{{short description|Royal Canadian Navy hunter-killer submarine}} {{other ships|HMS Unicorn}} {{Use Canadian English|date=January 2023}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}} {{Infobox ship |section1={{Infobox ship/image |image=HMCS Windsor SSK 877.jpg |image_caption=''Windsor'' underway }}
|section2={{Infobox ship/career |hide_header= |country=United Kingdom |flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|naval}} |name=''Unicorn'' |ordered= |awarded= |builder=Cammell Laird, Birkenhead |original_cost= |laid_down=13 March 1990 |launched=16 April 1992 |sponsor= |christened= |completed= |acquired= |commissioned=25 June 1993 |decommissioned=16 October 1994 |struck= |homeport= |identification= |motto= |nickname= |honours= |fate= Transferred to Canada 1998 |status= |notes= |badge= }}
|section3={{Infobox ship/career |hide_header=title |country=Canada |flag={{shipboxflag|Canada|naval}} |name=''Windsor'' |acquired=6 August 2001 |commissioned=4 October 2003<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/navy/corporate/fleet-units/submarines/victoria-class/windsor.html |title=His Majesty’s Canadian Submarine Windsor (SSK 877) |publisher=Government of Canada |date=13 October 2022 |access-date=16 November 2024}}</ref>{{efn|The Canadian Department of National Defence has a different commissioning date for the submarine, on 29 September 2001, according to the official lineage.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=National Defence and the Canadian Forces |work=Official Lineages |title=Volume 2: Volume 2, Part 1: Extant Commissioned Ships |url=http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/his/ol-lo/vol-tom-2/par1/windsor-eng.asp |date=7 July 2006 |access-date=1 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006084521/http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/his/ol-lo/vol-tom-2/par1/windsor-eng.asp |archive-date=6 October 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>}} |decommissioned= |in_service= |out_of_service= |renamed= |reclassified= |refit= |struck= |reinstated= |homeport= |identification= |motto= “Silent Pride” |nickname= |honors= |captured= |status={{Ship in active service}} |notes= Colours: Gold and Blue |badge= 100px }}
|section4={{Infobox ship/characteristics |hide_header= |header_caption= |class= {{sclass|Upholder/Victoria|submarine}} |displacement=*{{convert|2185|LT|t|0|abbr=on}} surfaced *{{convert|2400|LT|t|0|abbr=on}} submerged |length= {{convert|70.26|m|ftin|abbr=on}} |beam= {{convert|7.6|m|ftin|abbr=on}} |height= |draught= {{convert|5.5|m|ftin|abbr=on}} |depth= |propulsion=*Diesel-electric ({{convert|37|MW|abbr=on}}) *2 Paxman Valenta 16 RPA diesel generators, {{convert|4,070|hp|abbr=on}} *2 GEC, {{convert|5,000|kW|abbr=on}} motor-generators |speed=*{{convert|12|kn|lk=in}} surfaced *{{convert|20|kn|mph km/h|abbr=on}}+ submerged |range= {{convert|10000|nmi|km|-3}} at {{convert|12|kn|km/h|0}} |test_depth= {{convert|200|m|ft|abbr=on}} |complement=53 officers and crew |sensors= |EW= |armament=*6 × {{convert|21|in|mm|abbr=on|0}} torpedo tubes *18 × Mark 48 torpedoes |armour= |notes= }} }}
'''HMCS ''Windsor''''' is a long-range hunter-killer (SSK) submarine of the Royal Canadian Navy, the second submarine of the {{sclass|Victoria|submarine|4}}. She is named after the city of Windsor, Ontario. Built for the Royal Navy as the ''Upholder''-class submarine '''HMS ''Unicorn''''' (pennant number S43) she was purchased by Canada when the United Kingdom decided to move to an all-nuclear power fleet.
==Design== As built the ''Upholder''/''Victoria'' class was designed as a replacement for the {{sclass|Oberon|submarine|4}} for use as hunter-killer and training subs. The submarines, which have a single-skinned, teardrop-shaped hull, displace {{convert|2220|LT|t}} surfaced and {{convert|2455|LT|t}} submerged.<ref name=gardiner532>Gardiner and Chumbley, p. 532</ref><ref name=saunders88>Saunders, p. 88</ref> They are {{convert|230|ft|7|in|m|1}} long overall with a beam of {{convert|25|ft|0|in|m|1}} and a draught of {{convert|17|ft|8|in|m|1}}.<ref name=gardiner532/>
The submarines are powered by a one shaft diesel-electric system. They are equipped with two Paxman Valenta 1600 RPS SZ diesel engines each driving a {{convert|1.4|MW|lk=on|adj=on}} GEC electric alternator with two 120-cell chloride batteries.<ref name=gardiner532/><ref name=perkins196>Perkins, p. 196</ref> The batteries have a 90-hour endurance at {{convert|3|kn|lk=in}}.<ref name=perkins196/> The submarine is propelled by a {{convert|5000|kW|adj=on}} GEC dual armature electric motor turning a seven-blade fixed pitch propeller.<ref name=perkins196/> They have a {{convert|200|LT|t|adj=on}} diesel capacity. This gives the subs a maximum speed of {{convert|12|kn|lk=in}} on the surface and {{convert|20|kn}} submerged. They have a range of {{convert|8000|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|8|kn}} and {{convert|10000|nmi}} at snorting depth.<ref name=gardiner532/><ref name=cocker123>Cocker, p. 123</ref> The class has a reported dive depth of over {{convert|650|ft|m}}.<ref name=saunders88/>
The ''Upholder''/''Victoria'' class are armed with six {{convert|21|in|mm|adj=on|0}} torpedo tubes. In British service, the submarines were equipped with 14 Tigerfish Mk 24 Mod 2 torpedoes and four UGM-84 Sub-Harpoon missiles.<ref name=gardiner532/> They could also be adapted for use as a minelayer.<ref name=cocker123/> The submarines have Type 1007 radar and Type 2040, Type 2019, Type 2007 and Type 2046 sonar installed.<ref name=gardiner532/> The hull is fitted with elastomeric acoustic tiles to reduce acoustic signature.<ref name=saunders88/> In British service the vessels had a complement of 7 officers and 40 ratings.<ref name=gardiner532/>
===Refits and Canadian alterations=== During the refit for Canadian service, the Sub-Harpoon and mine capabilities were removed and the submarines were equipped with the Lockheed Martin Librascope Submarine fire-control system (SFCS) to meet the operational requirements of the Canadian Navy. Components from the fire control system of the ''Oberon''-class submarines were installed.<ref>Perkins, p. 166</ref> This gave the submarines the ability to fire the Gould Mk 48 Mod 4 torpedo.<ref name=saunders88/> In 2014, the Government of Canada purchased 12 upgrade kits that will allow the submarines to fire the Mk 48 Mod 7AT torpedoes.<ref name=dw>{{cite news|url=https://ottawacitizen.com/news/national/defence-watch/canadian-government-to-spend-41-million-for-torpedo-upgrade-kits-for-submarines |title=Canadian government to spend $41 million for torpedo upgrade kits for submarines |last=Pugliese |first=David |newspaper=Ottawa Citizen |date=26 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228114932/http://ottawacitizen.com/news/national/defence-watch/canadian-government-to-spend-41-million-for-torpedo-upgrade-kits-for-submarines |archive-date=28 February 2018 |access-date=28 February 2018}}</ref>
These radar and sonar systems were later upgraded with the installation of the BAE Type 2007 array and the Type 2046 towed array.<ref name=gardiner532/><ref name=saunders88/> The Canadian Towed Array Sonar (CANTASS) has been integrated into the towed sonar suite.<ref name=saunders88/> The ''Upholder''-class submarines were equipped with the CK035 electro-optical search periscope and the CH085 optronic attack periscope, originally supplied by Pilkington Optronics.<ref name=saunders88/><ref name=perkins196/> After the Canadian refit, the submarines were equipped with Canadian communication equipment and electronic support measures (ESM). This included two SSE decoy launchers and the AR 900 ESM.<ref name=saunders88/>
==Operational history==
===Royal Navy=== The submarine was laid down as HMS ''Unicorn'' at Cammell Laird's Birkenhead yard on 13 March 1990.<ref name="Wertheim" /> She was launched on 16 April 1992, and commissioned into the Royal Navy on 25 June 1993.<ref name="Wertheim">Wertheim, pp. 77–78</ref> She was the last ship built at Cammell Laird until construction began on {{HMS|Queen Elizabeth|CVF|6}} in June 2010.
After entering service, ''Unicorn'' operated in the Mediterranean Sea and east of Suez, the Gulf of Oman and Indian Ocean and in the Persian Gulf. She returned to Devonport and was decommissioned on 16 October 1994.<ref name="Wertheim" />
===Transfer=== Looking to discontinue the operation of diesel-electric boats, the British government offered to sell ''Unicorn'' and her sister submarines to Canada in 1993.<ref name="Ferguson">Ferguson, p. 152</ref> The offer was accepted in 1998.<ref name=Ferguson/> The four boats were leased to Canada for US$427 million (plus US$98 million for upgrades and alteration to Canadian standards), with the lease to run for eight years; after this, the submarines would be sold for £1.<ref name="Wertheim" />
Problems were discovered with the piping welds on all four submarines, which delayed the reactivation of ''Unicorn'' and her three sisters.<ref name=Wertheim/> ''Unicorn'' was handed over to the Canadian Forces on 6 August 2001 and sailed to Canada, arriving on 19 October.<ref name=mac298>Macpherson and Barrie, p. 298</ref> The submarine was commissioned into Maritime Command as HMCS ''Windsor'' with the hull number SSK 877 on 4 October 2003.<ref name=Wertheim/>
===Royal Canadian Navy=== ''Windsor'' is the only Canadian submarine deployed in the Atlantic.<ref name=cbcfeb5>{{cite news|title=Submarine HMCS Windsor shore bound after engine failure|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/submarine-hmcs-windsor-shore-bound-after-engine-failure-1.2524501|access-date=6 February 2014|newspaper=CBC News|date=5 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223151649/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/submarine-hmcs-windsor-shore-bound-after-engine-failure-1.2524501|archive-date=23 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> In April 2002, after departing for the submarine's first training mission, ''Windsor'' was forced to return to port after the discovery of a faulty seal in the communications mast.<ref name=mac298/> From 27–30 September 2004, ''Windsor'' took reporters and photographers from Halifax and Windsor newspapers to document life aboard a submarine.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.navy.forces.gc.ca/windsor/7/7-s_eng.asp |title = Image Gallery |work = Royal Canadian Navy |publisher = Canadian Forces |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110613141556/http://www.navy.forces.gc.ca/windsor/7/7-s_eng.asp |archive-date = 13 June 2011}}</ref> During April 2006, the submarine was involved in the naval exercise Joint Express.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.navy.forces.gc.ca/windsor/2/2-s_eng.asp?category=167&title=1277|title = Ex Joint Express |work = Royal Canadian Navy |publisher = Canadian Forces |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110613141614/http://www.navy.forces.gc.ca/windsor/2/2-s_eng.asp?category=167&title=1277|archive-date = 13 June 2011}}</ref>
In 2007 the submarine entered Halifax for refit. Originally scheduled for completion in two years, the refit was still not complete as of early 2011.<ref name=subrefitcbc> {{cite news |url = https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/submarine-refit-wildly-over-budget-1.1060414 |title = Submarine refit wildly over budget |newspaper = CBC News |date = 24 February 2011 |access-date = 11 April 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120411175145/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/story/2011/02/23/ns-submarine-windsor-refit-cost.html |archive-date = 11 April 2012 |url-status = live }} </ref> During the refit, rust was discovered which will restrict the maximum depth to which the submarine can safely dive.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/article/1032988--rust-will-restrict-canadian-submarine-s-diving-range?bn=1 |title = Rust will restrict Canadian submarine's diving range |first = Michael |last = Tutton |work = Toronto Star |publisher = Torstar |date = 31 July 2011 |access-date = 11 April 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120326022047/http://www.thestar.com/news/canada/article/1032988--rust-will-restrict-canadian-submarine-s-diving-range?bn=1 |archive-date = 26 March 2012 |url-status = live }}</ref> According to reports, due to unexpected problems, the refit suffered delays and cost overruns. These included bad welds in the hull, broken torpedo tubes, a faulty rudder and tiles on the side of the sub that continually fell off. In 2010, the Royal Canadian Navy spent $45 million on repairs to ''Windsor'' for which it had budgeted $17 million. The refit began in 2007 and was scheduled to be completed in 2009. The submarine was relaunched on 11 April 2012.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://thechronicleherald.ca/novascotia/83072-sub-in-refit-to-get-wet-for-first-time-in-5-years |title = Sub in refit to get wet for first time in 5 years |last = Ware |first = Beverley |work = The Chronicle Herald |date = 10 April 2012 |access-date = 10 April 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180201233041/http://thechronicleherald.ca/novascotia/83072-sub-in-refit-to-get-wet-for-first-time-in-5-years |archive-date = 1 February 2018 |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/troubled-sub-hits-water-after-lengthy-refit-1.1262487 |title = Troubled sub hits water after lengthy refit |newspaper = CBC News |date = 11 April 2012 |access-date = 11 April 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120411211247/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/story/2012/04/11/ns-hmcs-windsor-halifax.html |archive-date = 11 April 2012 |url-status = live }}</ref> After being out of the water for five years, ''Windsor'' was lowered back into the water. The submarine was then guided out of the lift area to a nearby dock where the submarine remained for more testing until sea trials.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://thechronicleherald.ca/novascotia/83510-hmcs-windsor-lands-safely-in-halifax-harbour |title = HMCS Windsor lands safely in Halifax Harbour |first = Ian |last = Fairclough |newspaper = The Chronicle Herald |date = 11 April 2012 |access-date = 20 April 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120414031507/http://thechronicleherald.ca/novascotia/83510-hmcs-windsor-lands-safely-in-halifax-harbour |archive-date = 14 April 2012 |url-status = live }}</ref>
Shortly afterwards one of the engines was declared unusable, and ''Windsor'' was drydocked in March 2014. Work was scheduled to be completed in September at a projected cost of $1.5 million.<ref name=cbcfeb5/> The work was expanded in June to incorporate other maintenance needs on the submarine as well as a main sonar system upgrade for a total cost of $18 million.<ref name=oc>{{cite web |url=https://ottawacitizen.com/news/national/defence-watch/hmcs-windsor-gets-18-million-overhaul-new-generator-sonar-upgrade-and-more-maintenance |title=HMCS Windsor gets $18 million overhaul – new generator, sonar upgrade and more maintenance |last=Pugliese |first=David |newspaper=Ottawa Citizen |date=11 June 2014 |access-date=1 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006122004/http://ottawacitizen.com/news/national/defence-watch/hmcs-windsor-gets-18-million-overhaul-new-generator-sonar-upgrade-and-more-maintenance |archive-date=6 October 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 8 October 2014, ''Windsor'' completed her dry-dock maintenance and upgrade cycle and was re-floated.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ottawacitizen.com/news/national/defence-watch/hmcs-windsor-to-begin-equipment-tests-and-trials-in-harbour-and-at-sea |title=HMCS Windsor to begin equipment tests and trials in harbour and at sea |last=Pugliese |first=David |newspaper=Ottawa Citizen |date=10 October 2014 |access-date=12 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016200244/http://ottawacitizen.com/news/national/defence-watch/hmcs-windsor-to-begin-equipment-tests-and-trials-in-harbour-and-at-sea |archive-date=16 October 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>
In Fall 2015, ''Windsor'' deployed for large NATO naval exercises Joint Warrior and Trident Venture with {{HMCS|Athabaskan|DDG 282|2}}, {{HMCS|Halifax|FFH 330|2}}, {{HMCS|Montréal|FFH 336|2}}, {{HMCS|Goose Bay|MM 707|2}} and {{HMCS|Summerside|MM 711|2}}, returning on 17 December.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/hmcs-windsor-returns-to-hfx-1.3367954 |title=HMCS Windsor returning to Halifax port after NATO exercises |work=CBC News |date=16 December 2015 |access-date=17 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151219061535/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/hmcs-windsor-returns-to-hfx-1.3367954 |archive-date=19 December 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 15 February 2016, while operating off the US East coast, one of her batteries was found leaking a discharge. The submarine put into Norfolk, Virginia where she awaited specialists from Canada to arrive. After repairs were performed at Norfolk, ''Windsor'' returned to Halifax in March 2016.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/hmcs-winsor-submarine-halifax-harbour-1.3476531 |title=HMCS Windsor submarine back in Halifax after battery malfunction |work=CBC News |last=Ward |first=Rachel |date=4 March 2016 |access-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305225158/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/hmcs-winsor-submarine-halifax-harbour-1.3476531 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/hmcs-windsor-battery-1.3456176 |title=HMCS Windsor battery malfunction delays submarine's return to Halifax |work=CBC News |last=Ward |first=Rachel |date=19 February 2016 |access-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305225209/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/hmcs-windsor-battery-1.3456176 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>
The submarine deployed in June 2016 to participate in NATO naval exercises off the coast of Norway. However, while in transit, one of the submarine's diesel generators refused to engage. The submarine returned to Halifax for repairs, which were effected and the submarine sailed for Europe a week later.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/hmcs-windsor-supercharger-halifax-repairs-1.3617052 |title=HMCS Windsor returning to Halifax to repair defective supercharger |work=CBC News |last=Ruskin |first=Brett |date=5 June 2016 |access-date=7 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606122145/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/hmcs-windsor-supercharger-halifax-repairs-1.3617052 |archive-date=6 June 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2016/06/12/hmcs-windsor-back-at-sea-after-engine-woes.html |title=HMCS Windsor back at sea after engine woes |newspaper=Toronto Star |last=Campion-Smith |first=Bruce |date=12 June 2016 |access-date=13 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160613010215/https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2016/06/12/hmcs-windsor-back-at-sea-after-engine-woes.html |archive-date=13 June 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> The submarine returned to Halifax on 9 August.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/atlantic/article/hmcs-windsor-crew-welcomed-home-at-halifax-waterfront/ |title=HMCS Windsor crew welcomed home at Halifax waterfront |newspaper=CTV News |date=9 August 2016 |access-date=11 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811123911/http://atlantic.ctvnews.ca/hmcs-windsor-crew-welcomed-home-at-halifax-waterfront-1.3021853 |archive-date=11 August 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> In September ''Windsor'' was among the Canadian warships deployed to the NATO naval training exercise "Cutlass Fury" off the east coast of North America.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/article/nato-warships-converge-on-halifax-for-military-exercises/ |title=NATO warships converge on Halifax for military exercises |newspaper=CTV News |date=10 September 2016 |access-date=11 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911184858/http://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/nato-warships-converge-on-halifax-for-military-exercises-1.3066686 |archive-date=11 September 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Beginning in February 2017, ''Windsor'' deployed into the Atlantic Ocean, taking part in a NATO naval exercise and monitoring sea traffic in shipping lanes. The submarine returned to Halifax on 20 June 2018.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/article/navy-submarine-hmcs-windsor-returns-to-halifax-after-five-month-deployment/ |title=Navy submarine HMCS Windsor returns to Halifax after five-month deployment |work=CTV News |last=Thomson |first=Aly |agency=The Canadian Press |date=20 June 2018 |access-date=20 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620174203/https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/navy-submarine-hmcs-windsor-returns-to-halifax-after-five-month-deployment-1.3981199 |archive-date=20 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
In September 2023, the submarine suffered a flooding incident in which three sailors were injured. Although scheduled to participate in a 14-day multi-national exercise, ''Windsor'' was compelled to return to Halifax where repairs were expected to take four weeks.<ref>{{cite web |title=HMCS Windsor repairs expected to take about four weeks; injured crew returned to duty |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/atlantic/article/hmcs-windsor-repairs-expected-to-take-about-four-weeks-injured-crew-returned-to-duty/ |website=CTV News Atlantic |last=Dicks |first=Bill |date=20 September 2023 |access-date=29 September 2023 }}</ref>
==References== ===Notes=== {{notelist}}
===Citations=== {{Reflist|30em}}
===Sources=== * {{cite book |last=Cocker |first=Maurice |date=2008 |title=Royal Navy Submarines: 1901 to the Present Day |publisher=Pen and Sword Books Ltd. |location=Barnsley, UK |isbn=978-1-84415-733-4}} * {{cite book|last = Ferguson |first = Julie H.|title = Deeply Canadian: New Submarines for a New Millennium |year = 2000 |publisher = Beacon Publishing |isbn = 0-9689857-0-X}} * {{cite book|editor-last=Gardiner |editor-first=Robert |editor-last2=Chumbley |editor-first2=Stephen |editor-last3=Budzbon |editor-first3=Przemysław |date=1995 |title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995. |location=Annapolis, Maryland |publisher=Naval Institute Press |isbn=1-55750-132-7}} * {{cite book |last=Macpherson |first=Ken |last2=Barrie |first2=Ron |date=2002 |title=The Ships of Canada's Naval Forces 1910–2002 |edition=Third |publisher=Vanwell Publishing |location=St. Catharines, Ontario |isbn=1-55125-072-1}} * {{cite book |last=Perkins |first=J. David |date=2000 |title=The Canadian Submarine Service in Review |publisher=Vanwell Publishing Limited |location=St. Catharines, Ontario |isbn=1-55125-031-4}} * {{cite book |editor-first=Stephen |editor-last=Saunders |date=2004 |title=Jane's Fighting Ships 2004–2005 |publisher=Jane's Information Group |location=Alexandria, Virginia |isbn=0-7106-2623-1}} * {{cite book|title = The Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World: Their Ships, Aircraft, and Systems|editor = Wertheim, Eric |publisher = Naval Institute Press|location = Annapolis, Maryland |date = 2007 |edition = 15th|isbn = 978-1-59114-955-2 |oclc = 140283156 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=TJunjRvplU4C}}
{{Upholder/Victoria class submarine}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Windsor (SSK 877)}} Category:Fleet of the Royal Canadian Navy Category:Upholder/Victoria-class submarines Category:Ships built on the River Mersey Category:1992 ships