Carijona language

{{Short description|Endangered Cariban language spoken in Colombia}} {{Multiple issues| {{Lead too short|date=December 2024}} {{Sources exist|date=December 2024}} {{Expand language|topic=|langcode=es|otherarticle=Idioma carijona|date=May 2025}} }} {{Infobox language | name = Carijona | altname = Hianacoto | nativename = {{Lang|cbd|Tsahá}} | states = Colombia | region = | ethnicity = 290 Carijona (2007)<ref name=e18>{{Ethnologue18|cbd}}</ref> | speakers = 15 | date = 2015 | ref = {{Sfn|Guerrero-Beltran|2019|p=1}} | familycolor = cariban | fam1 = Cariban | fam2 = Guianan Carib | fam3 = Taranoan | iso3 = cbd | glotto = cari1279 | glottorefname = Carijona | dia1 = Hianacoto | dia2 = Karihona | map = Carijona.png | map2 = Lang Status 20-CR.svg | mapcaption2 = {{center|Carijona is classified as Critically Endangered by the UNESCO ''Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger''.}} | dia3 = Umaua | dia4 = Guaque }}

'''Carijona''' (Karihona) is a moribund Cariban language, or a pair of languages, of Colombia. It is spoken by only 15 people as of 2015.{{Sfn|Guerrero-Beltran|2019|p=1}} Derbyshire (1999) lists the varieties Hianacoto-Umaua and Carijona proper as separate languages.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Derbyshire |first=Desmond |title=The Amazonian languages |date=1999 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-57021-3 |editor-last=Dixon |editor-first=R. M. W. |edition=1. publ |series=Cambridge language surveys |location=Cambridge |pages=23-64 |chapter=Carib}}</ref>

==Phonology==

=== Consonants === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! colspan="2" | !Labial !Alveolar !Post-<br>alveolar !Velar !Glottal |- ! rowspan="2" |Stop !<small>voiceless</small> | |{{IPAlink|t}} | |{{IPAlink|k}} | |- !<small>voiced</small> |{{IPA link|b}} |{{IPA link|d}} | |{{IPAlink|ɡ}} | |- ! rowspan="2" |Affricate !<small>voiceless</small> | | |{{IPAlink|tʃ}} | | |- !<small>voiced</small> | | |{{IPAlink|dʒ}} | | |- ! colspan="2" |Nasal |{{IPAlink|m}} |{{IPAlink|n}} |{{IPAlink|ɲ}} | | |- ! colspan="2" |Fricative | |{{IPAlink|s}} | |{{IPAlink|w}} |{{IPAlink|h}} |- ! colspan="2" |Tap | |{{IPAlink|ɾ}} | | | |}

=== Vowels === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! !Front !Central !Back |- !Close |{{IPAlink|i}} |{{IPAlink|ɨ}} |{{IPAlink|u}} |- !Mid |{{IPAlink|e}} |{{IPAlink|ə}} |{{IPAlink|o}} |- !Open | |{{IPAlink|a}} | |} {{Sfn|Guerrero-Beltran|2019|p=41}}

==References== {{Reflist}}

==Further reading== * {{Cite book |last=Franco |first=Roberto |title=Los carijonas de Chiribiquete |publisher=Fundación Puerto Rastrojo |year=2002 |isbn=978-958-33-4458-9 |edition=1st |location=Bogotá |lang=es}} * {{Cite thesis |last=Guerrero-Beltran |first=David Felipe |title=The Grammar of Space in Karijona, a Cariban language from Northwest Amazonia |degree=MA |publisher=Universidad Nacional de Colombia |url=https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/75983 |year=2019 |location=Bogotá, Colombia |lang=en}} * {{Cite thesis |last=Guerrero-Beltran |first=David Felipe |title=Estructura de la oración simple en Karijona: lengua indígena de la Amazonía colombiana |degree=BA |publisher=Universidad Nacional de Colombia |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353609379 |doi=10.13140/RG.2.2.10726.14401 |year=2016 |location=Bogotá, Colombia |lang=es}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Guerrero-Beltran |first1=David Felipe |last2=Wojtylak |first2=Katarzyna I. |year=2022 |title=Through space, relations, and thoughts: The system of postpositions in Karijona (Cariban, Amazonia) |journal=Studies in Language |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=559–593|doi=10.1075/sl.20050.gue }} * {{Cite book |last=Robayo |first=Camilo |title=Lenguas indígenas de Colombia: una visión descriptiva |publisher=ICC |year=2000 |isbn=9789586110839 |editor-last=González de Pérez |editor-first=María Stella |location=Santafé de Bogotá |pages=171–180 |chapter=Avance sobre morfología carijona |editor-last2=Montes Rodríguez |editor-first2=María Emilia}} * {{Cite book |last=Robayo |first=Camilo |title=Lenguas amerindias: condiciones sociolingüísticas en Colombia |publisher=Instituto Colombiano Antropología |year=1997 |editor-last=Pachón |editor-first=X. |location=Santafé de Bogotá |pages=541–585 |chapter=Babel de nuevo erigida: el caso de la lengua Carijona |oclc=42771230 |editor-last2=Correa |editor-first2=F.}} * {{Cite book |last=Schindler |first=Helmut |title=Die Karihona: eine Caribgruppe Nordwest-Amazoniens |publisher=Herbert Utz Verlag |year=2018 |isbn=978-3-8316-4715-6 |series=Ethnologie |location=München |oclc=on1107870042}}

{{Languages of Colombia}} {{Cariban languages}} Category:Languages of Colombia Category:Cariban languages Category:Endangered Indigenous languages of the Americas

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