{{Short description|Joseon Korean diplomatic policy term}} {{Infobox Korean name/auto |hangul=교린 정책 |hanja=交隣政策 }} '''Gyorin''' (lit. "neighborly relations") was a neo-Confucian term developed in Joseon Korea. The term was intended to identify and characterize a diplomatic policy which establishes and maintains amicable relations with neighboring states. It was construed and understood in tandem with a corollary term, which was the ''sadae'' or "serving the great" policy towards Imperial China.<ref>Yim Min-Hyeok. [http://www.dbpia.co.kr/view/ar_view.asp?arid=1160482 "The Establishment of Literati Governance Society in Early Joseon, and Its Continuation,"] ''The Review of Korean Studies,'' Vol. 8, No. 2 (June 20050, pp. 223-254.</ref>
Confucian learning contributed in the formation of ''gyorin'' and ''sadae'' as ritual, conceptual and normative frameworks for construing interactions and political decision-making.<ref>Steben, Barry D. [http://www.chinajapan.org/articles/11.1/11.1steben39-60.pdf "The Transmission of Neo-Confucianism to the Ryukyu (Liuqiu) Islands and Its Historical Significance: Ritual and Rectification of Names in a Bipolar Authority Field," p. 54.] National University of Singapore.</ref>
==Multi-national foreign policy== The rationale expressed by ''gyorin'' was applied to a multi-national foreign policy.<ref>{{in lang|ko}} [http://enc.daum.net/dic100/contents.do?query1=b10s4187a 사대교린 (조선 외교), Britannica online Korea]</ref> Scholarly writing about the Joseon dynasty has tended to focus on diplomatic relations with China and Japan, but the intermediary nature of ''gyorin'' contacts—for example, Joseon-Ryukyuan diplomatic and trading contacts—were important as well.<ref>Kim, Chun-gil. [https://books.google.com/books?id=WBZjBPt1H8AC&pg=PA76 ''The History of Korea,'' pp. 76-77]; Oh Youngkyo. [http://khistory.korea.ac.kr/bbs/table/koreanhistory/upload/0305_003.pdf "State of Research on the Late Period of the Choson Dynasty,"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722132650/http://khistory.korea.ac.kr/bbs/table/koreanhistory/upload/0305_003.pdf |date=2011-07-22 }} Yonsei University.</ref> Envoys from the Ryūkyū Kingdom were received by Taejo of Joseon in 1392, 1394 and 1397. Siam sent an envoy to Taejo's court in 1393.<ref name="goodrich1601">Goodrich, L. Carrington ''et al.'' (1976). [https://books.google.com/books?id=JWpF-dObxW8C&q=ryukyu&pg=PA1601 ''Dictionary of Ming biography, 1368-1644'' (明代名人傳), Vol. II, p. 1601.]</ref>
The long-term, strategic ''gyorin'' policy played out in bilateral diplomacy and trade dealings with the Jurchen tribes, Japan, the Ryūkyū Kingdom, Siam, and others.<ref>Kim, [https://books.google.com/books?id=WBZjBPt1H8AC&pg=PA76 pp. 76-77]; [http://www.raskb.com/ Royal Asiatic Society, Korea Branch] (RASKB): [http://www.raskb.com/zboard/view.php?id=raslecture&page=1&sn1=&divpage=1&sn=off&ss=on&sc=on&select_arrange=headnum&desc=asc&no=127 Yi Sugwang with Vietnamese counterpart Phùng Khắc Khoan in 1597.]{{dead link|date=October 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Over time, diplomatic and trade policies were perceived by Joseon's partners as the traditional door through which trends in neo-Confucian philosophical principles were recognized.<ref>Steben, p. 57.</ref>
The Joseon kingdom made every effort to maintain a friendly bilateral relationship with China for reasons having to do with both ''realpolitik'' and a more idealist Confucian worldview wherein China was seen as the center of a Confucian moral universe.<ref>Mansourov, Alexandre Y. [http://www.asiaquarterly.com/content/view/174/43/ "Will Flowers Bloom without Fragrance? Korean-Chinese Relations,"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080108074830/http://www.asiaquarterly.com/content/view/174/43/ |date=2008-01-08 }} ''Harvard Asia Quarterly'' (Spring 2009).</ref> Joseon diplomacy was no less aware and sensitive to ''realpolitik'' in the implementation of ''gyorin'' policy.
The unique nature of ''gyorin'' bilateral diplomatic exchanges evolved from a conceptual framework developed by the Chinese. Gradually, the theoretical models would be modified, mirroring the evolution of a unique relationship.<ref>Toby, Ronald P. (1991). [https://books.google.com/books?id=2hK7tczn2QoC&dq=korean+diplomacy+1711&pg=PA85 ''State and Diplomacy in Early Modern Japan: Asia in the Development of the Tokugawa Bakufu,'' p. 87.]</ref>
==See also== * Joseon diplomacy * Neo-Confucianism
==Notes== {{reflist|2}}
==References== * Goodrich, Luther Carrington and Zhaoying Fang. (1976). [https://books.google.com/books?id=067On0JgItAC&q=luther+carrington+goodrich ''Dictionary of Ming biography, 1368-1644'' (明代名人傳), Vol. I]; [https://books.google.com/books?id=JWpF-dObxW8C&q=luther+carrington+goodrich ''Dictionary of Ming biography, 1368-1644'' (明代名人傳), Vol. II.] New York: Columbia University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-231-03801-0}}; {{ISBN|978-0-231-03833-1}}; [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1622199 OCLC 1622199] * Kang, Etsuko Hae-jin. (1997). ''Diplomacy and Ideology in Japanese-Korean Relations: from the Fifteenth to the Eighteenth Century.'' Basingstoke, Hampshire; Macmillan. {{ISBN|978-0-312-17370-8}}; {{OCLC|243874305}} * Kang, Jae-eun and Suzanne Lee. (2006). ''The Land of Scholars : Two Thousand Years of Korean Confucianism.'' Paramus, New Jersey: Homa & Sekey Books. {{ISBN|978-1-931907-37-8}}; [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60931394?referer=di&ht=edition OCLC 60931394] * Kim, Chun-gil. (2005). ''The history of Korea.'' Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. {{ISBN|978-0-313-33296-8}}; {{ISBN|978-0-313-03853-2}}; {{OCLC|217866287}} * Mansourov, Alexandre Y. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080108074830/http://www.asiaquarterly.com/content/view/174/43/ "Will Flowers Bloom without Fragrance? Korean-Chinese Relations,"] ''Harvard Asia Quarterly'' (Spring 2009). * Oh Youngkyo. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110722132650/http://khistory.korea.ac.kr/bbs/table/koreanhistory/upload/0305_003.pdf "State of Research on the Late Period of the Choson Dynasty,"] Yonsei University. * Steben, Barry D. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070812004852/http://www.chinajapan.org/articles/11.1/11.1steben39-60.pdf "The Transmission of Neo-Confucianism to the Ryukyu (Liuqiu) Islands and Its Historical Significance: Ritual and Rectification of Names in a Bipolar Authority Field,"] National University of Singapore. * Toby, Ronald P. (1991). [https://books.google.com/books?id=2hK7tczn2QoC&dq=State+and+Diplomacy+in+Early+Modern+Japan&pg=PP1 ''State and Diplomacy in Early Modern Japan: Asia in the Development of the Tokugawa Bakufu.''] Stanford: Stanford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-8047-1951-3}}
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Category:Politics of Joseon Category:Diplomacy Category:Political theories Category:Korean philosophy * Category:Ideologies Category:Korean Confucianism Category:Neo-Confucianism