{{short description|Psychologist}} {{Infobox academic | name = Gretchen Chapman | occupation = Professor of Social and Decision Sciences | citizenship = | workplaces = Carnegie Mellon University | alma_mater = {{unbulleted list |Bryn Mawr College (AB)|University of Pennsylvania (PhD)}} | awards = American Psychological Association Distinguished Early Career Award (1998/1999) | spouse = }}
'''Gretchen Chapman''' is a cognitive psychologist known for her work on judgment and decision making in health-related contexts, such as clinical decision making and patient preferences, preventive health behavior, and vaccination. She is Professor of Social and Decision Sciences at Carnegie Mellon University.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cmu.edu/dietrich/sds/chapmanlab/gretchen/index.html|title=Gretchen Chapman - Chapman Research Group - Social and Decision Sciences - Carnegie Mellon University|last=University|first=Carnegie Mellon|website=www.cmu.edu|language=en|access-date=2019-12-05}}</ref> Chapman served as an Editor of the journal ''Psychological Science''<ref>{{cite web |title=Psychological Science Editorial Board |url=https://www.psychologicalscience.org/publications/psychological_science/2011-editorial-board |website=Association for Psychological Science - APS}}</ref> and is a Fellow of the Association for Psychological Science.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sas.rutgers.edu/news-a-events/news/newsroom/achievements/859-faculty-honors-and-awards-2008|title=Faculty Honors and Awards 2008|website=sas.rutgers.edu|access-date=2019-12-05}}</ref>
Chapman received the 1998/1999 American Psychological Association Distinguished Scientific Awards for an Early Career Contribution to Psychology in the area of applied research.<ref>{{cite web |title=APA Distinguished Scientific Awards for an Early Career Contribution to Psychology |url=https://www.apa.org/about/awards/early-career-contribution?tab=4 |website=www.apa.org |language=en}}</ref> Her award citation noted her achievement in producing "a steady stream of important research on behavioral decision theory and its application to health. ... [The research] increased our understanding of several basic phenomena, including underadjustment after anchoring, loss-aversion, the sunk-cost effect, and discounting in intertemporal choice. ...She has achieved new insights about the relation between imprudent behaviors, such as smoking, and the general tendency to neglect future consequences. ... Her work is responsible, careful, influential, and yes, wise."<ref name=":4">{{cite journal |title=Gretchen B. Chapman: Award for Distinguished Scientific Early Career Contributions to Psychology. |journal=American Psychologist |date=1999 |volume=54 |issue=11 |pages=909–912 |doi=10.1037/h0088196}}</ref>
She received the 1996 Division of Experimental Psychology, American Psychological Association award for an outstanding young investigator published in ''Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied''<ref name=":0" /> for her paper ''Learning lessons from sunk costs'' co-authored by Brian Bornstein <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bornstein |first1=Brian H. |last2=Chapman |first2=Gretchen B. |title=Learning lessons from sunk costs. |journal=Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied |date=1995 |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=251–269 |doi=10.1037/1076-898X.1.4.251|s2cid=143687049 |url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1293&context=psychfacpub |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Chapman and her colleagues received the 2000 Society for Medical Decision Making Award for Outstanding Paper by a Young Investigator.,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://smdm.org/hub/page/early-career-awards/about|title=Early Career Awards|website=Society for Medical Decision Making|language=en|access-date=2019-12-12}}</ref> for their paper ''Familiarity and time preferences: Decision making about treatments for migraine headaches and Crohn's disease.''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chapman |first1=Gretchen B. |last2=Nelson |first2=Richard |last3=Hier |first3=Daniel B. |title=Familiarity and time preferences: Decision making about treatments for migraine headaches and Crohn's disease. |journal=Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied |date=March 1999 |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=17–34 |doi=10.1037/1076-898X.5.1.17}}</ref> Her other awards include the 2011 Distinguished Research Award from the New Jersey Psychological Association,.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sas.rutgers.edu/news-a-events/news/newsroom/achievements/1293-faculty-honors-and-awards-2012|title=Faculty Honors and Awards 2012|last=Anna Witek|website=sas.rutgers.edu|language=en-gb|access-date=2019-12-05}}</ref>
Chapman co-edited (with Frank Sonnenberg) "Decision Making in Health Care: Theory, Psychology, And Applications."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chapman |first1=Gretchen B. |last2=Sonnenberg |first2=Frank A. |title=Decision making in health care : theory, psychology, and applications |date=13 March 2000 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0521641593}}</ref>
== Biography == Chapman was raised in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.<ref name=":4" /> She graduated with honors from Bryn Mawr College with a Bachelors of Arts degree in Psychology in 1985.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://wisem.rutgers.edu/chapman-gretchen|title=Chapman, Gretchen {{!}} Rutgers Women in Science|website=wisem.rutgers.edu|access-date=2019-12-05}}</ref> At Bryn Mawr, Chapman conducted research on Pavlovian conditioning with Dick Gonzalez. Chapman pursued her PhD in Experimental Psychology at the University of Pennsylvania where she initially worked with Robert Rescorla on studies of animal learning. Chapman shifted her research focus while engaged in research with fellow graduate student Steven Robbins,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chapman |first1=Gretchen B. |last2=Robbins |first2=Steven J. |title=Cue interaction in human contingency judgment |journal=Memory & Cognition |date=September 1990 |volume=18 |issue=5 |pages=537–545 |doi=10.3758/BF03198486|pmid=2233266 |doi-access=free }}</ref> and completed her PhD in 1990, with her dissertation titled "Models of contingency judgment."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chapman |first1=Gretchen B. |title=Trial order affects cue interaction in contingency judgment. |journal=Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition |date=1991 |volume=17 |issue=5 |pages=837–854 |doi=10.1037/0278-7393.17.5.837|pmid=1834767 }}</ref> She was a post-doctoral fellow in the Decision Sciences and Marketing Departments at the Wharton School at The University of Pennsylvania from 1990 to 1992, where she conducted research on anchoring with Eric J. Johnson.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chapman |first1=Gretchen B. |last2=Johnson |first2=Eric J. |title=The limits of anchoring |journal=Journal of Behavioral Decision Making |date=December 1994 |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=223–242 |doi=10.1002/bdm.3960070402}}</ref>
Chapman was Assistant Professor of Clinical Decision Making in the Department of Medical Education, at the College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago from 1992 to 1996.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://wisem.rutgers.edu/chapman-gretchen|title=Chapman, Gretchen {{!}} Rutgers Women in Science|website=wisem.rutgers.edu|access-date=2019-12-12}}</ref> From 1993 to 1996 she worked as a Research Health Scientist in the Health Services Research Department of Veteran Affairs in the West Side Medical Center in Chicago. Chapman moved to Rutgers University in 1996 and remained there until 2017.<ref name=":2" /> She was a Distinguished Professor in the Department of Psychology <ref name=":2" /> and served as Chair and Director of Graduate Studies while at Rutgers. Chapman joined the faculty of Carnegie Mellon University as Professor of Social and Decision Sciences in 2017.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cmu.edu/dietrich/sds/people/faculty/gretchen-chapman.html|title=Gretchen Chapman - Social and Decision Sciences - Dietrich College of Humanities and Social Sciences - Carnegie Mellon University|last=University|first=Carnegie Mellon|website=www.cmu.edu|language=en|access-date=2019-10-14}}</ref>
== Research == Chapman's research program examined the psychological processes underlying decision making with the aim of designing theoretically-motivated, policy-relevant interventions to facilitate healthy and prosocial behavior, such as vaccination and blood donation. Her research on decision making addresses a variety of topics including the default effect, goals and social comparisons, and allocation of scarce resources. One of main ideas in decision research is that decision makers code outcomes as gains or losses relative to a reference point. Chapman's research has shown that goals can act as a reference point, such that falling short of a goal is coded as a loss.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Colby |first1=Helen |last2=Chapman |first2=Gretchen |title=Savings, subgoals, and reference points. |journal=Judgment and Decision Making |year=2013 |volume=8 |pages=16–24|doi=10.1017/S1930297500004459 |s2cid=16833207 |hdl=1805/25890 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
Chapman has studied the role of time preferences in health behavior by studying compliance with hypertension medication regimens, cholesterol-lowering medication, and annual flu vaccines. She also pursued the study of differences between time preferences for health and money, finding, for example, that agreement between the two domains is improved when decision makers view health as money.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chapman |first1=Gretchen B. |title=Temporal discounting and utility for health and money. |journal=Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition |date=1996 |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=771–791 |doi=10.1037/0278-7393.22.3.771|pmid=8656156 }}</ref> Chapman is interested in factors that drive vaccination decisions because these decisions can be a window onto a number of fundamental psychological phenomena including temporal discounting and prosocial behavior.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chapman |first1=Gretchen B. |last2=Li |first2=Meng |last3=Colby |first3=Helen |last4=Yoon |first4=Haewon |title=Opting In vs Opting Out of Influenza Vaccination |journal=JAMA |date=7 July 2010 |volume=304 |issue=1 |pages=43–4 |doi=10.1001/jama.2010.892|pmid=20606147 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
== Representative publications ==
* Chapman, G. B. (1996). Temporal discounting and utility for health and money. ''Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 22''(3), 771–791. * Chapman, G. B., & Coups, E. J. (2006). Emotions and preventive health behavior: worry, regret, and influenza vaccination. ''Health Psychology, 25''(1), 82–90. * Chapman, G. B., & Johnson, E. J. (1999). Anchoring, activation, and the construction of values. ''Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 79''(2), 115–153. * Chapman, G. B., & Elstein, A. S. (1995). Valuing the future: Temporal discounting of health and money. ''Medical Decision Making, 15''(4), 373–386. * Chapman, G.B., Li, M., Vietri, J.T., Ibuka, Y., Thomas, D., Yoon, H. & Galvani, A. (2012). Using game theory to examine incentives in influenza vaccination behavior. ''Psychological Science'', 23(9), 1008–1015.
==References== {{Reflist}}
== External links == * [https://www.cmu.edu/dietrich/sds/people/faculty/gretchen-chapman.html Faculty Profile] * {{google scholar id|ZhIXluwAAAAJ}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Chapman, Gretchen}} Category:American women psychologists Category:American cognitive psychologists Category:Carnegie Mellon University faculty Category:University of Pennsylvania alumni Category:Bryn Mawr College alumni Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:Living people Category:21st-century American psychologists