{{Short description|Clause of the United States Constitution}} The '''Guarantee Clause''', also known as the '''Republican Form of Government Clause''', is in Article IV, Section 4 of the United States Constitution. It requires the United States to guarantee every state a republican form of government and provide protection from invasion and domestic violence.
==Text== Article IV, Section 4: {{blockquote|''The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Government, and shall protect each of them against Invasion; and on Application of the Legislature, or of the Executive (when the Legislature cannot be convened) against domestic Violence''.
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==History== The original substance of the clause was first proposed at the Constitutional Convention as part of the Virginia Plan, presented by Edmund Randolph.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774 - 1875 |url=https://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llfr&fileName=001/llfr001.db&recNum=49&itemLink=r?ammem/hlaw:@field(DOCID+@lit(fr00118))#0010050&linkText=1 |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=memory.loc.gov}}</ref>
The Guarantee Clause reflects a founding understanding of republicanism, which entails governing through electoral processes.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Interpretation: The Guarantee Clause {{!}} The National Constitution Center|url=https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/interpretation/article-iv/clauses/42#:~:text=The%20Guarantee%20Clause%20requires%20the,foreign%20invasion%20and%20domestic%20violence.|access-date=2020-09-03|website=constitutioncenter.org}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite magazine|last=Ford|first=Matt|date=2019-07-17|title=Make the Guarantee Clause Great Again|magazine=The New Republic|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/154486/guarantee-clause-hindering-gerrymandering-reform|access-date=2020-09-07|issn=0028-6583}}</ref> As written in the Federalist No. 57: "The elective mode of obtaining rulers is the characteristic policy of republican government." Quoting Montesquieu, James Madison wrote in Federalist No. 43 that "should a popular insurrection happen in one of the States, the others are able to quell it. Should abuses creep into one part, they are reformed by those that remain sound."
At the time of the founding, however, states restricted the right to vote based on race, sex, and property ownership.<ref name=":1" /> Madison suggested that these existing practices in the states, which he called "existing republican forms", may be continued.<ref name=":2" /> Article I, Section 2 of the Constitution explicitly gave the states power to decide voting qualifications,<ref name=":1" /> although Article I, Section 4 gives Congress authority to regulate the time, place, and manner of federal elections.
Beginning in the aftermath of the Civil War, subsequent amendments broadened the right to vote and restricted discriminatory state laws. These include the Fifteenth (no denial of right to vote based on race), Nineteenth (no denial of right to vote based on sex), Twenty-Fourth (no poll tax), and the Twenty-Sixth Amendment (reducing the voting age to eighteen).<ref name=":1" />
==Interpretation== It is understood that the Guarantee Clause requires states to produce governments by electoral processes, as opposed to inherited monarchies, dictatorships, or military rule.<ref name=":1" />
=== Judicial interpretation === In cases such as ''Luther v. Borden'' (1849) and ''Pacific States Telephone and Telegraph Co. v. Oregon'' (1912), the Supreme Court held that the enforcement of the Guarantee Clause is a nonjusticiable political question, to be decided by Congress or the President instead of the courts.<ref name="yls_smith">{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Thomas A. |date=January 1984 |title=The Rule of Law and the States: A New Interpretation of the Guarantee Clause |url=https://openyls.law.yale.edu/bitstream/handle/20.500.13051/16255/34_93YaleLJ561_January1984_.pdf |journal=Yale Law Journal |volume=93 |issue=3 |pages=561–580}}</ref>
Rhode Island was the only one of the Thirteen Colonies that did not adopt a constitution during the Revolutionary War period. Instead, it continued to rely on the 1663 royal charter issued by King Charles II, and restricted the franchise to men who owned more than $134 in land.<ref name=":2" /> A rival government attempted to adopt a constitution by convention but was quashed by the existing charter government.<ref name=":2" /> In ''Luther v. Borden'', the Supreme Court refused to decide whether Rhode Island's charter government was illegitimate because of its limitations on voting rights.<ref name=":2" />
In ''Pacific States Telephone & Telegraph Co. v. Oregon'', the Supreme Court was asked to invalidate referendums (a form of direct democracy rather than representative democracy) permitted by state law, on the ground that they violate the Guarantee Clause's republican form of government requirement. The court refused to invalidate referendums.<ref name="yls_smith" />
Scholars have commented that these decisions are consistent with the statement in Federalist No. 43 that "States may choose to substitute other republican forms, they have a right to do so, and to claim the federal guaranty for the latter."<ref name=":1" />
In ''Colegrove v. Green'' (1946), a challenge of state legislative apportionments, the Supreme Court declared that the Republican Form of Government Clause cannot be used as a basis to challenge state electoral malapportionment in court.<ref name=":1" /> However, the court clarified in ''Baker v. Carr'' (1962) that legislature malapportionment claims can be decided in court under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, as the equal protection issue was separate from the Guarantee Clause challenge.
In 2019, the Supreme Court reiterated in ''Rucho'' v. ''Common Cause'' (a case about political gerrymandering) that the Guarantee Clause is not a justiciable issue capable of being litigated in court.<ref name=":2" />
=== Congressional interpretation === Cases such as ''Luther v. Borden'' held the Guarantee Clause to be a political question to be resolved by Congress. Relying on that understanding, the Reconstruction era Congress disestablished ten state governments during peacetime and placed them under military rule. The law, known as the First Reconstruction Act, found those states to be unrepublican under the Guarantee Clause.<ref>David P. Currie,''The Reconstruction Congress'', 75 U. Chi. L. Rev. 383, 413 (2008).</ref><ref>Akhil Reed Amar, ''The Central Meaning of Republican Government: Popular Sovereignty, Majority Rule, and the Denominator Problem'', 65 U. Colo. L. Rev. 749, 753 (1994).</ref> The Supreme Court acquiesced to the disestablishment in ''Georgia v. Stanton'' (1868).<ref name=":3">Cormac H. Broeg, ''Waking the Giant: A Role for the Guarantee Clause Exclusion Power in the Twenty-First Century'', 105 Iowa L. Rev. 1319 (2019).</ref> Later, Congress also excluded elected legislators (a power recognized in ''Luther'') when it faced "an election dispute created by state measures to suppress black voter turnout."<ref name=":3" />
==See also== * Insurrection Act of 1807 * Section 119 of the Constitution of Australia, derived from the Guarantee Clause
==References== <references/>
==External links== *[https://harvardlawreview.org/2018/12/the-guarantee-clause/ The "Guarantee Clause"] at harvardlawreview.org
{{US Constitution}}
Category:Federalism in the United States Category:Article Four of the United States Constitution Category:Clauses of Article Four of the United States Constitution