Chané

{{Short description|Indigenous people of South America}} {{About||the language|Chané language|other uses|Chane (disambiguation)}} {{Infobox ethnic group |group = Chané (Izoceño) |image = [[File:El Fuerte Vista del lado.jpg|250px]] |caption = [[El Fuerte de Samaipata]], Chané ruins that predate the Inca, [[Samaipata, Bolivia]] |population = 1,500 |popplace = {{flag|Argentina}} 3,034 (2010) <ref>[http://www.estadistica.sanluis.gov.ar/estadisticaWeb/Contenido/Pagina148/File/LIBRO/censo2010_tomo1.pdf Censo Nacional de Población, Hogares y Viviendas 2010] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409013106/http://www.estadistica.sanluis.gov.ar/estadisticaWeb/Contenido/Pagina148/File/LIBRO/censo2010_tomo1.pdf |date=2016-04-09 }}</ref> {{flag|Bolivia}} {{flag|Paraguay}} |languages = [[Eastern Bolivian Guaraní language|Chiriguano]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], formerly [[Chané language]] (an [[Arawakan language]])<ref>[https://archive.today/20130102110704/http://www.ethnologue.com/15/show_language.asp?code=caj "Chané."] ''Ethnologue.'' (retrieved 16 May 2011)</ref> |religions = [[Animism]], [[Christianity]] ([[Roman Catholicism]], [[Anglicanism]]) |related = }} '''Chané''' is the collective name for the southernmost [[Arawakan languages|Arawakan-speaking]] peoples. They lived in the plains of the northern [[Gran Chaco]] and in the foothills of the [[Andes]] in [[Paraguay]], [[Brazil]], [[Bolivia]], and [[Argentina]]. The historical Chané are divided into two principal groups: the Chané proper who lived in eastern Bolivia, and the Guaná who lived in Paraguay and adjacent Brazil. Twenty-first century survivors of the Chané are the Izoceño people of Bolivia and 3,034 descendants reported in Argentina by the 2010 census. Survivors of the Guaná are the [[Terena language|Tereno]] and the Kinikinao both of [[Mato Grosso do Sul]] province in Brazil.<ref>Censo Nacional de Poblacion, Hogares y Viviendas," https://www.indec.gov.ar/ftp/cuadros/poblacion/censo2010_tomo1.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161113160124/https://www.indec.gov.ar/ftp/cuadros/poblacion/censo2010_tomo1.pdf |date=2016-11-13 }}, accessed 18 Dec 2017</ref>

Most of the historical Chané were subjects of and absorbed by the [[Eastern Bolivian Guarani]], commonly called Chiriguanos, while the Guaná were subjects of the [[Mbayá]], a [[Guaycuruan languages|Guaycuruan]] speaking people.

==History== The Chané, together with other [[Arawak peoples|Arawak]] groups, are believed to have originated in northeastern South America, but to have spread southward about 2,500 years ago. They developed an agrarian culture, built densely populated villages, cultivated corn, peanuts, cotton and squash, and are famous for their ceramics and graphics which have been found mainly in the pampas of Bolivia surrounding the city of [[Santa Cruz de la Sierra]] and in [[Samaipata, Bolivia|Samaipata]], [[Portachuelo]], Valle Abajo, Okinawa, [[Cotoca]], El Pari, Mataral and Warnes.<ref>Tras la Huella de los Chané, El Deber, June 1, 2003</ref> They also craft wooden masks and fabric clothing.

An ancient Chané religious site dating from about 300 CE is [[El Fuerte de Samaipata]], now a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/883 |title=Fuerte de Samaipata |website=whc.unesco.org |access-date=23 Sep 2016}}</ref>

They were a rather peaceful culture and traded with the [[Quechua language|Quechua]]-speaking [[Inca]]s in the Andes and with other Arawak-speaking groups to the north and east. Chanés and Incas established a truce to join forces against the [[Eastern Guarani]] peoples of the Andes foothills, who the Incas and Spaniards called ''Chiriguanos''. The Chiriguanos raided the Chané homeland on a regular basis, and prior to the Spanish conquest, the Chiriguanos defeated the Chanés and halted the Inca advance into the plains and valleys of what is now the [[Santa Cruz Department (Bolivia)|Santa Cruz Department]] of [[Bolivia]]. Some Chane were forced into slavery by the Chiriguanos, others migrated to less fertile regions to the southeast. Many Chané women were taken as wives by Chiriguano men, thus starting a process of assimilation. Both Guaraní and [[Guaraní language|Guaraní]]-speaking Chané also assimilated and mixed with Europeans during the colonial period and after the independence of both Argentina and Bolivia.

==The Guaná==

The Guaná, (also called Layaná) are the eastern branch of the Chané. They were vassals of the [[Mbayá]], a relationship that, according to Spanish accounts, existed in 1548, and possibly much earlier.<ref>Santos-Granero, Fernando (2009), ''Vital Enemies'', Austin: University of Texas Press, p. 38. Downloaded from [[Project MUSE]].</ref> The Guaná were agricultural and pedestrian as opposed to the nomadic Mbayá who became equestrians by the early 17th century. In the early 18th century the Guaná lived in seven large villages of 1,000 or more people on the western side of the Paraguay River between 19 and 22 south latitudes. Later in the 18th century, some of them migrated along with the Mbayá east of the Paraguay River. They were estimated, perhaps generously, in the early 18th century to have numbered 18,000 to 30,000. In 1793 they numbered about 8,200.<ref>Steward, pp. 239-240</ref>

The Guaná provided Mbayá chiefs with labor, agricultural products, textiles, and wives and in exchange were given protection and European goods such as iron tools by the Mbayá. The cultures of the Guaná and Mbayá slowly became more similar as the Mbayá adopted agriculture and weaving and the Guaná became equestrian. The Mbayá augmented their numbers, strictly limited by late marriages and [[abortion]], by intermarriage with Guaná and captive women of other ethnic groups.<ref>Saegar, pp. 18, 87-88, 116</ref> Spanish chroniclers describe the Guaná as docile. The Mbayá, arrogant and ethnocentric, were described by Spanish chroniclers as surprisingly benign and respectful in dealing with their Guaná subjects.<ref>Hemming, John (1978), ''Red Gold: The Conquest of the Brazilian Indians,'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, pp 394-395</ref>

By 1850 the Guaná had broken their relationship with the Mbayá and were living in the area of [[Miranda, Mato Grosso do Sul]], Brazil. The largest sub-tribe of the Guaná was the Tereno who numbered 3 to 4 thousand at the time.<ref>Steward, Julian H. (1946), ''Handbook of South American Indians, Volume 1, The Marginal Tribes'', Washington: Smithsonian Institution, pp 238-241</ref> In 2001, they were called the Terêna, and 16,000 if them were living in the same area.<ref>"Terêna", http://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/ter/, accessed 28 Dec 2017</ref>

==Distribution== There are some Chané communities still living in the [[Izozog]] region in [[Santa Cruz, Bolivia]], and in [[Yacui]] and Che-Renda near [[Tartagal, Argentina]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160506184129/https://issuu.com/edgardo-civallero/docs/glosario_de_lenguas_ind__genas_suda Glosario de lenguas indígenas sudamericanas, Edgardo Civallero, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba]</ref> In both cases, they have been influenced by the Guaraní language and culture, but still retain their Chane identity. The other descendants of the Chane culture were first mixed with the Guaranis, later with the Spaniards, and in the last two centuries with migration flows of other Europeans, Arabs, and migrants from other parts of Bolivia and Argentina. The Chane culture is an important heritage component of the populations of Santa Cruz, the Paraguayan Chaco, [[Salta Province]], [[Jujuy Province]] and the Argentine Chaco.

==See also== *[[Arawak peoples|Arawak]] *[[Chané language]] *[[Maipurean languages]]

==References== {{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chane People}} [[Category:Indigenous peoples in Argentina]] [[Category:Indigenous peoples in Bolivia]] [[Category:Indigenous peoples of the Gran Chaco]] [[Category:Indigenous peoples of the Amazon]]