Gyeongsang Province

{{Short description|Historical province of Korea}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Gyeongsang Province | translit_lang1 = Korean | translit_lang1_type = [[Hangul|Korean]] | translit_lang1_info = 경상도 | translit_lang1_type1 = [[Hanja]] | translit_lang1_info1 = 慶尙道 | translit_lang1_type2 = {{nowrap|[[Revised Romanization of Korean|Revised Romanization]]}} | translit_lang1_info2 = Gyeongsang-do | translit_lang1_type3 = {{nowrap|[[McCune–Reischauer]]}} | translit_lang1_info3 = Kyŏngsang-do | image_skyline = | imagesize = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_map = Gyeongsang Province of Late Joseon Dynasty.png | mapsize = 189px | map_alt = | map_caption = | pushpin_map =  | pushpin_label_position =  | pushpin_label =  | coordinates = | coor_pinpoint =  | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = [[Joseon]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Korea|Region]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Yeongnam]] | seat_type = Capital | seat = | parts_type = | parts_style = para | p1 = | government_type = | leader_title = Mayor | leader_name = | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes = | population_total = | population_as_of = | population_density_km2 = | blank_name_sec1 = [[Korean dialects|Dialect]] | blank_info_sec1 = [[Gyeongsang dialect|Gyeongsang]] | footnotes = }} '''Gyeongsang Province''' ({{Korean|hangul=경상도|hanja=慶尙道}}; {{IPA|ko|kjʌ̹ŋ.sa̠ŋ.do̞}}) was one of the [[Eight Provinces of Korea|Eight Provinces]] of [[Joseon|Joseon Korea]]. Gyeongsang was located in southeastern Korea.

The provincial capital of Gyeongsang was [[Daegu]]. The region was the birthplace of the kingdom of [[Silla]], which unified Korea in 668 CE. The region also has a highly significant role in modern Korean history; every non-acting South Korean president from 1963 to 2022 except [[Choi Kyu-hah]] (1979-1980) had ancestry from Gyeongsang, and all except [[Lee Myung-bak]] were also born in Gyeongsang.

Today, the historical region is divided into five administrative divisions: the three independent cities of [[Busan]], [[Daegu]] and [[Ulsan]], and the two provinces of [[North Gyeongsang Province]] and [[South Gyeongsang Province]]. The largest city in the historical region is [[Busan]], followed by [[Daegu]].

==History== The predecessor to Gyeongsang Province was formed during the [[Goryeo]] (918-1392), replacing the former provinces of [[Yeongnam]], [[Sannam]] and [[Yeongdong (Goryeo)|Yeongdong]].

Gyeongsang acquired its current name in 1314. The name derives from names of the principal cities of [[Gyeongju]] and [[Sangju]].

In 1895, Gyeongsang was replaced by the [[provinces of Korea#Districts of Late Joseon|districts]] of [[Andong]] in the north, Daegu ({{korean|hangul=대구부|hanja=大邱|labels=no}}) in the centre, [[Jinju]] in the southwest, and Dongnae ({{korean|hangul=동래부|hanja=東萊府|labels=no}}; now [[Busan]]) in the southeast.

In 1896, Andong, Daegu, and northern Dongnae Districts were merged to form North Gyeongsang, and Jinju and southern Dongnae districts were merged to form South Gyeongsang. North and South Gyeongsang are part of [[South Korea]] today.

==Language== The language used in Gyeongsang province (south and north) is the Yeongnam [[dialects of Korean|dialect of Korean]], also called the [[Gyeongsang dialect]], and the intonation and vocabulary is different from the standard Seoul dialect (표준어, ''pyojuneo'') in several ways.<ref>Long, D & Yim, Y.-C. (2002). <nowiki>''</nowiki>Regional differences in the perception of Korean dialects<nowiki>''</nowiki>. In D. Long & D. Preston (eds.). <nowiki>''</nowiki>Handbook of Perceptual Dialectology Volume II<nowiki>''</nowiki>, pp. 249-275.</ref> Yeongnam dialect itself is further subdivided into several dialects. For example, Busan dialect is slightly different from Andong dialect and Uljin dialect.

{| class="wikitable" |+ Examples of different intonation and vocabulary |- ! English !! Seoul dialect !! Gyeongsang dialect |- | key || 열쇠 ''yeolsoe'' || 쇳대 ''soetdae'' (in Busan) |- | whole, every, all || 모두 ''modu'', 언제나 ''eonjena'', 항시 ''hangsi'' || 마카 ''maka'' (in Yaecheon county) |- | Why do you do that? (asking reason of an action-sentence) || 왜 그래요? ''Wae geuraeyo?'', 왜 그러세요? ''Wae geureoseyo?'' || 와 그랑교? ''Wa geuranggyo?'' (in Southern Gyeongsang, Busan, Ulsan)<br/>와 그리니껴? ''Wa geurinikkyeo?'' (in Northern Gyeongsang) |}

==Geography== Gyeongsang Province was bounded on the west by [[Jeolla Province|Jeolla]] and [[Chungcheong Province| Chungcheong]] Provinces, on the north by [[Gangwon (historical)|Gangwon]] Province, on the south by [[Korea Strait]], and on the east by the [[Sea of Japan]]. The region is ringed by the [[Taebaek Mountains|Taebaek]] and [[Sobaek Mountains]] and is drained by the [[Nakdong River]].

The largest cities in the region are [[Busan]], [[Daegu]], and [[Ulsan]]. Other cities of note are Gyeongju (the former capital of [[Silla]]), Andong, [[Yeongju]], Sangju, [[Gimcheon]], [[Miryang]], [[Gimhae]], [[Changwon]] (the capital of South Gyeongsang), [[Masan]], and Jinju.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jang |first=Seok-Gil Denver |last2=Lee |first2=Juhyun |last3=Gim |first3=Tae-Hyoung Tommy |date=2024-05-06 |title=Smart adaptation to urban shrinkage in North Gyeongsang province, South Korea: opportunities and obstacles for implementation |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17535069.2024.2350462 |journal=Urban Research & Practice |language=en |pages=1–25 |doi=10.1080/17535069.2024.2350462 |issn=1753-5069|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The Gyeongsang region as a whole is often referred to by the [[Regions of Korea|regional]] and former provincial name of "Yeongnam" (The term "[[Yeongdong (region)|Yeongdong]]" is applied today to [[Gangwon Gangwon Province (Korea) |Gangwon Province]]).

== References == <references />

==External links== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040903042549/http://seoul600.visitseoul.net/seoul-history/sidaesa/txt/5-3-2-1.html Seoul City history article on Hanseong and 22 other late 19th-century districts (in Korean)]

[[Category:Provinces of Goryeo]] [[Category:Provinces of Joseon]]