Grus (bird)

{{Short description|Genus of birds}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = Common crane grus grus.jpg | image_upright = 1.2 | image_caption = Common crane (''Grus grus'') | taxon = Grus | authority = Brisson, 1760 | type_species = ''Ardea grus'' | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = See text | synonyms = *''Bugeranus'' *''Anthropoides'' }}

'''''Grus''''' is a genus of large birds in the crane family.

The genus ''Grus'' erected by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Brisson | first=Mathurin Jacques | author-link=Mathurin Jacques Brisson | year=1760 | title=Ornithologie, ou, Méthode contenant la division des oiseaux en ordres, sections, genres, especes & leurs variétés | volume=5 | language=fr, la | pages=374–375 | place=Paris | publisher=Jean-Baptiste Bauche | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36294736 }}</ref> The name ''Grus'' is the Latin word for "crane".<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url=https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn= 978-1-4081-2501-4 | page=[https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n179 179] }}</ref> The German ornithologist Peter Simon Pallas was sometimes credited with erecting the genus in 1766<ref>{{ cite book | editor-last=Peters | editor-first=James Lee | editor-link=James L. Peters | year=1934 | title=Check-list of Birds of the World | volume=2 | publisher=Harvard University Press | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=150 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14482963 }}</ref> but the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature ruled in 1956 that Brisson should have priority.<ref>{{ cite book | editor-last=Hemming | editor-first=Francis | year=1956 | title=Opinions and Declarations Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature | volume=1 Section D Part D.16 | place=London | publisher=International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature | chapter=Direction 55: Insertion in the ''Official List of Generic Names in Zoology'' of an entry relating to the generic name ''Grus'' Brisson, 1760 (Class Aves) (correction of an error in the Ruling given in ''Opinion'' 103) | pages=319–336 | chapter-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34613544 }}</ref>

The genus formerly included additional species. A molecular phylogenetic study published in 2010 found that the genus ''Grus'', as then defined, was polyphyletic.<ref>{{ cite journal | last1=Krajewski | first1=C. | last2=Sipiorski | first2=J.T. | last3=Anderson | first3=F.E. | year=2010 | title=Mitochondrial genome sequences and the phylogeny of cranes (Gruiformes: Gruidae) | journal=Auk | volume=127 | issue=2 | pages=440–452 | doi=10.1525/auk.2009.09045 | s2cid=85412892 | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277486138 | doi-access=free }}</ref> In the resulting rearrangement to create monophyletic genera, the sandhill crane, the white-naped crane, the sarus crane and the brolga were moved to the resurrected genus ''Antigone'' that had been erected by the German naturalist Ludwig Reichenbach in 1853.<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela C. Rasmussen | date=December 2023 | title=Finfoots, flufftails, rails, trumpeters, cranes, Limpkin | work=IOC World Bird List Version 14.1 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/flufftails/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=28 July 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite book | last=Reichenbach | first=Ludwig | author-link=Ludwig Reichenbach | year=1853 | title=Handbuch der speciellen Ornithologie | publisher=Friedrich Hofmeister | language=de | place=Leipzig | page=xxiii | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47618653 }}</ref> The Siberian crane was moved to the resurrected monotypic genus ''Leucogeranus''.<ref name=ioc/>

==Species== The genus contains eight living species:<ref name=ioc/> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Image !! Scientific name !! Common name !! Distribution |- |200px || ''Grus carunculata'' || Wattled crane || Eastern and southern Africa |- |200px || ''Grus paradisea'' || Blue crane || Southern Africa |- |200px || ''Grus virgo'' || Demoiselle crane || Central Eurasia, ranging from the Black Sea to Mongolia and northeastern China. There is also a small breeding population in Turkey. |- |200px || ''Grus japonensis'' || Red-crowned crane || Siberia (eastern Russia), northeastern China, Hokkaidō (northern Japan), the Korean Peninsula, and occasionally in northeastern Mongolia. |- |200px || ''Grus americana'' || Whooping crane || North America |- |200px || ''Grus grus'' || Common crane || Europe, Asia and northern Africa |- |200px || ''Grus monacha'' || Hooded crane || South-central and south-eastern Siberia, Mongolia, China. |- |200px || ''Grus nigricollis'' || Black-necked crane || The Tibetan Plateau and remote parts of India and Bhutan. |- |}

The HBW/BirdLife and Clements checklists place the demoiselle crane and blue crane in the genus ''Anthropoides'', and the wattled crane in the monospecific genus ''Bugeranus'', leaving only the red-crowned, whooping, common, hooded, and black-necked cranes in the genus ''Grus''.<ref>{{cite web | last1=Archibald | first1=G.W. | last2=Meine | first2=C.D. | last3=Garcia | first3=E.F.J. | last4=Kirwan | first4=G.M. | year=2017 | title=Demoiselle Crane (''Anthropoides virgo'') | editor1-last=del Hoyo | editor1-first=J. | editor2-last=Elliott | editor2-first=A. | editor3-last=Sargatal | editor3-first=J. | editor4-last=Christie | editor4-first=D.A. | editor5-last=de Juana | editor5-first=E. | work=Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive | publisher=Lynx Edicions | url=https://www.hbw.com/node/53552 | access-date=12 November 2017 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last1=Archibald | first1=G.W. | last2=Meine | first2=C.D. | last3=Garcia | first3=E.F.J. | year=2017 | title=Blue Crane (''Anthropoides paradiseus'') | editor1-last=del Hoyo | editor1-first=J. | editor2-last=Elliott | editor2-first=A. | editor3-last=Sargatal | editor3-first=J. | editor4-last=Christie | editor4-first=D.A. | editor5-last=de Juana | editor5-first=E. | work=Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive | publisher=Lynx Edicions | url=https://www.hbw.com/node/53553 | access-date=12 November 2017 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last1=Archibald | first1=G.W. | last2=Meine | first2=C.D. | last3=Garcia | first3=E.F.J. | year=2017 | title=Wattled Crane (''Bugeranus carunculatus'') | editor1-last=del Hoyo | editor1-first=J. | editor2-last=Elliott | editor2-first=A. | editor3-last=Sargatal | editor3-first=J. | editor4-last=Christie | editor4-first=D.A. | editor5-last=de Juana | editor5-first=E. | work=Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive | publisher=Lynx Edicions | url=https://www.hbw.com/node/53554 | access-date=12 November 2017 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{ cite web | last1=Clements | first1=J.F. | last2=Schulenberg | first2=T.S. | last3=Iliff | first3=M.J. | last4=Roberson | first4=D. | last5=Fredericks | first5=T.A. | last6=Sullivan | first6=B.L. | last7=Wood | first7=C.L. | year=2017 | title=The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2017 | url=https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ | access-date=12 November 2017 }}</ref>

The Cuban flightless crane (''Antigone cubensis''), which became extinct in the Pleistocene, was formerly assigned to the genus ''Grus''.<ref>{{cite book | last=Olson | first=Storrs L. | author-link=Storrs L. Olson | chapter=A paleontological perspective of West Indian birds and mammals | editor-last=Gill | editor-first=Frank | editor-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | title= Zoogeography in the Caribbean: The 1975 Leidy Medal Symposium | year=1978 | series=Special Publication 13 | publisher=Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia |isbn= 1422317854| pages=99–117 [106] | chapter-url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/8455/VZ_85_Paleo_West_Indies.pdf }}</ref><ref name=Zootaxa47801>{{Cite journal|author=William Suárez |year=2020 |title=The fossil avifauna of the tar seeps Las Breas de San Felipe, Matanzas, Cuba |journal=Zootaxa |volume=4780 |issue=1 |pages=1–53 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4780.1.1 |pmid=33055754 |s2cid=219510089 }}</ref>

==Fossil record== The fossil record of the genus stretches back some 12 million years or so. A considerable number of prehistoric species are known, with the oldest, ''Grus miocaenicus'' (Middle Miocene of Credinţa, Romania) perhaps not a crane but a junior synonym of the swimming-flamingo ''Palaelodus ambiguus''; (''"Grus" problematica'' certainly is). The Late Pleistocene Mediterranean ''Grus primigenia'' was hunted by Stone Age humans.

* ''Grus afghana'' (Late Miocene of Molayan, Afghanistan) - doubtfully distinct from ''G. penteleci'' *''Grus'' sp. 1 (Late Miocene of Love Bone Bed, USA) *''Grus'' sp. 2 (Late Miocene of Love Bone Bed, USA) *''Grus'' cf. ''antigone'' (Late Miocene/Early Pliocene of Lee Creek Mine, USA) *''Grus nannodes'' (Late Miocene/Early Pliocene -? Edson Middle Pliocene of Sherman County, USA) *''Grus'' sp. (Late Miocene/Early Pliocene of Lee Creek Mine, USA) *''Grus haydeni'' (Late Miocene/Early Pliocene - Pleistocene? of WC USA) - 2 species, one may be same as ''G. canadensis'' *''Grus penteleci'' (Late Miocene - Early Pliocene of C and SE Europe) - formerly in ''Pliogrus'' *''Grus'' sp. (Late Pliocene of Puebla de Valverde, Spain) *''Grus bogatshevi'' (Late Pleistocene of Azerbaijan) - doubtfully distinct form ''G. primigenia'' *''Grus latipes'' (Shore Hills Late Pleistocene of Bermuda, W Atlantic) - formerly ''Baeopteryx'' *Maltese crane ''Grus melitensis'' (Late Pleistocene of Malta) - doubtfully distinct from ''G. primigenia'' *''Grus pagei'' (Late Pleistocene of Rancho La Brea) *''Grus primigenia'' (Late Pleistocene? of SW Europe) *''Grus cubensis'' (Pleistocene and Holocene of Cuba)

Several other fossil gruiforms are now considered not to belong here. ''"Grus" prentici'' is now in ''Paragrus'', ''"Grus" princeps'', ''"Grus" excelsa'' and ''"Grus" hordwellianus'' are placed in ''Palaeogrus'', and ''"Grus" excelsa'' in ''Balearica''. ''"Grus" marshi'' belongs in ''Aletornis''.

More uncertain is the position of ''Probalearica'' (variously considered Late Oligocene to Middle Pliocene but probably Late Miocene) from Golboçica (Moldavia) and maybe elsewhere. It is usually regarded a ''nomen dubium'' but might belong into ''Grus''. ''"Grus" conferta'' (Late Miocene/Early Pliocene of Contra Costa County, USA) is apparently too different from the modern genus to be placed herein, but its affiliations are not well resolved.

==References== {{Reflist|

<ref name="cranesBirdLife">{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 7 |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/taxonomy |access-date=1 July 2023 |publisher=HBW and BirdLife International |archive-date=25 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925132236/http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/taxonomy |url-status=live }}</ref>

}}

Category:Grus (bird) Category:Bird genera