggenheim Fellowship, 1966; Gesellschaft fur Medizin, 1971; honorary doctorate in science, Ohio State University, 1972; Nuclear Medicine Pioneer Citation, SNM, 1974; Modern Medicine Award for Distinguished Achievement, 1975; SNM First Western Regional award for distinguished contributions to nuclear medicine, 1976; Centennial Year Medal, Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 1984; Societé Française de Biophysique et Médecine Nucléaire Medal, 1988; Georg de Hevesy Memorial Medal, Vienna, 1991; and Honorary Member and Fellow, American College of Nuclear Physicians, 1992<ref name=Interactive>{{cite web |title=Nuclear Medicine Pioneer Hal O. Anger, 1920-2005 |url=http://interactive.snm.org/index.cfm?PageID=4577 |work=Molecular imaging news |publisher=Society of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging |date=10 November 2005 |access-date=26 September 2012 |archive-date=29 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029063911/http://interactive.snm.org/index.cfm?PageID=4577 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | signature =  | signature_alt = | website =  | footnotes = | spouse = }} '''Hal Oscar Anger''' (May 20, 1920 – October 31, 2005)<ref name=News>{{cite news |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060625214751/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/11/13/ap/tech/mainD8DRL6P80.shtml |archive-date=25 June 2006 |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/11/13/ap/tech/mainD8DRL6P80.shtml |newspaper=CBS News Online |title=Anger, Gamma Camera Inventor, dies at 85 |date=November 13, 2005 |access-date=26 September 2012}}</ref> was an American electrical engineer and biophysicist at Donner Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, known for his invention of the gamma camera.<ref name=Interactive/>

In all, Anger held 15 patents, many of them for work at the Ernest O. Lawrence Radiation Laboratory. Anger received several awards in recognition of his inventions and their contributions to the field of nuclear medicine. Anger died in Berkeley, California.

==Career== In 1957, he invented the scintillation camera, known also as the gamma camera or Anger camera. Anger also developed the well counter, widely used in laboratory tests to measure radioactivity in samples. Anger also developed a multi-plane tomographic radiation scanner using the Anger camera and a focussed radiation collimator.<ref name=Interactive/>

The first useful scintillation camera was developed by Anger at an AEC-funded laboratory at the University of California at Berkeley, California.<ref name=Tapscott>{{cite journal |url=http://tech.snmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/33/4/250.pdf |title=Nuclear Medicine Pioneer, Hal O. Anger, 1920–2005 |last=Tapscott |first=Eleanore |journal=Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology |volume=33 |number=4 |year=2005|pages=250–3 |pmid=16397975 }}</ref> Consequently, the patent rights on the invention were owned by the U.S. Government. However, Anger's supervisors at the lab were well connected with the head of the AEC, Glenn Seaborg, and prevailed on the AEC to release the patent rights to Anger personally. Anger retained patent counsel to file a U.S. patent application on his invention, and this application eventually matured into U.S. Patent 3,011,057, issued in November 1961.<ref>{{US patent reference|number=3011057 |issue-date=28 November 1961 |inventor=H O Anger | title=Radiation image device }}</ref> While his patent was pending, Anger tried unsuccessfully to interest nuclear instrument companies in taking a license on a non-exclusive basis to produce and sell the Anger camera. He eventually granted an exclusive license on the '057 patent to Nuclear-Chicago Corporation (NCC), in Des Plaines, Illinois. NCC successfully developed a commercially useful version of the Anger Camera and began marketing it to nuclear medical departments of hospitals in the United States. NCC's commercial sales of the Anger Camera grew substantially over the years and Anger became modestly wealthy from the royalties that he received under the exclusive license agreement. NCC was eventually acquired by G.D. Searle & Co, of Skokie, Illinois, and operated as a wholly owned subsidiary.<ref name=Tapscott/>

Nuclear-Chicago Corporation's exclusivity on marketing the Anger scintillation camera was eventually challenged by the introduction of a competing version of the Anger camera by Picker Corporation. NCC and Anger sued Picker for infringement of the '057 patent, and Picker counterclaimed for invalidity of the '057 patent. Picker also filed a proceeding in the Atomic Energy Commission, challenging the legitimacy of the AEC's release of the patent rights to Anger, and requesting a compulsory license under the '057 patent. The AEC proceeding was decided in favor of Anger and NCC, and the patent infringement lawsuit was eventually settled by the grant of a sublicense agreement to Picker. Other competitors later emerged and further litigation on the '057 patent was initiated. NCC was eventually sold to Siemens Corporation and Siemens continued to develop the technology of the Anger Camera and to market the device worldwide.<ref name=Mitchell>{{Cite thesis |type=Ph.D. |pages=16–19 |chapter=3. Nuclear medical instrument research and commercialization |title=Dynamic commercialization: Organizing economic analysis of innovation in the medical diagnostic imaging industry |chapter-url=http://faculty.fuqua.duke.edu/~willm/bio/cv/Dissertation/TheDiagnosticImagingIndustry3NuclearMedical.pdf |last=Mitchell |first=William Gordon |year=1988 |publisher=University of California at Berkeley |access-date= 26 September 2012 }}</ref>

==Philanthropy== In 2006, the Society of Nuclear Medicine's Education and Research Foundation received $6 million from the Hal Anger Estate, the largest gift ever received for advancing the field of nuclear medicine, leading to the development of a Hal Anger Prize and Lecture.<ref name=Snmreport>{{cite web|title=SNM Committee Report, September 2010|url=http://www.docstoc.com/docs/95120916/Committee-on-Awards|publisher=SNM Awards Committee}}</ref>

==References== {{Reflist}}

==External links== * [http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/1727.html Who Named It article on Anger] * {{cite web |url=http://www.nuclearmuseum.org/see/online-museum/history/nuclear-medicine/ |title=Nuclear medicine |publisher=The National Museum of Nuclear Science & History |access-date=26 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930032827/http://www.nuclearmuseum.org/see/online-museum/history/nuclear-medicine/ |archive-date=30 September 2012 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anger, Hal}} Category:1920 births Category:2005 deaths Category:American biophysicists Category:American electrical engineers Category:20th-century American physicists Category:Engineers from Denver Category:Scientists from Denver Category:University of California, Berkeley staff Category:IEEE Centennial Medal laureates Category:20th-century American engineers Category:20th-century American inventors