Haikou

{{Short description|Prefecture-level city in Hainan, People's Republic of China}} {{other uses}} {{Distinguish|Haiku|text=[[haiku]], a traditional Japanese form of poetry}} {{Distinguish|Https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haikouichthys|text=Haikouichthys, a type of early fish}}

{{Infobox settlement  | name = Haikou | official_name = City of Haikou | native_name = 海口市 | native_name_lang = zh | other_name = Hoihow | nickname = Coconut City ({{lang|zh|椰城}}) | settlement_type = [[Prefecture-level city]] | total_type =  | motto =  | image_skyline = Haikou montage - 03.jpg | image_size = 250px | image_caption = Top: Panoramic view of Haikou from Xixiu Beach, Middle from left: A facade building in Zhongshan Road in Qiongshan District, Hainan Performance of Art Center, [[Haikou Century Bridge]] and [[Nandu River]], Bottom: Haikou People's Park in Lonhua District | image_seal = | seal_size = 120px | image_shield = | shield_size = | image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_type = | blank_emblem_size = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 8 | mapframe-point = none | mapsize1 = | map_caption1 = Location of Haikou City jurisdiction in Hainan | image_dot_map = | dot_mapsize = | dot_map_caption = | dot_x = | dot_y = | pushpin_map = Hainan | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_caption = Location of the city centre in Hainan | pushpin_mapsize =  | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = [[China]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of China|Province]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Hainan]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | seat_type = | seat = | parts_type = | parts_style =  | parts =  | p1 = | p2 =  | government_footnotes = | government_type = [[Prefecture-level city]] | governing_body = [[Haikou Municipal People's Congress]] | leader_title = [[Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary|CCP Committee Secretary]] | leader_name = Ding Hui ''Acting'' | leader_title1 = [[Haikou Municipal People's Congress|Congress]] Chairman | leader_name1 = Han Yingwei | leader_title2 = [[Mayor]] | leader_name2 = Ding Hui | leader_title3 = [[Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference|CPPCC]] Chairman | leader_name3 = Guo Yanhong | established_title =  | established_date = | established_title1 =  | established_date1 = | established_title2 =  | established_date2 = | established_title3 = | established_date3 = | founder = | named_for =  | area_magnitude =  | unit_pref =  | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 2237 | area_land_km2 =  | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_metro_km2 = 2280 | area_blank1_title = | area_blank1_km2 =  | elevation_footnotes =  | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = | elevation_max_m = | elevation_min_m =  | population_as_of = 2020 Census | population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |author1=海南省统计局海南省第七次全国人口普查领导小组办公室 |title=海南省第七次全国人口普查公报（第二号） |url=http://stats.hainan.gov.cn/tjj/ywdt/xwfb/202105/t20210512_2977770.html |website=海南省统计局 |accessdate=2023-01-01}}</ref> | population_note = | population_total = 3001600 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_metro = 2046189 | population_density_metro_km2 = auto | area_urban_km2 = 427 | area_urban_footnotes =  (2018)<ref name="demographia1">{{Cite book|url=http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf|title=Demographia World Urban Areas. 14th Annual Edition|last=Cox|first=W|publisher=Demographia|year=2018|location=St. Louis|pages=22}}</ref> | population_urban = 2,250,000 | population_urban_footnotes =  (2018)<ref name="demographia1" /> | population_density_urban_km2 = auto | population_blank1_title = | population_blank1 = | population_density_blank1_km2 = | demographics_type2 = GDP<ref>{{cite book |author=海南省统计局、国家统计局海南调查总队 |title=《海南统计年鉴－2022》 |date=November 2022 |publisher=[[China Statistics Press]] |isbn=978-7-5037-7838-4 |url=http://stats.hainan.gov.cn/tjj/tjsu/ |access-date=2023-03-19}}</ref> | demographics2_title1 = [[Prefecture-level city]] | demographics2_info1 = [[CN¥]] 235.8 billion [[US$]] 33.4 billion | demographics2_title2 = Per capita | demographics2_info2 = CN¥ 80,837 US$ 11,408 | timezone = [[China Standard Time|China Standard]] | utc_offset = +08:00 | coor_pinpoint = Hainan People's Government | coordinates = {{coord|20.0186|N|110.3488|E|type:adm2nd_region:CN-46_source:gaode|format=dms|display=it}} | postal_code_type = [[Postal code of China|Postal code]] | postal_code = 570000 | area_code = 898 | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:CN|CN-HI-01]] | website = {{URL|https://www.haikou.gov.cn|haikou.gov.cn}} | footnotes = }} {{Infobox Chinese | pic = Haikou name.svg | piccap = "Haikou", as written in Chinese | picsize = 120px | c = {{linktext|lang=zh|海口}} | p = Hǎikǒu | psp = Hoihow | l = Mouth of the sea | j = hoi2hau2 | poj = Hái-kháu | hain = Hái-khāu }}

'''Haikou'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|h|ai|.|'|k|ou}};<ref>{{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Haikou |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519035754/https://www.lexico.com/definition/Haikou |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 19, 2021 |title=Haikou |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> {{lang-zh|s={{linktext|海口}} |p=Hǎikǒu}}; [[Chinese postal romanization|formerly romanized as]] '''Hoihow'''}} is the [[capital city|capital]] and most populous city of the Chinese province of [[Hainan]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Illuminating China's Provinces, Municipalities and Autonomous Regions|url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/43578.htm|publisher=PRC Central Government Official Website|access-date=2014-05-17}}</ref> Haikou city is situated on the northern coast of Hainan, by the mouth of the [[Nandu River]]. The northern part of the city is on the [[Haidian Island]], which is separated from the main part of Haikou by the [[Haidian River]], a branch of the Nandu. Administratively, Haikou is a [[prefecture-level city]], comprising four districts, and covering {{convert|2280|km2}}. There are 2,046,189 inhabitants in the built-up area, all living within the four urban districts of the city.<ref name="census2010">{{cite web|script-title=zh:海口市2010第六次人口普查主要数据公报|url=http://www.haikou.gov.cn/xxgk/szfbjxxgk/tjxx/tjgb/201212/t20121224_559323.html|website=Haikou People's Government|publisher=Haikou Municipal Bureau of Statistics|access-date=23 July 2015|language=zh|date=11 May 2011|archive-date=26 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126061948/http://www.haikou.gov.cn/xxgk/szfbjxxgk/tjxx/tjgb/201212/t20121224_559323.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Haikou was originally a port city, serving as the port for [[Qiongshan District|Qiongshan]]. During the [[Chinese Civil War]], Haikou was one of the last [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Nationalist]] strongholds to be taken by the [[Communist Party of China|Communists]] with the [[Battle of Hainan Island]] in 1950. Currently, more than half of the island's total trade still goes through Haikou's ports with the [[Temple of the Five Lords]] located to the southeast of the city.

The city is home to [[Hainan University]], a comprehensive [[research university]] under the [[Project 211]] and the [[Double First Class University Plan]] in certain disciplines,<ref name="Chinese Department of Education">{{Cite web|script-title=zh:教育部财政部国家发展改革委关于公布世界一流大学和一流学科建设高校及建设学科名单的通知|trans-title=Notice from the Ministry of Education and other national governmental departments announcing the list of double first class universities and disciplines|url=http://www.moe.gov.cn/srcsite/A22/moe_843/201709/t20170921_314942.html|publisher=[[Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China]]|language=zh}}</ref> which has its main campus on [[Haidian Island]].

==History==

Haikou's Qilou Old Street (骑楼老街) features arcaded buildings blending Southern Chinese and colonial styles, reflecting its history as a treaty port.<ref>{{cite web |title=Haikou: Historical and Cultural City |url=http://en.hainan.gov.cn/englishgovernment/AboutHai/202105/t20210524_2987142.html |website=Hainan Provincial Government |date=2021-05-24 |access-date=2024-11-29}}</ref>

The [[Chinese characters|hanzi]] characters comprising the city's name, {{lang|zh|{{linktext|海口}}}}, mean ''ocean''/''sea'' and ''mouth''/''port'', respectively. Thus, the name "Haikou" is also a word for "seaport" – similar to [[Portsmouth]] in Britain.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}} Haikou originally served as the port for [[Qiongshan]], the ancient administrative capital of Hainan island, located some {{Convert|5|km|abbr=on}} inland to the south east. During its early history Haikou was a part of [[Guangdong]] province. In the 13th century it was fortified and became a military post under the [[Ming dynasty]] (1368–1644). The port is located west of the mouth of the [[Nandu River]], Hainan's principal river. When Qiongshan was opened to foreign trade under the [[Treaty of Tianjin]] in 1858, Haikou started to rival the old administrative city. It was formerly known internationally as 'Hoihow', based on the Cantonese pronunciation by the [[British Raj]] officers. In 1926, Haikou overtook Qiongshan in population and it was declared a separate administrative city.

The city and island of Hainan stayed under the control of the Nationalists until April 1950, when it fell to the Communists during the [[Battle of Hainan Island|Landing Operation on Hainan Island]].

Since 1949, Haikou has maintained its position as Hainan's main port, handling more than half of the island's total trade. It has replaced Qiongshan as the island's administrative capital. In 1988, Haikou was made a [[prefecture-level city]] as well as the capital of the newly created Hainan Province.

Haikou old town contains a small portion of the oldest buildings in Haikou city that returnees from overseas built. The houses are a mixture of styles, including [[Portugal|Portuguese]], [[France|French]], and Southeast Asian. The streets used to be divided into different areas selling Chinese and Western medicine, for [[silk]] and [[bespoke]] clothes, one for fresh fish and meat, and others for the sale of incense, candles, paper, ink, and other goods.

Various projects are currently under discussion to decide the best way to restore and preserve these historical buildings.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}

==Geography== [[File:Haikou city map - 01.png|thumb|right|Haikou city map]] Haikou is situated on the north coast of Hainan Island, by [[Haikou Bay]], facing the [[Leizhou Peninsula]] across the [[Qiongzhou Strait]] that stretches west from [[Beibu Bay]] near [[Vietnam]] to the [[James Shoal]] bordering the [[South China Sea]] to the west. Most of the city is almost completely flat and only a few metres above sea level. It has an area of {{Convert|2,304.84|km2|abbr=on}}.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.haikou.gov.cn/zlhk/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=33602|title=Geography of Haikou|publisher=Official website of Haikou government|date=2008-04-01|access-date=2008-06-11|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206225318/http://www.haikou.gov.cn/zlhk/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=33602|archive-date=2009-02-06|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Meishe River]] winds through the east side of the city flowing northward to the [[Haidian River]].

The northern part of Haikou City, the district of [[Haidian Island]], is separated from the main part of Haikou by the Haidian River, a tributary of the [[Nandu River]]. The district is accessed by one of four bridges, the largest being [[Haikou Century Bridge]], which connects the Guomao district with Haidian Island at the estuary of the Haidian River. From east to west the remaining three road connections are provided by the Renmin, Heping and Xinbu Bridges.

Directly to the northeast of Haikou and to the east of Haidian Island is [[Xinbu Island]].

===Climate=== {{Further|Hainan#Annual fog}} Haikou is on the northern [[tropical zone]], and is part of the [[Intertropical Convergence Zone]]. April to October is the active period for tropical storms and typhoons, most of which occur between August and September. May to October is the rainy season with the heaviest rainfall occurring in September. The city has a [[tropical wet and dry climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Aw''). Extremes since 1951 have ranged from {{convert|2.8|°C|0}} on 12 January 1955 to {{convert|41.3|°C|0}} on 30 April 2024.

{{Weather box | location = Haikou, elevation {{convert|64|m|ft|abbr=on}}, (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present) | metric first = Y | single line = Y | collapsed = Y | Jan high C = 21.3 | Feb high C = 23.0 | Mar high C = 26.6 | Apr high C = 30.2 | May high C = 32.5 | Jun high C = 33.6 | Jul high C = 33.4 | Aug high C = 32.5 | Sep high C = 31.1 | Oct high C = 28.9 | Nov high C = 26.1 | Dec high C = 22.4 | Jan mean C = 18.2 | Feb mean C = 19.3 | Mar mean C = 22.4 | Apr mean C = 25.6 | May mean C = 27.9 | Jun mean C = 28.9 | Jul mean C = 28.9 | Aug mean C = 28.3 | Sep mean C = 27.6 | Oct mean C = 25.9 | Nov mean C = 23.2 | Dec mean C = 19.6 | year mean C = | Jan low C = 16.1 | Feb low C = 17.1 | Mar low C = 19.9 | Apr low C = 22.9 | May low C = 25.0 | Jun low C = 25.9 | Jul low C = 25.8 | Aug low C = 25.6 | Sep low C = 25.0 | Oct low C = 23.5 | Nov low C = 21.1 | Dec low C = 17.7 | Jan record high C = 33.5 | Feb record high C = 37.2 | Mar record high C = 38.4 | Apr record high C = 41.3 | May record high C = 39.2 | Jun record high C = 38.4 | Jul record high C = 38.7 | Aug record high C = 37.6 | Sep record high C = 36.0 | Oct record high C = 34.5 | Nov record high C = 34.7 | Dec record high C = 31.5 | Jan record low C = 2.8 | Feb record low C = 6.5 | Mar record low C = 6.4 | Apr record low C = 9.8 | May record low C = 16.3 | Jun record low C = 21.2 | Jul record low C = 21.0 | Aug record low C = 21.7 | Sep record low C = 17.5 | Oct record low C = 14.1 | Nov record low C = 10.0 | Dec record low C = 5.3 | precipitation colour = green | Jan precipitation mm = 23.5 | Feb precipitation mm = 29.9 | Mar precipitation mm = 42.9 | Apr precipitation mm = 80.0 | May precipitation mm = 191.4 | Jun precipitation mm = 238.9 | Jul precipitation mm = 247.6 | Aug precipitation mm = 293.0 | Sep precipitation mm = 268.8 | Oct precipitation mm = 274.1 | Nov precipitation mm = 59.6 | Dec precipitation mm = 38.3 | Jan humidity = 85 | Feb humidity = 86 | Mar humidity = 84 | Apr humidity = 82 | May humidity = 81 | Jun humidity = 80 | Jul humidity = 80 | Aug humidity = 82 | Sep humidity = 82 | Oct humidity = 79 | Nov humidity = 80 | Dec humidity = 80 | unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm | Jan precipitation days = 8.6 | Feb precipitation days = 9.1 | Mar precipitation days = 9.6 | Apr precipitation days = 10.3 | May precipitation days = 15.2 | Jun precipitation days = 16.5 | Jul precipitation days = 16.3 | Aug precipitation days = 15.6 | Sep precipitation days = 14.1 | Oct precipitation days = 11.4 | Nov precipitation days = 8.4 | Dec precipitation days = 8.3 | year precipitation days = | Jan sun = 91.5 | Feb sun = 97.0 | Mar sun = 128.5 | Apr sun = 160.4 | May sun = 208.5 | Jun sun = 211.7 | Jul sun = 230.6 | Aug sun = 210.0 | Sep sun = 174.5 | Oct sun = 165.7 | Nov sun = 121.0 | Dec sun = 95.5 | year sun = | Jan percentsun = 27 | Feb percentsun = 30 | Mar percentsun = 34 | Apr percentsun = 42 | May percentsun = 51 | Jun percentsun = 53 | Jul percentsun = 57 | Aug percentsun = 53 | Sep percentsun = 48 | Oct percentsun = 46 | Nov percentsun = 36 | Dec percentsun = 28 | year percentsun = | source 1 = China Meteorological Administration<ref name="cma graphical">{{cite web|url=http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网 - WeatherBk Data |publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |language = zh-cn |access-date=2020-04-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://cdc.cma.gov.cn/dataSetLogger.do?changeFlag=dataLogger |title=无标题文档 |access-date=2020-04-22 |archive-date=2014-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140710164442/http://cdc.cma.gov.cn/dataSetLogger.do?changeFlag=dataLogger |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = Experience Template |url=https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps |script-title = zh:CMA台站气候标准值(1991-2020) |publisher = [[China Meteorological Administration]] | language = zh | access-date = 2023-04-11}}</ref><ref name="CMA old"> {{cite web|url=http://old-cdc.cma.gov.cn/shuju/search1.jsp?dsid=SURF_CLI_CHN_MUL_MMON_19712000_CES&tpcat=SURF&type=table&pageid=3 |script-title=zh:中国地面国际交换站气候标准值月值数据集（1971－2000年）|publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |access-date=2010-05-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055035/http://old-cdc.cma.gov.cn/shuju/search1.jsp?dsid=SURF_CLI_CHN_MUL_MMON_19712000_CES&tpcat=SURF&type=table&pageid=3 |archive-date=2013-09-21 }}</ref> all-time extreme temperature<ref name = Mherrera>{{cite web |url= http://www.mherrera.org/temp.htm |title= Extreme Temperatures Around the World |access-date= 2013-02-21 }}</ref>all-time August record<ref>{{cite web|url=https://weibo.com/1920136013/PEi8B9y9r |script-title=zh:【高温】今天重庆四川包揽高温榜前十，重庆巫溪44.2℃不仅拿下今天全国第一，也打破当地观测史最高纪录。今天重庆四川陕西湖北海南云南有13站打破8月最高气温纪录，海口37.6℃也在列。除了重庆巫溪，四川苍溪41℃、湖北孝感39.5℃、陕西留坝37.8℃，共4站打破观测史最高气温纪录。今天12个省会首府直辖市出现高温，海口和重庆沙坪坝创出今年气温新高。通常重庆最热在8月，这个不意外。海口最热往往是4-5月，今年最高气温落在8月，也是相当少见。今天郑州拿下第47个高温日，打破全年最多纪录。明天高温依然处于鼎盛阶段，但6-7日随着冷空气南下，降雨发展，高温缩减。明天四川东部、重庆一带，还是40℃的核心高温区。重庆沙坪坝报出41℃。之后重庆的连续40℃可能暂时告一段落，到了11日重庆都有机会退出高温区。而未来高温最持久的可能是海口。又连续报出7天，这样在8月的连续高温不多见。8日以后两广一带随着降雨减少，广州和南宁的高温会增多。 |publisher=weatherman_信欣 on [[Weibo]] |language = zh-hans | access-date =4 August 2025 |title=Sina Visitor System }}</ref>all-time March record<ref>{{cite web|url=https://weibo.com/1920136013/QyFNsDsV6 |script-title=zh:【气温】今天海南站点占据了高温榜前十中的九个席位，澄迈40.2℃，成为今年我国首个上40℃的国家气象站。包括澄迈在内，今天海南有7个站点打破3月下旬最高气温纪录，其中有4站打破3月最高气温，比如琼山38.6℃、定安38.5℃、海就38.4℃、琼海36.3℃。琼海也是首次在3月出现高温（但不是最早的高温，1979年2月24日有过35℃，为最早高温日）。明天会有冷空气南下，海南的高温强度会缩减。但之后随着冷空气离开，以及4月5日以后副热带高压加强北抬，海南的高温有所发展增多。另外未来北方冷空气活跃，重点影响东北地区。明天东北多地将有4-10℃降温，黑龙江北部降幅超10℃。4月2日气温短暂回升，4月3日以后，冷空气+频繁的雨雪，使得今年清明假期，东北气温低于常年同期，哈尔滨最高气温只有4℃上下。另外未来西北地区在暖脊影响下，气温波动上升。而且到了下周，暖气团东移，长江流域降水也减少以后，我国多地气温可能创今年以来新高。乌鲁木齐报4月2日20℃，将是今年首次上20℃，4月5日还会升至24℃；银川报4月6日最高25℃，可能是今年首次上25℃；西安报4月5日最高30℃，长沙报4月7日31℃，可能是今年首次上30℃。杭州南京报4月7日28℃、合肥报4月7日29℃，也会创新高。 |publisher=weatherman_信欣 on [[Weibo]] |language = zh-hans | access-date =31 March 2026 |title=Sina Visitor System }}</ref> | source = }}

===Environment=== {{as of|2018}}, Haikou has the second best air quality among major cities nationally, preceded only by [[Lhasa]], [[Tibet]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.ecns.cn/news/society/2018-08-19/detail-ifyxccrz0968110.shtml |title = China reports better air quality in July}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last2=Thai|first2=Michael|last1=Hong|first1=Lin|title=Fuzhou ranks third in air quality across the nation |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/m/fuzhou/e/2013-01/31/content_16191595.htm|website=chinadaily.com.cn|publisher=ChinaDaily |access-date=2014-06-18}}</ref> However, since approximately 2009, due to an increase in the number of automobiles, there has been somewhat worsening air pollution.

According to the 2005 statistical book issued by the National Bureau of Statistics, Haikou scored the highest among China's main cities in [[air quality]], with 366 days (2004) of ambient air quality equal to or above grade II, with only 0.033 milligrams/m2 of [[Atmospheric particulate matter|particulate matter]] (the least of all main cities), 0.003 milligrams/m2 of [[sulphur dioxide]] (only [[Lhasa]] had less), and 0.013 milligrams/m2 of [[nitrogen dioxide]] (the least of all main cities).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allcountries.org/china_statistics/12_7_ambient_air_quality_in_main.html |title=Ambient Air Quality in Main Cities (2004) in China Statistics 2005 |access-date=2010-06-27}}</ref>

In 1995, the Haikou city government began an initiative to improve the quality of life for its residents. With the approval of the [[World Health Organization]], and [[Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China|Ministry of Health]], a ten-point plan was undertaken to address such issues as:

*Community [[health care]] *[[Vaccinations]] for children *[[Waste recycling]] *[[Green belt]]s and urban trees *[[Environmentally friendly]] construction *Public toilets (These are available throughout the city, are staffed, and well maintained.) *[[Sewage treatment]] *[[Communications]] *[[Noise pollution]]

The [[groundwater]] is of [[international standard]]{{clarify|date=February 2012}}, and is classified as [[mineral water]].

By 2004, the city had established 43 new community health service centers reaching 85 percent of the population. The initiative has increased the size of Haikou's green spaces to 2,000 [[hectare]]s, with trees lining 40 percent of its roads. [[Noise pollution]] has dropped from 61.1[[decibel|db]] to 58.2db and 300 public toilets have been built. All industrial effluents, [[industrial waste]] water and solid waste, and all live [[sewage]], is now processed through [[waste treatment|centralized treatment]] centers, and is disposed of without [[Environmental degradation|environmental impact]]. These improvements and others have increased [[life expectancy]] in Haikou to 78.26 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/China/105308.htm |title=Haikou's Healthy New Environment |publisher=China.org.cn |date=2004-08-27 |access-date=2010-10-18}}</ref>

Haikou city has also built 163 model [[ecological]] villages. Now, over 200,000 villagers in 933 villages have tap water in their homes.

====Comprehensive city-improvement campaign==== During 2015 and 2016, large-scale city improvements have taken place as part of a province-wide initiative called "double create" ({{lang|zh-hans|双创}}). It is described by government sources as a campaign to create a cleaner city and create a more civilized city. It is focused on traffic and commerce, but has also improved the overall appearance of the city, tackling air pollution from industry emissions, aiming to ensure the safety of drinking water sources, improving public security in such places as hospitals, schools, malls, and visitor attractions.<ref>{{cite web|language=zh-hans|url=http://www.hainan.gov.cn/data/news/2015/08/174510/|script-title=zh:-- 海南省人民政府网|website=www.hainan.gov.cn|access-date=2015-09-29|archive-date=2018-03-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308231847/http://www.hainan.gov.cn/data/news/2015/08/174510/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://news.0898.net/GB/368630/372289/372613/index.html |title=海口市"双创"工作动员大会--人民网海南视窗--人民网 |access-date=2015-09-29 |archive-date=2015-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930024145/http://news.0898.net/GB/368630/372289/372613/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |language=zh-hans |url=http://www.hinews.cn/news/system/2015/08/07/017747091.shtml|script-title=zh:为海口“双创”从啃硬骨头下手点赞__海南新闻网_南海网|last=冉苗俊|website=www.hinews.cn}}</ref> Details of these improvements include:

*Traffic: Many new street crossings with traffic lights were installed around the city to improve two-wheel vehicles (consisting mainly of electric motorbikes) and pedestrian travel. Throughout the city, teams of police have been stationed at major intersections to ensure that two-wheel vehicles obey the law. Although there are many side lanes for these bikes, the actual pedestrian sidewalks serve as legal, one-way routes. Police at intersections stop vehicles either going the wrong way, or running red lights and the offenders may be forced to wear a red sash, stop other offenders, and lecture them. *Commerce: Around August 2015, teams of officers physically removed nearly all illegal structures used for business in the city (a province-wide campaign) which were commonly made of corrugated metal or cinderblocks and were shop extensions or simply unused space that had been built upon. Street vendors were banned (most of whom sold vegetables or fruit), as was the night operation of roadside BBQ sites and the placement of tables onto the sidewalks by restaurants. These night time food operations were once common throughout the city. *Roads and sidewalks: Many small roads have been repaved including narrow lanes in old neighbourhoods. Also, many sidewalks have been upgraded with new brick. Bricks are used as sidewalk material in Haikou because of the large amount of ficus trees, the roots of which deform the surrounding sidewalk. *Demolition and reconstruction: A number of entire neighbourhoods within the city have been, and are being, entirely demolished with new buildings and roads being built. *Starting around the beginning of 2018, the city government funded painting and [[Cladding (construction)|cladding]] of a number of buildings in the city centre.

===Water and sewage treatment=== The treatment of Haikou's wastewater, and the supply of tap water is operated by the French company [[Veolia Water]]. The partial privatization agreement gives 49 percent ownership to Veolia Water in a 30-year joint venture with Haikou Water Group (2012–2042).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://haikouvw.com/en/info_en.html |script-title=zh:海口威立雅水务 |publisher=Haikouvw.com |access-date=2011-12-27 |archive-date=2012-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426072834/http://haikouvw.com/en/info_en.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalwaterintel.com/archive/8/6/general/veolias-big-bid-for-haikou-water.html |title=Veolia's big bid for Haikou Water | Global Water Intelligence – Archive: Global Water Intelligence|publisher=Globalwaterintel.com |access-date=2011-12-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ppi.worldbank.org/explore/PPIReport.aspx?ProjectID=4500|title=Haikou City No. 1 Water Affairs Company Limited – Individual Project Information – Private Infrastructure Projects – The World Bank & PPIAF|publisher=Ppi.worldbank.org |access-date=2011-12-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hkcopinfo.com/detial/cps.asp?key=1087894-6c5d2516 |script-title=zh:威立雅水務(海口)投資有限公司注册信息|Veolia Water (Haikou) Investment Co. Limited registered information |publisher=Hkcopinfo.com |access-date=2011-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426074400/http://www.hkcopinfo.com/detial/cps.asp?key=1087894-6c5d2516 |archive-date=2012-04-26 |url-status=dead|language=zh }}</ref>

==Demographics== According to the [[Sixth National Population Census of the People's Republic of China|2010 Census]], the prefecture-level city of Haikou has a [[Permanent residency|registered population]] of 2,046,189 inhabitants, 537,848 more than the population declared on the past census in 2000.<ref name=census2010/> The average annual population growth during the period 2000–2010 was of 3.1 percent.<ref>{{in lang|zh}} Compilation by LianXin website. [http://www.luqyu.cn/tongjishow.asp?tid=950 Data from the Sixth National Population Census of the People's Republic of China] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325041429/http://www.luqyu.cn/tongjishow.asp?tid=950 |date=2012-03-25 }}</ref> Most of the population of Haikou are [[Han Chinese]] (around 97.75 percent, according to the 2010 Census).

==Subdivisions==

===Districts=== Haikou is divided in four districts. The information presented here uses [[2010 Chinese census|2010 Census]] data. {|class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%;" align=center ! colspan="6" | Map |- | colspan="6" | <div style="position: relative" class="center"> {{Image label begin|image=Administrative Division Haikou.png|width=534|link=}} {{Image label|x=570|y=750|scale=534/1780|text=[[Longhua District, Haikou|'''Longhua''']]}} {{Image label|x=280|y=710|scale=534/1780|text=[[Xiuying District|'''Xiuying''']]}} {{Image label|x=1060|y=1130|scale=534/1780|text=[[Qiongshan District|'''Qiongshan''']]}} {{Image label|x=1180|y=540|scale=534/1780|text=[[Meilan District|'''Meilan''']]}} {{Image label end}} </div> |- ! District ! Simplified Chinese ! Hanyu Pinyin ! Area (km2) ! Population (2010) ! Density (/km2) |- | [[Longhua District, Haikou|Longhua]] | {{lang|zh-hans|龙华区}} | {{transliteration|zh|Lónghuá Qū}} | 275 | 593,018 | 2,156 |- | [[Xiuying District|Xiuying]] | {{lang|zh-hans|秀英区}} | {{transliteration|zh|Xiùyīng Qū}} | 512 | 349,544 | 683 |- | [[Qiongshan District|Qiongshan]] | {{lang|zh-hans|琼山区}} | {{transliteration|zh|Qióngshān Qū}} | 940 | 479,960 | 511 |- | [[Meilan District|Meilan]] | {{lang|zh-hans|美兰区}} | {{transliteration|zh|Měilán Qū}} | 553 | 623,667 | 1128 |}

===Neighbourhoods=== There are several distinct neighborhoods within the city, including:

====Guomao==== Guomao is a relatively affluent area located on the coast between Longquan Road to the east running west for more than one kilometre. The west part of this area has experienced substantial development since about 2007, and now contains dozens of newly built high-rise residential apartment buildings.

====Bo'ai Road==== {{main|Bo'ai Road area}}

[[Image:Bo'ai Road area - 05.jpg|thumb|Shopping street in Bo'ai Road area (French colonial district)]] [[File:Altstadt von Haikou (Hainan).jpg|thumb|Old town of Haikou, 2021]]

This historical area is located on the south side of the Haidian River, at the northern part of mainland Haikou. Much of the area comprises [[Arcade (architecture)|arcade]] style, dilapidated buildings with European fusion-type architectural facades with Indian and Arabic influences.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/travel/2013-04/25/content_16449448.htm |title=Qilou Arcade Streets in Haikou, China's Hainan |publisher=Usa.chinadaily.com.cn |access-date=2013-04-26}}</ref> The buildings are almost all painted white, and are usually no more than a few storeys tall. The eastern part of the area is mainly residential. The western part contains hubs for such items as exotic foods, pets, and fabrics. The building facades and roads have been restored in most of the area, Zhongshan Road being the most notable.

====Hainan University area==== Located on [[Haidian Island]], this area comprises the entire portion of the island west of its main north–south road, Renmin Dadao. It appears similar to a typical [[Student quarter|student ghetto]], containing many small, inexpensive food stands and restaurants.

====Haikou West Coast==== Haikou West Coast is a residential neighbourhood in Xiuying District around 7 km west of downtown Haikou. Located within this neighbourhood are [[Hainan International Convention And Exhibition Center]], [[Wuyuan River Stadium]], [[Hainan Science and Technology Museum]] and a number of government offices.

===Parks and recreational areas=== [[File:Baishamen Park - amusement park - ferris wheel - 01.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|The ferris wheel at [[Baishamen Park]]]] {{Main|List of parks in Haikou}}

*[[Evergreen Park (Haikou)|Evergreen Park]] is a 71.3 hectare<ref name="wordpress1">{{cite web|url=http://drs2biz.wordpress.com/landmarks-and-tourist-attractions-of-haikou/evergreen-park/ |title=Evergreen Park | Haikou Living ~ 'drs2biz' |publisher=Drs2biz.wordpress.com |date=2010-06-15 |access-date=2011-12-27}}</ref> park located on Binhai Road about 200 m west of the southern foot of Haikou Century Bridge. It is the largest park in Haikou, containing approximately ten thousand coconut trees and several hundred species of South Asian ornamental plants,<ref name="wordpress1"/> however, most of the park consists of grassy fields. *[[Baishamen Park]] (White Sand Gate Park) was created in 2010 and is located on the north shore of Haidian Island. The park contains a small amusement park, and consists mostly of grass fields, with little tree cover. *[[Changying Global 100 Fantasty Park]] is an under-construction amusement park around 12 km west of downtown Haikou. *[[Golden Bull Mountain Ridge Park]] (Jinniuling Park) includes a small zoo, a lake, diverse flora, and a high percentage of forest areas, including a large bamboo forest. It is located on Haixiu Road, west of Longquan Road, the main north–south avenue in Haikou. *[[Binhai Park]] is located east of Evergreen Park. There is a [[bougainvillea]] hybrid exhibition held each year. This park has a small lake and building used for community purposes in the middle. *[[Haikou People's Park]] is a recently refurbished park located in the downtown area on Haixiu Road next to East Lake.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.haikouhostel.com/haikou-city-map/102-haikou-parks|title=Haikou Parks|access-date=2011-02-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220083323/http://www.haikouhostel.com/haikou-city-map/102-haikou-parks|archive-date=2014-02-20|url-status=usurped}}</ref> The park draws large numbers of people each morning who engage in exercises, predominantly [[tai chi]], [[Chinese fitness dancing|fitness dancing]], and aerobics. *[[Hainan International Friendship Park]] is planned to occupy {{convert|180,000|m2}} of land, with a length of over {{convert|2,000|m}}.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.whatsonsanya.com/health115.html |title=Hainan to build International Friendship Park in Haikou – What's On Sanya |access-date=2011-02-09 |archive-date=2017-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170608102008/http://www.whatsonsanya.com/health115.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> *[[Hongcheng Lake]] ({{lang|zh-hans|红城湖}}) is one of the largest water bodies in the city being around equal in size to the lake at Golden Bull Mountain Ridge Park. It has three islands, the largest of which contains a defunct hotel. The lake is a popular location for fishermen. At night, hawker stalls are set up along the roadsides for tourists and locals to drink and dine. *[[Holiday Beach, Hainan|Holiday Beach]] is a {{convert|7|km|abbr=off|adj=on}}-long beach and visitor attraction adjacent to the west side of Haikou. *[[Dongzhai Port Nature Reserve]] lies some {{convert|15|km|}} south east of Haikou and was the first protected [[mangrove]] forest zone in China. *[[Meishe River National Wetland Park]], an eco-park located on the [[Meishe River]]

===Other notable locations=== *Zhongjie Road ({{lang|zh-hans|忠介路}}), a shopping street with a long history *Jiefang East Road, a busy shopping street located west of the Bo'ai Road area *[[Guoxing Avenue]], a main east–west street with many notable buildings *The [[Haikou Tower]] is an under-construction [[supertall skyscraper]]. Located on Guoxing Avenue at Haifu Road, it will be 94-storeys, and is scheduled for completion between 2020 and 2023.

==Economy== [[File:International Tourism and Central Business District on Guoxing Road - 01.jpg|thumb|The new [[International Tourism and Central Business District]] on Guoxing Avenue]]

The [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] per capita was {{US$}}3,573 in 2008, ranked number 43 among 659 Chinese cities. In 2011, the city's GDP reached 71.3 billion yuan, amounting to about 30 percent of the province's total.<ref>{{cite web |author=Zhang Zhao |title=Haikou promotes projects for international fair |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2012-09/10/content_15746067.htm |work=China Daily |access-date=2014-06-18}}</ref>

Haikou exports substantial quantities of agricultural produce and livestock.{{Citation needed|date=January 2011}} There is a small amount of industry, including [[canning]], [[textiles]], rice hulling, and light engineering.

The "[[International Tourism and Central Business District]]" is under construction on the west part of Guoxing Avenue. The road was once only home to government buildings. Starting around 2011, HNA and other groups began erecting office buildings. Also located at the western end of Guoxing is the [[HNA Building]], the headquarters of [[Hainan Airlines]].<ref>"[http://global.hnair.com/File/contactus.html Contact Us]" ({{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100723233845/http://global.hnair.com/File/contactus.html |date=2010-07-23 }}). Hainan Airlines. Retrieved on October 3, 2009.</ref>

Near the southern end of Haikou, automotive manufacturer [[Haima Automobile]] has its global headquarters.

The Haikou Free Trade Zone (Haikou FTZ) ({{lang|zh-hans|海口保税区}}) is a state-level, 1.93 km2 area located between Nanhai Road and Yehai Road. It was approved on October 21, 1992, by the State Council.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hktdc.com/info/mi/a/mpcn/en/1X071X36/1/Profiles-Of-China-Provinces-Cities-%20%20And-Industrial-Parks/Haikou-Free-Trade-Zone.htm |title=Haikou Free Trade Zone |publisher=hktdc.com |access-date=2012-06-20}}</ref>

==Education== {{See also|List of universities and colleges in Hainan}} [[File:Hainan University - 01.jpg|thumb|[[Hainan University]] just inside the north gate.]] Several major educational institutions are located in Haikou: *[[Hainan University]] has its main campus on Haikou's [[Haidian Island]], with the South China Tropical Agricultural University, now part of the university, located in the southern part of the city. *[[Hainan Normal University]] is the oldest institution for higher learning, with a new campus in Guilinyang. It has an enrolment of more than 20,000, including approximately 200 foreigner students. *[[Hainan Medical College]], founded in 1993, offers degrees in medicine. It is located in the southern part of the city. *Qiongtai Normal University is located in [[Qiongshan District]], with a new campus in Guilinyang. *[[Haikou College of Economics]], located by Guoxing Avenue, with a new campus in Guilinyang. *[[Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences]] is located across the road from Hainan Medical College. *Hainan Middle School

==Transportation== [[File:Transportation in the Haikou area 01.png|thumb|{{unbulleted list | Main transportation hubs in Haikou: | | A: [[Haikou Port New Seaport|Haikou Port New Seaport area]] | B: [[South Port]] | C: [[Haikou Railway Station]] | D: [[Haikou Xiuying Port|Haikou Port Xiuying Port area]] | E: [[Haikou New Port]] | F: [[Haikou Transportation Center]] (main bus station) | G: [[Haikou East Railway Station]] | H: [[Haikou Meilan International Airport]] }} ]]

===Urban=== Haikou has an extensive urban bus service. Standard fare is 1 yuan, with no bus pass, ticket, or transfer system in place. Urban minibuses operated prior to 2009, but have since been phased-out. Taxi automobiles and electric motorbikes operate throughout the city. During 2009–2010, petrol-fueled motorbike taxis were banned and seized by police at numerous checkpoints within the city.

Haikou has experienced a substantial increase in cars since the early 2000s. Traffic on main streets, once light, is now similar to other major cities, with rush hour problems that have prompted the city to expand several main roads and build a new elevated road from the west end of Guoxing Avenue to new developments west of Holiday Beach.

Many main roads in the city have a side lane, separated by a median, for two-wheeled vehicles.

Physical barriers were installed on many of the main two-way streets throughout the city in order to separate opposing lanes. These were installed for safety reasons to prevent pedestrians from crossing the streets at locations other than intersections.

Roundabouts are not prevalent in Haikou, being used mainly on Hai Xiu road, and a few other locations.

Traffic cameras are used at many main intersections in the city, with tickets being issued by post for traffic light infractions.

There is one tunnel in the city, the [[Qiaozhong Road Tunnel]].

====Shared bicycles==== [[File:Haikou public bike rental 01.jpg|thumb|A Haikou Public Bicycle System station.]] The Haikou Public Bicycle System has about 20,000 bicycles. A pre-paid swipe card system is used to gain access to them. Starting on January 24, 2017, privately run [[Mobile app|app]]-based "dockless" [[Bicycle-sharing system|shared bikes]] came into service. By April, there were about 40,000 of these types of bikes available.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ecns.cn/cns-wire/2017/04-24/254707.shtml|title=Hainan to record unruly shared bike usage in personal credit system|website=www.ecns.cn}}</ref> [[Ofo (bike sharing)|Ofo]], [[Mobike#Classic Mobike|Mobike]], and "Quick to" all cost 2 RMB per hour. Ofo and "Quick to" bikes have tires with tubes, meaning many are left around the city with flat tires. The Haikou Public Bicycle System has installed a number of new, more modern bikes with tires that cannot be punctured. Part of Mobike's fleet also uses these types of tires.

===Air=== Haikou is served by [[Haikou Meilan International Airport]] (IATA: HAK, ICAO: ZJHK[1]), which is located {{convert|25|km|abbr=on}} from the city.

In January 2011, Haikou was selected to be the first test site for an experiment allowing private helicopter flight in China.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flyingmag.com/news/china-loosens-screws-toehold-its-airspace|title=China Loosens the Screws on a Toehold of Its Airspace|access-date=2011-02-09|archive-date=2011-02-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218005516/http://www.flyingmag.com/news/china-loosens-screws-toehold-its-airspace|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Rail=== [[File:Haikou East Railway Station 004.jpg|thumb|[[Haikou East railway station]]]] A railway links Haikou to the mainland. A ferry service transports the railway cars, along with other motor vehicles across the strait.

The [[Hainan East Ring Railway]] links Haikou and [[Sanya]]. There are 15 stations in between, either in operation or still under construction. Trains are designed to travel at {{convert|250|km/h|0|abbr=on}}. Travel time from Haikou to Sanya is approximately 1 hour and 22 minutes. The main station in Haikou is [[Haikou East railway station]] located near the southern end of Long Quan Road. In 2018, the Haikou South Station, the main bus station, relocated and is now directly to the south east of the Haikou East Railway Station.

In 2015, the [[Hainan western ring high-speed railway]] started operation. This second high-speed railway runs along the west coast of Hainan connecting with the Hainan Eastern Ring Railway.

Starting July 1, 2019, the Haikou Suburban Trains began operation. Up to 7 [[China Railway CRH6|CRH6]]F-A (CRH6F with only 4 carriages) trains with specially designed liveries will operate between Haikou station and Meilan station. The longest distance it will travel one-way is around 38 kilometers with 4 stations in between.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sohu.com/a/324144314_729676|script-title=zh:海南环岛高铁海口市郊列车今天正式开通运营！_车辆|website=www.sohu.com|language=zh-cn|access-date=2019-07-17}}</ref>

===Road=== Three main highways connect Haikou to other parts of Hainan, running east, west, and south through the middle of the province. The [[Haiwen expressway]] connects the city with [[Wenchang]] to the southeast. The main bus station is [[Haikou Transportation Center]], located beside Haikou East railway station.

===Seaports=== [[File:Haikou Xiuying Port 04.jpg|thumb|[[Haikou Xiuying Port]]]] Haikou has four seaports for passenger and cargo service. [[Haikou New Port]], formerly known as the Inner Harbour, is located on the southern side of the mouth of the [[Haidian River]]. Approximately {{convert|7|km|0|abbr=on}} west of Haikou New Port is [[Haikou Xiuying Port]]. This port is considerably larger, and is the main distribution centre for cargo entering Hainan. It is also a major port for immigration onto Hainan Island. Around {{convert|20|km|0|abbr=on}} west of downtown Haikou are [[South Port]] and [[Haikou Port New Seaport]].

==Arts and culture== [[File:Haikou City Stadium 01.jpg|thumb|[[Haikou City Stadium]]]] Several large public buildings now occupy Guoxing Avenue, the new area for arts and culture. These include the [[Hainan Provincial Museum]], the [[Hainan Provincial Library]], and the [[Hainan Centre for the Performing Arts]]. These are all located near to one another on the south side of the road, west of [[Haikou College of Economics]], Haikou campus.

At the west side of Evergreen Park is the [[Haikou Great Hall of the People]], a concert hall, and [[Hainan Exhibition & Convention Center]], a large centre for trade shows and other commercial events. [[Haikou City Stadium]], is the main venue for sports events, and is located at the southeast corner of Evergreen Park. [[File:Wuyuan River Stadium 2018 05 08 - 01.jpg|thumb|[[Wuyuan River Stadium]]]] The [[Wuyuan River Stadium]] opened in April 2018. It is located west of downtown Haikou, near the newly built [[#Haikou West Coast|Haikou West Coast]]. With a capacity of over 40,000, it is the largest stadium in the province.

Older cultural sites include the now-restored buildings of the [[Bo'ai Road area]], the [[Hai Rui#Legacy|tomb of Hai Rui]], [[Xiuying Fort]] in the Guomao area, the [[Temple of the Five Lords]], the [[Golden Bull Mountain Ridge Park#Battle of the Liberation on Hainan Island Martyrs' Cemetery|cemetery for the martyrs]] of Hainan's Battle of the Liberation, and the former temple [[Haikou Yazhou Gu Cheng]].

===Nightlife=== Bars and KTV are patronized until after midnight. There are several popular bar streets within the city. Up until 2015, roadside BBQ sites were common throughout the city. A large-scale campaign to clean up the city has since prohibited them.

==Tourism==

Also known as the "Coconut city", Haikou is an important tourist destination for China.<ref>{{cite web|title=Haikou travel guide|url=https://www.travelchinaguide.com/cityguides/hainan/haikou/|website=www.travelchinaguide.com|publisher=Travel China Guide|access-date=20 December 2016}}</ref> The city received 4.11 million tourists in 2002, up 7.99 percent from 2001. In 2019, the number of tourists in Haikou has exceeded 83.11 million. The city earned approximately three billion yuan (361 million US dollars) from the tourism industry during that period, up 11 percent from the previous year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/environment/59196.htm |title=More Scenic Sites to Be Built in South China Province |publisher=China.org.cn |date=2003-03-22 |access-date=2010-10-18}}</ref>

Haikou is also developing its [[Meetings, Incentives, Conferencing, Exhibitions]] industry. The local government set up the Haikou Convention and Exhibition Bureau in June 2012 and pledged RMB35 million (US$5.6 million) to support the development of the MICE industry.<ref>{{cite web|title=Surf's up for Hainan island|url=http://www.ttgmice.com/article/surfs-up-for-hainan-island/|publisher=TTGmice|access-date=15 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730191333/http://www.ttgmice.com/article/surfs-up-for-hainan-island/|archive-date=30 July 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> More international hotel chains are also arriving.

In 2016, the China Merchants holdings group unveiled its plans to develop [[Shenzhen]], Haikou and [[Sanya]] as the three destination ports that its South China Sea passenger cruises would serve. Subsequently, a large passenger cruise terminal was inaugurated in Shenzhen in October 2016.<ref>{{cite book|title=Silver Seas – Brochure and Press release|publisher=China merchants group}}</ref>

==Sister cities== Haikou has international relationships with these places:<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://enfaohn.hainan.gov.cn/swsqwywb/wsqwbgsSR/wsqwbgsLP/ |title=List of Sister Cities of Haikou |access-date=2019-08-08 |archive-date=2020-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526014413/http://enfaohn.hainan.gov.cn/swsqwywb/wsqwbgsSR/wsqwbgsLP/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Cities !! Country !! Date of Establishing Sisterhood Relationship |- | {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin]] || [[Australia]] || September 5, 1990 |- |{{flagicon|Egypt}} [[Faiyum]] |[[Egypt]] | |- | {{flagicon|UK}} [[Perth, Scotland|Perth]] || [[United Kingdom]] || February 3, 1992 |- | {{flagicon|France}} [[Saint Nazaire]] || [[France]] || June 27, 1992 |- | {{flagicon|USA}} [[Oklahoma City]] || [[United States]] || November 20, 1992 |- | {{flagicon|Tanzania}} [[Zanzibar City]] || [[Tanzania]] || October 30, 1997 |- | {{flagicon|Poland}} [[Gdynia]] || [[Poland]] || April 24, 2006 |- | {{flagicon|Seychelles}} [[Victoria, Seychelles|Victoria]] || [[Seychelles]] || July 25, 2007 |- | {{flagicon|Myanmar}} [[Yangon]] || [[Myanmar]] || June 16, 2017 |- | {{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[North Lombok Regency]] || [[Indonesia]] || |- | {{flagicon|USA}}[[Scottsdale, Arizona|Scottsdale]] || [[United States]] || |- | {{flagicon|HUN}} [[Zugló]] || [[Hungary]] || Sept 10 |}

==Gallery== <gallery mode="packed" heights="160"> File:Haikou skyline 6 - 2009 09 07.jpg|A view south from Binhai road File:Haikou skyline 3 - 2009 09 07.jpg|[[Haikou Century Bridge]] File:Hainan Library 01.jpg|[[Hainan Provincial Library]] File:Hainan Museum 01.jpg|[[Hainan Museum]] File:Haikou skyline 7 - 2009 09 07.jpg|A view east from Evergreen Park area File:Haikou customs building.jpg|The customs building File:Century Bridge, Haikou - Jun 2023.jpg|A view of [[Haikou Century Bridge|Century Bridge]] from [[Haidian Island]] at Night </gallery>

== See also == {{Portal|China}} * [[List of twin towns and sister cities in China]]

== Notes == {{Notelist}}

==References== {{reflist|30em}}

==External links== {{Commons category|Haikou}} {{Wiktionary|Haikou|Hai-k'ou}} {{wikivoyage|Haikou}} *[http://www.haikou.gov.cn/haikou/ Haikou Government] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227032556/http://www.haikou.gov.cn/haikou/ |date=2013-12-27 }} *[http://www.haikou.gov.cn/ Haikou Government] {{in lang|zh-cn}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080430163227/http://www.asia-planet.net/china/haikou.htm Detailed information about Haikou] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20180804133801/http://hkftz.gov.cn/ Haikou Free Trade Zone] *[http://www.cfea.org.cn/bs/hkimg/13.jpg Haikou Free Trade Zone map] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20140724101037/http://www.hq.xinhuanet.com/news/2009-01/08/content_15391641.htm Map of Haikou Free Trade Zone] *[http://aqicn.org/?city=Haikou&size=xlarge Real-time air quality index]

{{City of Haikou}} {{Hainan}} {{Hainan topics}} {{Metropolitan cities of the People's Republic of China}} {{Provincial capitals of China}} {{Prefectural-level divisions of the People's Republic of China}}

[[Category:Haikou| ]] [[Category:Cities in Hainan]] [[Category:Provincial capitals in China]] [[Category:Prefecture-level divisions of Hainan]] [[Category:Gulf of Tonkin]] [[Category:National Civilized City]]