Hadronyche

{{Short description|Genus of spiders}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = Victorian_funnelweb02.jpg | image_caption = ''Hadronyche modesta'' | taxon = Hadronyche | authority = L. Koch, 1873<ref name=NMBE /> | type_species = ''H. cerberea'' | type_species_authority = L. Koch, 1873 | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = 32, see text | synonyms = *''Anepsiada'' Rainbow & Pulleine, 1918<ref name=Gray1988>{{cite journal| last=Gray| first=M. R.| year=1988| title=Aspects of the systematics of the Australian funnel web spiders (Araneae: Hexathelidae: Atracinae) based upon morphological and electrophoretic data.| journal=Australian Entomological Society Miscellaneous Publication| volume=5| page=117}}</ref> *''Pseudatrax'' Rainbow, 1914<ref name=Gray1988 /> *''Styphlopis'' Rainbow, 1913<ref name=Gray1988 /> | synonyms_ref = <ref name=NMBE /> }}

'''''Hadronyche''''' is a genus of venomous Australian funnel-web spiders that was first described by L. Koch in 1873.<ref name=Koch1873>{{cite book| last=Koch| first=L.| year=1873| title=Die Arachniden Australiens| author-link=Ludwig Carl Christian Koch}}</ref> Originally placed with the curtain web spiders, it was moved to the Hexathelidae in 1980,<ref name=Rave1980>{{cite journal| last=Raven| first=R. J.| year=1980| title=The evolution and biogeography of the mygalomorph spider family Hexathelidae (Araneae, Chelicerata)| journal=Journal of Arachnology| volume=8| page=255| author-link=Robert Raven}}</ref> then to the Atracidae in 2018.<ref name=Hedi2018>{{cite journal| last=Hedin| first=M.| display-authors=etal| year=2018| title=Phylogenomic reclassification of the world's most venomous spiders (Mygalomorphae, Atracinae), with implications for venom evolution| journal=Scientific Reports| volume=8| issue=1636| page=4| article-number=1636| doi=10.1038/s41598-018-19946-2| pmid=29374214| pmc=5785998| bibcode=2018NatSR...8.1636H}}</ref>

== Description == Their size varies significantly, measuring from 1 to 5 cm. Most species in this genus, as most Mygalomorphae, have a glossy black or brown carapace. They have a very long life span for spiders, having been known to live for up to 20 years. {{Citation needed|date=November 2022}}

They can be easily identified by the raised morphology of their caput (the front part of the cephalothorax). If identification is not certain, they can be distinguished from ''Atrax'' by the unmodified or blunt apophysis in their second tibia, or from ''Illawarra'' by the male tarsi, which have two instead of three ventral spine rows.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Gray |first=Michael R. |date=2010 |title=A Revision of the Australian Funnel-web Spiders (Hexathelidae: Atracinae) |url=https://media.australian.museum/media/Uploads/Journals/19162/1556_complete.pdf |access-date=November 13, 2022 |website=Australian Museum}}</ref>

== Venom == While Australian funnel-web spider venom is medically significant, no human fatalities as a result have been recorded since the introduction of antivenom in 1980.<ref>{{cite web |title=Australian Venom Research Unit - Funnel web spiders |url=http://www.avru.org/compendium/biogs/A000003b.htm |accessdate=2019-06-09 |publisher=University of Melbourne}}</ref> The venom profile of this genus is also different from the other genera from the Atracidae family.<ref name=":0" />

== Distribution == They are found in eastern Australia from north-east Queensland to Tasmania and the Gulf Ranges region of South Australia.<ref name=":0" /> They live primarily in the moist regions and highlands of the east coast, though they are also found in drier open forests in the Western Slopes of the Great Dividing Range and South Australia's gulf ranges.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |first= |title=Funnel-web Spiders |url=https://australian.museum/learn/animals/spiders/funnel-web-spiders-group/australian.museum/learn/animals/spiders/funnel-web-spiders-group/ |access-date=2022-11-14 |website=The Australian Museum |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== Burrows == ''Hadronyche'' spiders usually make their burrows under rocks or logs, usually in cool humid areas. As with most funnel web spiders, these spiders make funnel shaped webs. The webs have silk trip lines radiating from the entrance which function as a warning system, alerting the spiders to the presence of insect prey or a possible mate. In the case of seasonal rains, the burrows can flood. While these spiders are able to survive submerged for several hours by trapping air bubbles with their hair covered legs beneath their abdomens, prolonged flooding can force them to leave their burrows. They may also leave their burrow to find a mate.<ref name=":1" />

==Species== {{as of|2022|03}}, it contains 32 species, all from Australia:<ref name=NMBE>{{cite journal| title=Gen. ''Hadronyche'' L. Koch, 1873| website=World Spider Catalog Version 20.0| accessdate=2019-06-10| year=2019| publisher=Natural History Museum Bern| url=http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/genus/1063| doi=10.24436/2}}</ref> {{div col|colwidth=24em}} *''Hadronyche adelaidensis'' (Gray, 1984) – SA *''Hadronyche alpina'' Gray, 2010 – NSW, ACT, VIC *''Hadronyche annachristiae'' Gray, 2010 – NSW *''Hadronyche anzses'' Raven, 2000 – QLD *''Hadronyche cerberea'' L. Koch, 1873 (type species) – NSW *''Hadronyche emmalizae'' Gray, 2010 – NSW *''Hadronyche eyrei'' (Gray, 1984) – SA *''Hadronyche flindersi'' (Gray, 1984) – SA *''Hadronyche formidabilis'' (Rainbow, 1914) – QLD, NSW *''Hadronyche infensa'' (Hickman, 1964) – QLD, NSW *''Hadronyche jensenae'' Gray, 2010 – VIC *''Hadronyche kaputarensis'' Gray, 2010 – NSW *''Hadronyche lamingtonensis'' Gray, 2010 – QLD, NSW *''Hadronyche levittgreggae'' Gray, 2010 – NSW *''Hadronyche lynabrae'' Gray, 2010 – NSW *''Hadronyche macquariensis'' Gray, 2010 – NSW *''Hadronyche marracoonda'' Gray, 2010 – NSW, ACT *''Hadronyche mascordi'' Gray, 2010 – NSW *''Hadronyche meridiana'' Hogg, 1902 – NSW, VIC *''Hadronyche modesta'' (Simon, 1891) – VIC *''Hadronyche monaro'' Gray, 2010 – NSW *''Hadronyche monteithi'' Gray, 2010 – QLD *''Hadronyche nadgee'' (Whitington & Harris, 2021) – NSW *''Hadronyche nimoola'' Gray, 2010 – NSW, ACT *''Hadronyche orana'' Gray, 2010 – NSW *{{extinct}}''Hadronyche pulvinator'' (Hickman, 1927) – TAS *''Hadronyche raveni'' Gray, 2010 – QLD *''Hadronyche tambo'' Gray, 2010 – VIC *''Hadronyche valida'' (Rainbow & Pulleine, 1918) – QLD, NSW *''Hadronyche venenata'' (Hickman, 1927) – TAS *''Hadronyche versuta'' (Rainbow, 1914) – NSW *''Hadronyche walkeri'' Gray, 2010 – NSW {{div col end}}

==References== {{Reflist}}

==External links== *{{Wikispecies-inline}} *{{Commons-inline}}

Category:Hadronyche Category:Mygalomorphae genera Category:Spiders of Australia Category:Taxa named by Ludwig Carl Christian Koch