{{Short description|Min Chinese dialects spoken on the island of Hainan}} {{About||the Hainanese people|Hainan people|the Kra-Dai languages|Hlai languages|and|Be language}} {{More citations needed|date=January 2015}}
{{Infobox language | name = Hainanese | altname = Qiongwen, Hainan Min | nativename = 海南話, ''Hhai3 nam2 ue1'', ''Hái-nâm-oe'' | pronunciation = {{IPA|[hai˨˩˧ nam˨˩ ue˨˧]}} (Haikou dialect) | states = [[China]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], [[Thailand]] | region = [[Hainan]] | ethnicity = [[Hainanese people|Hainanese]] ([[Han Chinese]] subgroup) | speakers = Around 5 million in China | date = 2002 | ref = <ref name="hou207">{{cite book | surname = Hou | given = Jingyi 侯精一 | title = Xiàndài Hànyǔ fāngyán gàilùn | script-title = zh:现代汉语方言概论 | trans-title = An Introduction to Modern Chinese Dialects | publisher = Shanghai Educational Press 上海教育出版社 | year = 2002 | pages= 207–208}}</ref> | familycolor = Sino-Tibetan | fam2 = [[Sinitic languages|Sinitic]] | fam3 = [[Chinese language|Chinese]] | fam4 = [[Min Chinese|Min]] | fam5 = [[Min Chinese#Coastal Min|Coastal Min]] | fam6 = [[Southern Min]]? | fam7 = Qiong–[[Leizhou Min|Lei]] | dia1 = [[Haikou dialect|Haikou]] | dia2 = [[Wenchang dialect|Wenchang]] | ancestor = [[Proto-Sino-Tibetan language|Proto-Sino-Tibetan]] | ancestor2 = [[Old Chinese]]{{efn|name=minClassification|Min is believed to have split from Old Chinese, rather than Middle Chinese like other varieties of Chinese.<ref>{{citation |last=Mei |first=Tsu-lin |author1-link=Mei Tsu-lin |title=Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone |journal=Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies |volume=30 |year=1970 |pages=86–110 |doi=10.2307/2718766 |jstor=2718766}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Pulleyblank |first=Edwin G. |author-link=Edwin G. Pulleyblank |title=Middle Chinese: A study in Historical Phonology |year=1984 |page=3 |location=Vancouver |publisher=University of British Columbia Press |isbn=978-0-7748-0192-8}}</ref><ref name="glottoMin">{{Cite journal |url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/minn1248 |title=Glottolog 4.8 - Min |date=2023-07-10 |access-date=2023-10-13 |website=[[Glottolog]] |last1=Hammarström |first1=Harald |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013171747/https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/minn1248 |archive-date=2023-10-13 |url-status=live |publisher=[[Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology]] |author-link=Harald Hammarström |last2=Forkel |first2=Robert |publication-place=[[Leipzig]] |doi=10.5281/zenodo.7398962 |last3=Haspelmath |first3=Martin |author-link3=Martin Haspelmath |last4=Bank |first4=Sebastian |doi-access=free}}</ref>}} | ancestor3 = [[Proto-Min]] | script = [[Chinese characters]]{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} [[Hainanese Transliteration Scheme|Hainanese Pinyin]] [[Bǽh-oe-tu]] | iso3 = hnm | glotto = hain1238 | glottorefname = Hainan | lingua = 79-AAA-k | map = Min dialect map.svg | mapcaption = {{legend|#9f60e0|Hainanese}} | map2 = Hainan_Dialect_Variation_Map.png | mapcaption2 = Varieties of the Hainanese spoken in Hainan. | notice = IPA }} {{Incubator|code=hnm}}
[[File:HainanBible1.gif|thumb|The [[Book of Genesis]] in ''Bǽh-oe-tu'', published by the Bible Society of Great Britain]]
'''Hainanese'''{{efn|or '''Hainamese''' ([[Hainan Romanised]]: ''Hái-nâm-oe'', [[Hainanese Transliteration Scheme|Hainanese Pinyin]]: ''Hhai3 nam2 ue1'', {{zh|t=海南話|s=海南话|p=Hǎinánhuà}}), also known as '''Kengbun/Kengvun''' ({{zh|t=瓊文話|s=琼文话}}), '''Keng language''' ({{Zh|c=|s=琼语|t=瓊語|labels=no}}) or '''Hainam Min''' ({{Zh|c=|s=海南闽语|t=海南閩語|labels=no}}) <ref>{{cite web |title=为新加坡琼属"寻根"的热心人——王振春 |url=http://www.hainan.gov.cn/hn/zjhn/dfts/dwjlyhz/hnqqqw/201504/t20150402_1542361.html |website=Hainan.gov |publisher=中新海南网 |access-date=22 March 2020 |language=zh |quote=他组织演出琼语话剧《海南四条街》，搬上新琼舞台，引起两地海南人的共鸣。 |archive-date=22 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322180304/http://www.hainan.gov.cn/hn/zjhn/dfts/dwjlyhz/hnqqqw/201504/t20150402_1542361.html }}</ref>}} is a [[Variety (linguistics)|variety]] of [[Min Chinese]] spoken in the [[island]] of [[Hainan]] and regional [[overseas Chinese]] communities.
In the classification by [[Yuan Jiahua]], it was added to the [[Southern Min]] group by him despite being [[mutually unintelligible]] with Southern Min varieties such as [[Hokkien]] and [[Teochew dialect|Teochew]].<ref>{{cite book | editor1-given = Gary F. | editor1-surname = Simons | editor2-given = Charles D. | editor2-surname = Fennig | title = Ethnologue: Languages of the World | location = Dallas, Texas | publisher = SIL International | edition = 20th | year = 2017 | at = Chinese, Min Nan }}</ref> In the classification of [[Li Rong (linguist)|Li Rong]], used by the ''[[Language Atlas of China]]'', it was treated as a separate Min subgroup.<ref>{{cite book | surname = Kurpaska | given = Maria | title = Chinese Language(s): A Look Through the Prism of "The Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects" | publisher = [[Walter de Gruyter]] | year = 2010 | isbn = 978-3-11-021914-2 | pages = 54–55, 86 }}</ref> Hou Jingyi combined it with [[Leizhou Min]], spoken on the [[Leizhou Peninsula]], in a Qiong–Lei group.<ref name="hou238">{{cite book | surname = Hou | given = Jingyi 侯精一 | title = Xiàndài Hànyǔ fāngyán gàilùn | script-title = zh:现代汉语方言概论 | trans-title = An Introduction to Modern Chinese Dialects | publisher = Shanghai Educational Press 上海教育出版社 | year = 2002 | page = 238 }}</ref> "Hainanese" is also used for the language of the [[Li people]] living in Hainan, but generally refers to Min varieties spoken in Hainan.
==Phonology== The phonologies of the different varieties of Hainanese are highly divergent,<ref name="Huang_2006">{{cite conference | given = Karen | surname = Huang | title = Contact-induced changes in the languages of Hainan | url = https://www.academia.edu/26164983 | book-title = Annual Student Conference of the College of Languages, Linguistics, and Literature | publisher = University of Hawaii | year= 2006 }}</ref> with the [[Wenchang dialect]] being the [[prestige dialect]], and often used as a reference.<ref name="wenchang_2015">"{{lang|zh-CN|其中文昌话语音清晰，影响较大，被视为海南话的标准语，是海南广播电台、电视台与社会使用的主要方言。}}" From {{Cite web |url=http://www.hnszw.org.cn/data/news/2015/04/77216/ |title=《文昌县志·第二十九编 社会习俗·第三章 方言》 |access-date=2023-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518073528/http://www.hnszw.org.cn/data/news/2015/04/77216/ |archive-date=2015-05-18 }}</ref>
===Consonants===
Below is a table for the consonants of Hainanese across the dialects of [[Wenchang dialect|Wenchang]], [[Haikou dialect|Haikou]] and the dialect of [[Dongfang, Hainan|Banqiao Town, in Dongfang]].<ref name="Huang_2006"/> For more information on a specific variety, please consult the relevant article.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:1em auto 1em auto" |- ! colspan=2| !! [[Labial consonant|Labial]] !! colspan=2| [[Dental consonant|Dental]] !! [[Alveolo-palatal consonant|Alveolo-<br/>palatal]] !! [[Velar consonant|Velar]] !! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]] |-
! rowspan=4| [[Plosive]] ! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}} | style="background-color:MintCream"|{{IPAslink|p}}{{efn-lr|name=fnBQ|Present in the [[Banqiao dialect]].}}<br/>{{lang|zh-Hans|爸}} pa || colspan=2| {{IPAslink|t}}<br/>{{lang|zh-Hans|洗}} toi || || {{IPAslink|k}}<br/>{{lang|zh-Hans|公}} kong|| {{IPAslink|ʔ}}<br/>{{lang|zh-CN|啊}} a |- ! {{small|[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]}} | {{IPAslink|pʰ}}{{efn-lr|name=fnBQ}}{{efn-lr|name=fnHaikou}}<br/>{{lang|zh-Hans|婆}} pho|| colspan=2 style="background-color:MintCream"| {{IPAslink|tʰ}}{{efn-lr|name=fnBQ}}<br/> || || {{IPAslink|kʰ}}{{efn-lr|name=fnBQ}}{{efn-lr|name=fnHaikou}}<br/>{{lang|zh-Hans|去}} khu|| |- ! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}} | style="background-color:AliceBlue"| {{IPAslink|b}}{{efn-lr|name=fnWCh1|Present in the [[Wenchang dialect]], where there is a phonemic distinction between voiced and implosive stop consonants.}}<br/> || colspan=2 style="background-color:AliceBlue"|{{IPAslink|d}}{{efn-lr|name=fnWCh1}}<br/> || || style="background-color:AliceBlue"|{{IPAslink|g}}{{efn-lr|name=fnWCh2}}<br/>{{lang|zh-Hans|我}} gua|| |- ! {{small|[[implosive consonant|implosive]]}} | {{IPAslink|ɓ}}{{efn-lr|name=fnWCh1}}{{efn-lr|name=fnHaikou|Present in the [[Haikou dialect]].}}<br/>{{lang|zh-Hans|北}} ɓak|| colspan=2|{{IPAslink|ɗ}}{{efn-lr|name=fnWCh1}}{{efn-lr|name=fnHaikou}}<br/>{{lang|zh-Hans|茶}} ɗei || || ({{IPAslink|ɠ}}){{efn-lr|name=Amritas|Not usually transcribed as /ɠ/, and not phonemically distinct from /g/ in the [[Wenchang dialect]] or from /ŋ/ in other Hainanese varieties.<ref>{{cite web |title=Amaravati: Abode of Amritas: 08.6.20.23:50: HAINANESE 缩气音 'SHRUNKEN BREATH SOUNDS' |url=http://www.amritas.com/080621.htm |website=www.amritas.com |quote=*Xu and Yang regard [g] (their ''gz'') as an implosive, but it sounds like a regular [g] to me. I presume Li Fang-kuei also heard a regular [g], as he only reported two implosives in Haina[n]ese: [ɓ ɗ].}}</ref>}}<br/>|| |- ! rowspan=3|[[Affricate]] ! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}} | || ||{{IPAslink|ts}}{{efn-lr|name=fnBQ}}{{efn-lr|name=fnHaikou}}|| style="background-color:AliceBlue"|{{IPAslink|tɕ}}{{efn-lr|name=fnWCh2|Present in the [[Wenchang dialect]].}}<br/>{{lang|zh-Hans|食}} tsia || || |- ! {{small|[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]}} | || || style="background-color:MintCream"|{{IPAslink|tsʰ}}{{efn-lr|name=fnBQ}}|| || || |- ! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}} | || ||style="background-color:MintCream"|{{IPAslink|dz}}{{efn-lr|name=fnBQ}}<br/>|| style="background-color:AliceBlue"|{{IPAslink|dʑ}}{{efn-lr|name=fnWCh2}}<br/>{{lang|zh-Hans|日}} jit || || |- ! rowspan=2| [[Fricative]] ! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}} | style="background-color:AliceBlue"|{{IPAslink|ɸ}}{{efn-lr|name=fnWCh2}}<br/>{{lang|zh-Hans|皮}} fi|| style="background-color:MintCream"|{{IPAslink|θ}}{{efn-lr|name=fnBQ}}<br/> || {{IPAslink|s}}<br/>{{lang|zh-Hans|事}} sei||{{IPAslink|ɕ}}{{efn-lr|name=fnWCh2}}{{efn-lr|name=fnHaikou}}|| {{IPAslink|x}}<br/>|| {{IPAslink|h}}<br/>{{lang|zh-Hans|海}} hai |- ! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}} | {{IPAslink|v}}{{efn-lr|name=fnBQ}}{{efn-lr|name=fnHaikou}}<br/>{{lang|zh-Hans|文}} vun|| || style="background-color:Seashell"| {{IPAslink|z}}{{efn-lr|name=fnHaikou}}<br/>{{lang|zh-Hans|欲}} zok || || || style="background-color:AliceBlue"|{{IPAslink|ɦ}}{{efn-lr|name=fnWCh2}} |- ! colspan=2| [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]] | {{IPAslink|m}}<br/>{{lang|zh-Hans|目}} mak|| colspan=2|{{IPAslink|n}}<br/>{{lang|zh-Hans|念}} niam || || {{IPAslink|ŋ}}<br/>{{lang|zh-Hans|乐}} ngak|| |- ! colspan=2| [[Approximant]] | style="background-color:AliceBlue"|{{IPAslink|w}}{{efn-lr|name=fnWCh2}}<br/>{{lang|zh-Hans|发}} wat|| colspan=2| {{IPAslink|l}}<br/>{{lang|zh-Hans|老}} lao || style="background-color:AliceBlue"|{{IPAslink|j}}{{efn-lr|name=fnWCh2}}<br/>{{lang|zh-Hans|肉}} yok|| || |}
{{notelist|group=lower-roman}}
Many of the most widely spoken varieties of Hainanese notably have a series of [[implosive consonant]]s, {{IPA|/ɓ/}} and {{IPA|/ɗ/}}, which were acquired through contact with surrounding languages, probably [[Hlai language|Hlai]]. However, more conservative varieties of Hainanese such as Banqiao remain closer to Leizhou Peninsula Min and other varieties, lack them.<ref name="Huang_2006"/>
The consonant system of Hainanese corresponds well with that of [[Leizhou Min|Leizhou Peninsula Min]], but it has had some restructuring. In particular:<ref name="Huang_2006"/> * Etymological ''plain'' stops have undergone implosivization (*p > {{IPA|[ɓ]}}, *t > {{IPA|[ɗ]}}) in the more innovative varieties such as Wenchang and Haikou. * Etymological ''aspirated'' stops have [[lenition|spirantized]] (*pʰ > {{IPA|[ɸ]}}, *tʰ > {{IPA|[h]}}, *tsʰ > {{IPA|[ɕ]}}, *kʰ > {{IPA|[h~x]}}) in more innovative varieties. * The [[lenition]] of an historic *b into {{IPA|[v]}} in Banqiao and Haikou, though not in Wenchang. * Former *s has hardened into a stop (*s > {{IPA|[t]}}), although in the more conservative Banqiao dialect some instances have only undergone fortition to (*s > {{IPA|[θ]}}), and others have remained {{IPA|[s]}}. * Former *h has become {{IPA|[ɦ]}} in Wenchang.
Additionally, {{IPA|[ʑ]}} is an allophone of {{IPA|/j/}}.
These changes also make Hainanese fairly close to [[Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary]].
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:1em auto 1em auto" ! English meaning !! Hainamese !! [[Standard Chinese]] !! [[Taiwanese Hokkien]] |- | eye || mak || jɛn || bak tsiu |- | sticky || niam || niɛn || liam |- | low || ɗɔi || ti || te |}
===Vowels===
Hainanese has seven phonemic vowels.{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}} {| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center |- ! !! [[Front vowel|Front]] !! [[Central vowel|Central]] !! [[Back vowel|Back]] |- ! [[Close vowel|Close]] | {{IPAslink|i}} || || {{IPAslink|u}} |- ! [[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]] | {{IPAslink|e}} || || {{IPAslink|o}} |- ! [[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]] | {{IPAslink|ɛ}} || || {{IPAslink|ɔ}} |- ! [[Open vowel|Open]] | || {{IPAslink|a}} || |}
===Tones===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:1em auto 1em auto" |+ Tone chart of the Hainan dialect |- ! Tone number !! [[Tone name]] !! [[Tone contour]] !! Example |- ! 1 | yin ping ({{lang|zh-Hans|阴平}})|| {{IPA|˨˦}} (24) || {{lang|zh-Hans|诗}} |- ! 2 | yang ping ({{lang|zh-Hans|阳平}})|| {{IPA|˨˩}} (21) || {{lang|zh-Hans|时}} |- ! 3 | yin shang ({{lang|zh-Hans|阴上}})|| {{IPA|˨˩˩}} (211) || {{lang|zh-Hans|死}} |- ! 4 | yin qu ({{lang|zh-Hans|阴去}})|| {{IPA|˧˥}} (35) || {{lang|zh-Hans|四}} |- ! 5 | yang qu ({{lang|zh-Hans|阳去}})|| {{IPA|˧}} (33) || {{lang|zh-Hans|是}} |- ! 6 | yin ru ({{lang|zh-Hans|阴入}})|| {{IPA|˥}} (5) || {{lang|zh-Hans|失}} |- ! 7 | yang ru ({{lang|zh-Hans|阳入}})|| {{IPA|˧}} (3) || {{lang|zh-Hans|实}} |- ! 8 | chang ru ({{lang|zh-Hans|长入}})|| {{IPA|˥}} (55) || {{lang|zh-Hans|视}} |}
==Romanization== ===Hainanese Pinyin=== {{Main|Hainanese Transliteration Scheme}}
{{Distinguish|text=[[Hainan Romanized]]}} Hainanese Pinyin ({{lang|zh-Hans|海南话拼音方案}}) is a phonetic system announced by the Education Administration Department of Guangdong Province in September 1960. It marks tones with numbers.
====Initials==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center |- ! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! [[Hainanese Transliteration Scheme|Hainanese Pinyin]] !! [[Bǽh-oe-tu]] !! Example |- | {{IPAslink|ɓ}} || b || b || {{lang|zh-Hans|北}} |- | {{IPAslink|p}} || b || p || {{lang|zh-Hans|波}} |- | {{IPAslink|pʰ}} || p || ph || {{lang|zh-Hans|坡}} |- | {{IPAslink|ɸ}} || p || f || {{lang|zh-Hans|皮}} |- | {{IPAslink|m}} || m || m || {{lang|zh-Hans|摩}} |- | {{IPAslink|b}} || v || b || ? |- | {{IPAslink|v}} || v || v || {{lang|zh-Hans|无}} |- | {{IPAslink|t}} || d || t || {{lang|zh-Hans|装}} |- | {{IPAslink|ɗ}} || dd || d || {{lang|zh-Hans|刀}} |- | {{IPAslink|n}} || n || n || {{lang|zh-Hans|挪}} |- | {{IPAslink|l}} || l || l || {{lang|zh-Hans|罗}} |- | {{IPAslink|k}} || g || k || {{lang|zh-Hans|哥}} |- | {{IPAslink|ŋ}} || ng || g || {{lang|zh-Hans|俄}} |- | {{IPAslink|x}} || h || kh || {{lang|zh-Hans|可}} |- | {{IPAslink|h}} || hh || h || {{lang|zh-Hans|号}} |- | {{IPAslink|ɠ}} || gh || g || {{lang|zh-Hans|我}} |- | {{IPAslink|ts}} || z || c || {{lang|zh-Hans|支}} |- | {{IPAslink|s}} || s || s || {{lang|zh-Hans|妻}} |- | {{IPAslink|z}} || y || j || {{lang|zh-Hans|余}} |- |}
====Finals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; |- ! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! [[Hainanese Transliteration Scheme|Hainanese Pinyin]] !! [[Bǽh-oe-tu]] !! Example |- | {{IPAslink|a}} || a || a || {{lang|zh-Hans|亚}} |- | {{IPAslink|o}} || o || o || {{lang|zh-Hans|荷}} |- | {{IPAslink|ɛ}} || e || e || {{lang|zh-Hans|摩}} |- | {{IPAslink|i}} || i || i || {{lang|zh-Hans|医}} |- | {{IPAslink|u}} || u || u || {{lang|zh-Hans|呜}} |- | ai || ai || ai || {{lang|zh-Hans|哀}} |- | ɔi || oi || oi || {{lang|zh-Hans|鞋}} |- | au || ao || au || {{lang|zh-Hans|喉}} |- | ia || ia || ia || {{lang|zh-Hans|也}} |- | iɔ || io || io || {{lang|zh-Hans|腰}} |- | ua || ua || oa || {{lang|zh-Hans|换}} |- | ue || ue || oe || {{lang|zh-Hans|话}} |- | ui || ui || oi || {{lang|zh-Hans|威}} |- | uai || uai || oai || {{lang|zh-Hans|坏}} |- | ɔu || ou || ou || {{lang|zh-Hans|黑}} |- | iu || iu || iu || {{lang|zh-Hans|柚}} |- | iau || iao || iau || {{lang|zh-Hans|妖}} |- | iam || iam || iam || {{lang|zh-Hans|厌}} |- | im || im || im || {{lang|zh-Hans|音}} |- | am || am || am || {{lang|zh-Hans|暗}} |- | an || an || an || {{lang|zh-Hans|安}} |- | in || in || in || {{lang|zh-Hans|烟}} |- | un || un || un || {{lang|zh-Hans|温}} |- | uan || uan || oan || {{lang|zh-Hans|弯}} |- | aŋ || ang || ag || {{lang|zh-Hans|红}} |- | eŋ || eng || eg || {{lang|zh-Hans|英}} |- | ɔŋ || ong || og || {{lang|zh-Hans|翁}} |- | iaŋ || iang || iag || {{lang|zh-Hans|央}} |- | uaŋ || uang || oag || {{lang|zh-Hans|汪}} |- | iɔŋ || iong || iog || {{lang|zh-Hans|匈}} |- | ip || ib || ib || {{lang|zh-Hans|邑}} |- | iap || iab || iab || {{lang|zh-Hans|协}} |- | at || ad || at || {{lang|zh-Hans|遏}} |- | it || id || it || {{lang|zh-Hans|乙}} |- | ut || ud || ut || {{lang|zh-Hans|核}} |- | uat || uad || oat || {{lang|zh-Hans|挖}} |- | ak || ag || ak || {{lang|zh-Hans|鹤}} |- | ek || eg || ek || {{lang|zh-Hans|益}} |- | ok || og || ok || {{lang|zh-Hans|喔}} |- | iok || iog || iok || {{lang|zh-Hans|育}} |- | uak || uag || oak || {{lang|zh-Hans|廓}} |- | -ʔ || -h || -h || {{lang|zh-Hans|不}} |}
==Grammar==
Hainanese is known for having ''post-verbal'' locative prepositional phrases,<ref name="ZengKwok2024" /> as opposed to having such phrases in the pre-verbal position, as is common in most other varieties of Chinese. For example:
{{fs interlinear|lang=hnm|indent=3 |{{zhi|c=伊}} {{zhi|c=大聲}} {{zhi|c=啼}} {{zhi|c=佇}} {{zhi|c=房裡}} |{{IPA|ʔi24}} {{IPA|ɗua24 tia24}} {{IPA|hi21}} {{IPA|ɗu33}} {{IPA|ɓaŋ21-lɛ33}} |{{gcl|3SG}} loudly cry in room-{{gcl|LOC}} |He was crying loudly in the room. |c2=(Haikou) }}
This has been attributed to contact with the [[Kra–Dai languages]] of Hainan, such as [[Hlai language|Hlai]] and [[Be language|Be]].<ref name="ZengKwok2024">{{cite journal |last1=曾 [Zeng] |first1=綉薇 [Xiuwei] |last2=郭 [Kwok] |first2=必之 [Bit-chee] |title=從海南閩語動詞後的{在}類介詞短語看語言接觸中的句法借移 |journal=Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale |date=6 August 2024 |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=60–96 |doi=10.1163/19606028-bja10043 |access-date=16 April 2025 |language=zh |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/clao/54/1/article-p60_2.xml|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
==See also==
*[[Hainanese people]]
==Notes== {{notelist}}
==References== {{reflist}}
==Further reading== * {{cite thesis | title = Comparative Min phonology | last = Chang | first = Kuang-yu | publisher = University of California, Berkeley | type = PhD thesis | year = 1986 }} * {{cite book | title = Hǎikǒu fāngyán cídiǎn | script-title = zh:海口方言詞典 | trans-title = Haikou dialect dictionary | surname = Chen | given = Hongmai | location = Nanjing | publisher = [[Jiangsu Education Press]] | year = 1996 | series = [[Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects]] | volume = 16 | isbn = 978-7-5343-2886-2 }} * {{cite conference | given = Karen | surname = Huang | title = Contact-induced changes in the languages of Hainan | url = https://www.academia.edu/26164983 | book-title = Annual Student Conference of the College of Languages, Linguistics, and Literature | publisher = University of Hawaii }} * {{cite journal | title = The role of language strata in language evolution: three Hainan Min dialects | surname = Kwok | given = Bit-chee | journal = Journal of Chinese Linguistics | year = 2006 | volume = 34 | number = 2 | pages = 201–291 | jstor = 23754124 }} *[[Marc Miyake|Miyake, Marc]]. 2008. [http://www.amritas.com/080621.htm Hainanese articles]. *[[Marc Miyake|Miyake, Marc]]. 2008. [http://www.amritas.com/080628.htm#06220515 Hainanese -om and -op]. * {{cite thesis | title = The Kienyang Dialect of Fukien | given = Jerry Lee | surname = Norman | author-link = Jerry Norman (sinologist) | publisher = University of California, Berkeley | type = PhD thesis | year = 1969 }} includes a description of the phonology of the [[Ding'an County|Ding'an]] dialect. * {{cite journal | title = Linguistic Contact in Ancient South China: The Case of Hainan Chinese, Be, and Vietnamese | first = David B. | last = Solnit | journal = Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society | volume = 8 | year = 1982 | pages = 219–230 | doi = 10.3765/bls.v8i0.2041 | doi-access = free}} * {{cite journal | title = A synchronic phonology of Hainan dialect: Part I | surname = Woon | given = Wee-Lee | journal = Journal of Chinese Linguistics | year = 1979a | volume = 7 | number = 1 | pages = 65–100 | jstor = 23753034 }} describes [[Wenchang dialect]]. * {{cite journal | title = A synchronic phonology of Hainan dialect: Part II | surname = Woon | given = Wee-Lee | journal = Journal of Chinese Linguistics | year = 1979b | volume = 7 | number = 2 | pages = 268–302 | jstor = 23752923 }} * {{cite book | given = Margaret Mian | surname = Yan | title = Introduction to Chinese Dialectology | publisher = LINCOM Europa | year = 2006 | isbn = 978-3-89586-629-6 }}
==External links== {{Commons category|Hainanese language}} {{Wikivoyage|Hainanese phrasebook|Hainanese|a phrasebook}} * [http://www.hainanese.net/ Learn hainanese] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701153653/http://www.hainanese.net/ |date=2018-07-01 }} {{Sino-Tibetan languages}} {{Min Chinese}} {{Chinese language}}
[[Category:Hainan Min]]