Group of Nine

{{Infobox Geopolitical organization | linking_name = Group of Nine | native_name = Group of Nine | symbol_type = | image_symbol = | symbol_width = | image_map = File:Group_of_Nine_(Ten)_-_1967.png | map_caption = {{Leftlegend|#228B22|Group of Nine countries}} | map_width = 300px | membership = {{unbulleted list|{{AUT}}|{{BEL}}|{{flagcountry|People's Republic of Bulgaria}}|{{DEN}}|{{FIN}}|{{flagcountry|Hungarian People's Republic}}|{{NLD}}|{{flagcountry|Socialist Republic of Romania}}|{{SWE}}|{{YUG}}}} | leader_title1 = | leader_name1 = | established = 1965 | life_span =1965 ''{{small|(established)}}''→1971''{{small|(dissolved)}}'' | area_km2 = 1,644,475 | population_estimate = | population_estimate_year = | population_density_km2 = | GDP_PPP_year = | GDP_PPP = | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = | GDP_nominal_year = | GDP_nominal = | GDP_nominal_rank = | GDP_nominal_per_capita = | official_website = | demonym = | area_rank = | HDI = | HDI_year = }}

The '''Group of Nine''' ('''G9''') was an alliance of European states that met occasionally to discuss matters of mutual pan-European interest.<ref name="Laux 1972 pp. 147–160">{{cite journal | last= Laux | first= Jeanne Kirk | title= Small States and Inter-European Relations: An Analysis of the Group of Nine | journal= Journal of Peace Research | publisher= SAGE Publications | volume= 9 | issue= 2 | year= 1972 | issn= 0022-3433 | doi = 10.1177/002234337200900204 | pages= 147–160 | s2cid = 143059477}}</ref> The alliance formed in 1965, when the nine countries presented a case study at the United Nations.<ref name="Weiner 1984 p. 63">{{cite book | last= Weiner | first= R. | title= Romanian Foreign Policy and the United Nations | publisher= Praeger | series= Praeger scientific | year= 1984 | isbn= 978-0-03-071594-5 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=9AaQAAAAMAAJ | access-date= 6 May 2021 | page= 63}}</ref> They co-sponsored Resolution 2129 promoting East-West cooperation in Europe, unanimously adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in December 1965.<ref name="Makko 2016 p. 93">{{cite book | last= Makko | first= A. | title= Ambassadors of Realpolitik: Sweden, the CSCE and the Cold War | publisher= Berghahn Books | series= Contemporary European History | year= 2016 | isbn= 978-1-78533-285-2 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vmnoCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA93 | access-date = 6 May 2021 | page= 93}}</ref><ref name="Staff Memorandum on United States Investment of Military Assistance Funds in Military Installations Located in France 1967 p. 6-PA28">{{cite book | title= Staff Memorandum on United States Investment of Military Assistance Funds in Military Installations Located in France | publisher= U.S. Government Printing Office | year= 1967 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=V4qpVEUwTWIC&pg=RA6-PA28 | access-date = 6 May 2021 | page= 6-PA28}}</ref> The alliance became the '''Group of Ten''' when the Netherlands joined by parliamentary decision in 1967.<ref name="Voorhoeve 1979 p. 133">{{cite book | last= Voorhoeve | first= J.J.C. | title= Peace, Profits and Principles :: A Study of Dutch Foreign Policy | publisher= Springer Netherlands | year= 1979 | isbn= 978-90-247-2203-7 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=BdBoAAAAMAAJ | access-date = 6 May 2021 | page= 133}}</ref><ref name="CVCE.EU by UNI.LU 2005">{{cite web | title= The idea of a pan-European security conference | website= CVCE.EU by UNI.LU | date= 21 December 2005 | url= https://www.cvce.eu/en/obj/the_idea_of_a_pan_european_security_conference-en-89fce39d-50b5-4be2-8e62-ed70decc8a80.html | access-date= 6 May 2021}}</ref><ref name="Palmer 1971 p. 10">{{cite book | last= Palmer | first= M. | title= The Prospects for a European Security Conference | publisher= Chatham House:PEP | series= Chatham House, P.E.P. European Series | year= 1971 | isbn= 978-0-85374-037-7 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=IE9nAAAAMAAJ | access-date = 6 May 2021 | page= 10 | quote= The Group of Nine / Ten met several times to explore initiatives that could be taken to achieve a greater degree of European détente. ... held at the U.N. in October 1969, the experiment of the Group of Ten appeared to have come to an end, at least for the time being . ... over the course of 1966 were Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, Finland, Hungary, Rumania, Sweden, and Yugoslavia.}}</ref> Following the 1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia,<ref name="Conference on European Security: Hearings, Ninety-second Congress, Second Session 1972 p. 2">{{cite book | title= Conference on European Security: Hearings, Ninety-second Congress, Second Session | publisher= U.S. Government Printing Office | year= 1972 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=_78jAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA2 | access-date = 6 May 2021 | page = 2 | quote= Invasion of Czechoslovakia by Warsaw Pact countries disrupts efforts of Group of Ten for CES planning. }}</ref> the group attempted to reconcile its differences at a meeting held at the United Nations in October 1969, but failed and subsequently dissolved.<ref name="Due-Nielsen Petersen 1995 p. 136">{{cite book | last1= Due-Nielsen | first1= C. | last2= Petersen | first2= N. | title= Adaptation and Activism: The Foreign Policy of Denmark, 1967–1993 | publisher= Dansk udenrigspolitisk institut | year= 1995 | isbn= 978-87-574-3022-6 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=7ZYlAQAAMAAJ | access-date= 6 May 2021 | page= 136}}</ref><ref name="Leatherman 2003 p. 72">{{cite book | last= Leatherman | first= J. | title= From Cold War to Democratic Peace: Third Parties, Peaceful Change, and the OSCE | publisher= Syracuse University Press | series= Syracuse Studies on Peace and Conflict Resolution | year= 2003 | isbn= 978-0-8156-3032-6 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=1TuR0-oJr3gC&pg=PA72 | access-date = 6 May 2021 | page= 72 ff}}</ref> All member states, with the exception of the dissolved Yugoslavia, are now part of the European Union.

== Members == :{{flagcountry|Austria}} :{{flagcountry|Belgium}} :{{flagcountry|People's Republic of Bulgaria}} :{{flagcountry|Denmark}} :{{flagcountry|Finland}} :{{flagcountry|Hungarian People's Republic}} :{{flagcountry|Netherlands}} :{{flagcountry|Socialist Republic of Romania}} :{{flagcountry|Sweden}} :{{flagcountry|SFR Yugoslavia}}<ref>{{cite web | year = 1991 | url = http://www.theodora.com/wfb1991/yugoslavia/yugoslavia_government.html | title = The World Factbook 1991 | publisher = United States Central Intelligence Agency | accessdate = September 26, 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | year = 1998 | url = http://www.greekorthodoxchurch.org/wfb1998/serbia_and_montenegro/serbia_and_montenegro_government.html | title = The World Factbook 1998 | publisher = United States Central Intelligence Agency | accessdate = September 26, 2009 | quote = Serbia and Montenegro has self-proclaimed itself the "Federal Republic of Yugoslavia," but the US view is that the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) has dissolved and that none of the successor republics represents its continuation }}</ref>

==References== {{reflist|1}}

Category:Defunct intergovernmental organizations Category:Organizations established in 1965 Category:History of the foreign relations of Romania