{{Short description|Norwegian mathematician and chemist}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}} {{Infobox scientist | image = File:Portrett av matematikeren og fysikeren Cato Maximilian Guldberg, 1891 - no-nb digifoto 20160711 00004 blds 02999 (cropped).jpg | caption = Cato Maximilian Guldberg (1891) | birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1836|8|11}} | birth_place = Christiania, Norway | death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1902|1|14|1836|8|11}} | death_place = Christiania, Norway | fields = Mathematics<br/>Chemistry | alma_mater = Royal Frederick University | doctoral_advisor = | doctoral_students = | known_for = Law of mass action | awards = Order of St. Olav<br /> Order of the Dannebrog<br /> Order of Vasa<br />Order of the Polar Star<br />Order of Charles XIII | signature = }} thumb|250 px|right|Guldberg and Waage '''Cato Maximilian Guldberg''' (11 August 1836 – 14 January 1902) was a Norwegian mathematician and chemist. Guldberg is best known as a pioneer in physical chemistry.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://snl.no/Cato_Maximilian_Guldberg|title=Cato M Guldberg |publisher= Store norske leksikon|author= Bjørn Pedersen|access-date= 1 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095912117|title=Cato Guldberg, Norwegian chemist|publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date= 1 February 2018}}</ref>
==Background== Guldberg was born on 11 August 1836, in Christiania. He was the eldest son of Carl August Guldberg (1812–92) and Hanna Sophie Theresia Bull (1810–54). He was the brother of nurse and educator Cathinka Guldberg as well as mathematician Axel Sophus Guldberg. He attended Aug. Holths private latinskole in Christiania. Guldberg studied mathematics and physics at the University of Christiania and took his diploma in 1859. That same year he received the Crown Prince's gold medal (''Kronprinsens gullmedalje'') for a dissertation in pure mathematics. He received a travel and education scholarship in 1861, studying applied mathematics and machine learning in what is now Germany, Switzerland and France.<ref>{{cite web|url =http://www.muv.uio.no/uios-historie/epoker/1811-1870/kronprinsen-kvist-010907.html |title=Stud. real. Cato Maximilian Guldberg (1859)|publisher= University of Oslo|access-date= 1 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://nbl.snl.no/Cato_M_Guldberg|title=Cato M Guldberg|publisher= Norsk biografisk leksikon |author= Bent Birkeland |access-date= 1 February 2018}}</ref>
==Career== Guldberg first taught at Hartvig Nissens skole in Christiania. Gulberg worked at the Royal Frederick University becoming a college fellow in 1867 and received a professorship in applied mathematics in 1869.
Together with his brother-in-law, Peter Waage, he proposed the law of mass action in 1864. This law attracted little attention until, in 1877, Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff arrived at a similar relationship and experimentally demonstrated its validity.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Waage | first = P. |author2=C. M. Guldberg | title = Studies Concerning Affinity | journal = Forhandlinger: Videnskabs – Selskabet I Christinia |publisher=Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters| pages = 35 | year = 1864}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Abrash | first1 = Henry I. | title = Studies Concerning Affinity | journal = Journal of Chemical Education | volume = 63 | pages = 1044–1047 | year = 1986 | doi = 10.1021/ed063p1044 | last2 = Gulberg | first2 = C. M. | issue = 12|bibcode = 1986JChEd..63.1044W }}- English translation of Waage and Guldberg's 1864 paper (above)</ref>
In 1890, he published what is now known as the Guldberg rule, which states that the normal boiling point of a liquid is two-thirds of the critical temperature when measured on the absolute scale.<ref name=Bowden1954>{{cite journal | author = Bowden, S. T. | year = 1954 | title = A Corrected Guldberg Rule | journal = Nature | volume = 174 | pages = 613–614 | doi = 10.1038/174613b0 | issue = 4430 |bibcode = 1954Natur.174..613B | s2cid = 4214592 }}</ref> From 1866 to 1868, 1869 to 1872 and 1874 to 1875, he was the chairman of the Norwegian Polytechnic Society.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://old.polyteknisk.no/formenn.html|publisher=Norwegian Polytechnic Society|access-date=27 November 2009|title=PFs formenn 1852 – 2004|language=Norwegian|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724182550/http://old.polyteknisk.no/formenn.html|archive-date=24 July 2011}}</ref>
== Honours == * {{flagicon|Sweden|1844}} {{flagicon|Norway|1844}} Sweden-Norway:<ref>{{cite book|author=Anton Anjou|year=1900|title=Riddare af Konung Carl XIII:s orden: 1811–1900: biografiska anteckningar|chapter-url=http://www.archive.org/stream/riddareafkonung00anjogoog#page/n10/mode/1up|chapter=Utländske Riddare|pages=[http://www.archive.org/stream/riddareafkonung00anjogoog#page/n188/mode/2up 180-181]|publisher=Eksjö, Eksjö tryckeri-aktiebolag |language=sv}}</ref> ** Knight of the Order of Vasa, ''1866''<ref>{{citation|title=Sveriges Statskalender |year=1877|page=449|url=https://runeberg.org/statskal/1877/0473.html|via=runeberg.org|access-date=29 May 2020|language=sv}}</ref> ** Knight of the Polar Star, ''1882'' ** Knight of St. Olav, ''1891''; Commander 2nd Class, ''21 January 1896'' ** Knight of the Order of Charles XIII, ''28 January 1899'' * {{flag|Denmark}}: Knight of the Dannebrog, ''30 August 1872''<ref name="DanskStatskalender">{{cite book |year=1900 |orig-year=1st pub.:1801 |editor1-last=Bille-Hansen |editor1-first=A. C. |editor2-last=Holck |editor2-first=Harald |title=Statshaandbog for Kongeriget Danmark for Aaret 1900 |trans-title=State Manual of the Kingdom of Denmark for the Year 1900 |url=https://dis-danmark.dk/bibliotek/918013.pdf#page=102 |format=PDF |series=Kongelig Dansk Hof- og Statskalender |language=da |location=Copenhagen |publisher=J.H. Schultz A.-S. Universitetsbogtrykkeri |pages=139–140 |access-date=16 September 2019 |via=:da:DIS Danmark}}</ref> * {{flag|England}}: Honorary membership of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society 26 April 1892<ref>Memoirs and proceedings of the Manchester Literary & Philosophical Society FOURTH SERIES Eighth VOLUME 1894</ref>
== References == {{Reflist}}
== Publications == * {{cite journal | last = Waage | first = P. |author2=C. M. Guldberg | title = Studies Concerning Affinity | journal = Forhandlinger: Videnskabs – Selskabet I Christinia |publisher=Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters| pages = 35 | year = 1864}} * {{cite journal | doi = 10.1021/ed063p1044 | last1 = Abrash | first1 = Henry I. | last2 = Gulberg | first2 = C. M. | title = Studies Concerning Affinity | journal = Journal of Chemical Education | volume = 63 | pages = 1044–1047 | year = 1986 | issue = 12 | bibcode=1986JChEd..63.1044W}}- English translation of Waage and Guldberg's 1864 paper (above)
==Related reading== *Peter Østrøm. ''Guldberg and Waage on the Influence of Temperature on the Rates of Chemical Reactions'' (Centaurus. Volume 28, Issue 3. Pages 277–287. October 1985) *Robin E. Ferner and Jeffrey K. Aronson. Cato Guldberg and Peter Waage, the history of the Law of Mass Action, and its relevance to clinical pharmacology (Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2016 Jan; 81(1): 52–55)
==External links== *{{cite book|url=http://www.bookrags.com/biography/cato-guldberg-woc/ |title=World of Chemistry on Cato Guldberg |access-date=7 July 2008 |publisher=Bookrags }}
{{s-start}} {{succession box |before=H. Koch |title=Chairman of the Norwegian Polytechnic Society |after=Peter Waage |years=1866–1868 }} {{succession box |before=Peter Waage |title=Chairman of the Norwegian Polytechnic Society |after=Johannes Benedictus Klingenberg |years=1869–1872 }} {{succession box |before=Johannes Benedictus Klingenberg |title=Chairman of the Norwegian Polytechnic Society |after=Hans Jacob Rosenørn Grüner |years=1874–1875 }} {{s-end}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Guldberg, Cato Maximilian}} Category:1836 births Category:1902 deaths Category:Scientists from Oslo Category:University of Oslo alumni Category:Academic staff of the University of Oslo Category:Norwegian chemists Category:19th-century Norwegian mathematicians Category:Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters Category:Recipients of the St. Olav's Medal Category:Knights of the Order of the Dannebrog Category:Recipients of the Order of Vasa Category:Order of the Polar Star Category:Knights of the Order of Charles XIII