{{short description|Mosque in Bursa, Turkey}} {{for|the mosque of the same name in Iznik|Green Mosque (İznik)}} {{Infobox religious building | building_name = Green Mosque | native_name = Yeşil Camii | image = Bursa Yeşil Camii - Green Mosque (35).jpg | image_size = | caption = | map_type = Turkey | map_size = | map_caption = Location of the mosque in Turkey | location = [[Bursa]], Turkey | coordinates = {{coord|40|10|55|N|29|04|28|E|region:TR_type:landmark|display=inline,title}} | latitude = | longitude = | religious_affiliation = [[Islam]] | status = | functional_status = | heritage_designation = | leadership = | website = | architecture = yes | architect = [[Hacı İvaz Pasha]] | architecture_type = Mosque | architecture_style = [[Islamic architecture|Islamic]], [[Ottoman architecture]] | capacity = | length = | width = | dome_quantity = | dome_height_outer = | general_contractor = | facade_direction = | covered_area = | groundbreaking = 1412 | year_completed = {{start date and age|1424}} | minaret_quantity = 2 | minaret_height = | spire_quantity = | spire_height = | materials = | footnotes = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site | child = yes | image = | caption = Green Mosque, Bursa | official_name = | part_of = [[Bursa]] and Cumalıkızık: the Birth of the [[Ottoman Empire]] | criteria = {{UNESCO WHS type|(i), (ii), (iv), (vi)}}(i), (ii), (iv), (vi) | ID = 1452-006 | year = 2014 | extension = | danger = | area = | buffer_zone = | locmapin = Turkey | map_caption = }} }}
The '''Green Mosque''' ({{langx|tr|Yeşil Camii}}), also known as the '''Mosque of Mehmed I''', is a part of a larger complex ({{lang|tr|[[külliye]]}}) on the east side of [[Bursa, Turkey]], the former capital of the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Turks before [[Constantinople]] was captured in 1453. The complex consists of a mosque, a mausoleum known as the [[Green Tomb]], a [[madrasa]], a [[Imaret|public kitchen]], and a [[Hammam|bathhouse]]. The name Green Mosque comes from its green and blue interior [[Ottoman architectural decoration|tile decorations]].<ref name=":03">{{Cite web|url=http://www.archnet.org/sites/1916|title=Yeşil Cami {{!}} Archnet|website=www.archnet.org|access-date=2019-03-10}}</ref> It is part of the historic [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Bursa and Cumalıkızık: the Birth of the Ottoman Empire |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1452/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref>
== History ==
=== Construction === The Green Mosque is often seen as the culmination of the early Ottoman architectural style, mainly due to the level of aesthetic and technical mastery displayed within the mosque.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Ersoy|first=Ahmet|date=2007-01-01|title=Architecture and the Search for Ottoman Origins in the Tanzimat Period|journal=Muqarnas Online|volume=24|issue=1|pages=117–139|doi=10.1163/22118993-90000113|issn=0732-2992}}</ref>
The Green Mosque was commissioned by [[Mehmed I|Sultan Mehmed I Çelebi]], who ruled from 1413 to 1421, after a fight against his brothers to reunite the Ottoman Empire.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Freely |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vgp46TUFK7wC&dq=ottoman+architecture+green+mosque&pg=PA45 |title=A history of Ottoman architecture |date=2011 |publisher=WIT Press |isbn=9781845645069 |pages=45–49 |oclc=714042767}}</ref> The mosque's construction was begun in 1412 and, according to the inscription over its entrance portal, it was completed in December 1419 or January 1420 ([[Dhu al-Hijjah|Dhu'l-Hijja]] 822 [[Hijri year|AH]]).<ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last1=Blair |first1=Sheila S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-mhIgewDtNkC&pg=PP3 |title=The Art and Architecture of Islam 1250-1800 |last2=Bloom |first2=Jonathan M. |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1995 |isbn=9780300064650 |location= |pages=142–144 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Goodwin |first=Godfrey |title=A History of Ottoman Architecture |publisher=Thames & Hudson |year=1971 |isbn=0500274290 |location=New York |pages=64 |language=en}}</ref> Construction was supervised by architect and patron of the arts [[Vezir|vizier]] Hacı İvaz Pasha, who had been a commander under Mehmed I.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://archnet.org/authorities/488|title=Ivaz bin Ahi Bayezid|website=Archnet|access-date=2019-03-10}}</ref> Upon his death, Mehmed I was buried in a mausoleum called the [[Green Tomb]], commissioned by his son and successor, [[Murad II]], located within the complex.<ref name=":22" /> Construction of the tomb was completed in May 1421.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goodwin |first=Godfrey |title=A History of Ottoman Architecture |publisher=Thames & Hudson |year=1971 |isbn=0500274290 |location=New York |pages=66 |language=en}}</ref>
Decorative work continued on the mosque after Mehmed I's death.<ref name=":22" /> A calligraphic inscription in the [[Hünkâr Mahfili|sultan's loge]] above the entrance records that the decoration was completed in August 1424 (at the end of [[Ramadan]] 827) by Nakkas ("the Artist") Ali bin Ilyas Ali.<ref name=":11" /> Ali bin Ilyas Ali is believed to have brought a diverse group of craftsmen called the “Masters of Tabriz” to assist him.<ref name=":1" /> This is based on an inscription on the tiles around the mosque's mihrab which is signed as the "work of the masters of Tabriz".<ref name=":11" /> [[Tabriz]], a prominent artistic and cultural center in western Iran, was a particularly important channel through which [[Timurid Empire|Timurid]] influence arrived at the Green Mosque, as it was invaded by the Timurids throughout the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Blessing |first=Patricia |date=September 2017 |title=Seljuk Past and Timurid Present: Tile Decoration of the Yeşil Külliye in Bursa |journal=Gesta |volume=56 |issue=2 |pages=225–250 |doi=10.1086/692804 |s2cid=158811302 |issn=0016-920X}}</ref> Hacı İvaz Pasha was also reported to have “brought masters and men of skill from foreign lands” to help with the mosque's construction, according to 15th-century historian [[Aşıkpaşazade]].<ref name=":1" /> Another Persian inscription inside the royal loge above the entrance identifies Mehmed el-Mecnun ("Mehmet the Mad") as the artist who decorated the ceramics of the mosque.<ref name=":22" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kuban |first=Doğan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EcufAAAAMAAJ&q=bursa+green+mosque+the+mad |title=Turkish Culture & Arts |date=1986 |publisher=BBA |pages=70 |language=en}}</ref> Scholar Patricia Blessing notes that the exact roles played by each person named in the inscriptions is still not certain, as the terminology used in these historical texts is not fully understood today.<ref name=":46">{{Cite journal |last=Blessing |first=Patricia |date=September 2017 |title=Seljuk Past and Timurid Present: Tile Decoration of the Yeşil Külliye in Bursa |journal=Gesta |volume=56 |issue=2 |pages=239–241 |doi=10.1086/692804 |s2cid=158811302 |issn=0016-920X}}</ref>
=== Restorations === Due to the 7.5 magnitude [[1855 Bursa earthquake|Bursa earthquake of 1855]], the complex underwent extensive renovations planned by French architect and artist Léon Parvillée, beginning in 1863.<ref name=":03" /> The exact completion date is unknown. Ahmet Vefik Paşa, the regional administrator of west Anatolia and a patron of the preservation of Ottoman cultural heritage, asked Parvillée to restore the major fourteenth and fifteenth century royal monuments of the city. During this period, Bursa was undergoing a transformation into a modern city.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ersoy, Ahmet |title=Architecture and the late Ottoman historical imaginary : reconfiguring the architectural past in a modernizing empire |date=2017-07-05 |isbn=9781351576000 |oclc=999614479}}</ref>
Parvillée first visited the Ottoman capital of Istanbul in 1851, later moving there in 1855. He worked in the empire as a decorator, contractor and architect.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Girardelli |first=Miyuki Aoki |title=Léon Parvillée and the Discourse on "Turkish" Architecture |year=2006 |pages=160, 164, 165}}</ref> Parvillée was well-versed in the main aspects of early Ottoman style due to his experiences living and working in the region as well as his extensive research of the subject.<ref name=":3" /> The French consul of Bursa stated in 1906 that Parvillée remained in Bursa from 1862 to 1867, but this is disputed. It is unclear whether Parvillée merely planned the restoration and then left Bursa, or stayed to supervise the execution of his specifications. In any case, it is documented that Parvillée had returned to Paris by 1867 to design and build the Turkish pavilion displayed in the [[Exposition Universelle (1867)|Exposition Universelle]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Saint-Laurent |first=Béatrice |title=L'Empire ottomane, la république de Turquie, et la France |year=1986 |editor-last=Batu |editor-first=H. |pages=247–282 |chapter=Léon Parvillée, His Role as Restorer of Bursa's Monuments and His Contribution to the Exposition Universelle of 1867 |editor-last2=Bacque-Grammont |editor-first2=J.-L.}}</ref>
Parvillée was involved in restoring the interior and the exterior of the mosque, including the tile work.<ref name=":2" /> Parvillée restored the black-line tiles on the portal of the mosque.<ref name=":4" /> The two minarets were rebuilt on an old base by Parvillée.<ref name=":22" /> Polychrome painted decorations, which had previously adorned the upper parts of the walls and ceilings, were not restored.<ref name=":03" />
During a second restoration project that took place from 1941 to 1943, the ceramic facing of the tiles was removed and reinstalled.<ref name=":4" />
The Green Mosque underwent another renovation, starting in 2010 and reopening on May 11, 2012, which cost 1.8 million Turkish Liras.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Historic mosque opens after renovation in Bursa province |url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/historic-mosque-opens-after-renovation-in-bursa-province-20614 |access-date=2019-03-10 |website=Hürriyet Daily News}}</ref>
=== Present day === The Green Mosque is now a popular tourist destination in Bursa. Since 2014 it is part of the [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Site]] designated around historic Bursa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1452/|title=Bursa and Cumalıkızık: the Birth of the Ottoman Empire|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|access-date=2019-04-27}}</ref>
== Architecture ==
=== Interior === [[File:Bursa_Yeşil_Camii_-_Green_Mosque.webm|thumbtime=1:38|280px|thumb|Video: Green Mosque of Bursa, 2017]]The Green Mosque is based on an inverted T-plan and is a two-story, cube-shaped building with an extension on the south side. The mosque has a [[Vestibule (Architecture)|vestibule]] at the entrance leading up a short staircase to a central prayer hall.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=https://archnet.org/sites/1916|title=Yeşil Cami|website=Archnet}}</ref> This stairway has four marble cubby-holes (Turkish: {{lang|tr|papuçluk}}) on each side for slippers. These architectural inclusions point to the court being paved previously, although it is now carpeted.<ref name=":10">{{Cite book|title=A History of Ottoman Architecture|last=Godfrey|first=Goodwin|publisher=Johns Hopkins Press|year=1971|isbn=978-0801812026|location=Baltimore|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofottoman0000good/page/64 64]|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofottoman0000good/page/64}}</ref>
The central hall, which runs from north to south, is flanked by [[iwan]]s (Turkish: {{lang|tr|eyvans}}) on the east and west. Both are domed and two stories high. There are two doors, smaller iwans, connecting to corner rooms on the first floor that are similar to those on the north side of the building, each containing a fireplace. The central hallway running north–south is intersected by a longer hallway running east–west.<ref name=":9" />
Within the central hallway, the main hall contains an octagonal, white marble fountain with a pool beneath the central dome—the highest dome in the mosque—which is illuminated by a lantern overhead. On either side of the pool, two further iwans lead to rooms for traveling dervishes, while a higher raised iwan directly behind the water (when seen from the central hall's entrance) leads to the prayer hall itself.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A History of Ottoman Architecture|last=Freely|first=John|publisher=WIT Press|year=2011|isbn=9781845645069|pages=47}}</ref> In this iwan, there is a [[mihrab]] niche on the south ([[qibla]]) side of the mosque, as well as two sets of four windows.
Immediately past the entrance of the Green Mosque lies a foyer. From here, wide corridors, framed by Byzantine columns, extend in both directions, ending in staircases leading to the royal chambers.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A History of Ottoman Architecture|last=Godfrey|first=Goodwin|publisher=Johns Hopkins Press|year=1971|isbn=978-0801812026|location=Baltimore|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofottoman0000good/page/59 59]|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofottoman0000good/page/59}}</ref> These corner rooms overlook the interior court, and connect to yet another small room leading to the royal box, which effectively functions as another iwan. These chambers contain the winding stairways leading up to the lofts.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A History of Ottoman Architecture|last=Godfrey|first=Goodwin|publisher=Johns Hopkins Press|year=1971|isbn=978-0801812026|location=Baltimore|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofottoman0000good/page/60 60]|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofottoman0000good/page/60}}</ref> Between these corner rooms, a passage opens to the balconies on the northern façade where the [[minaret]] steps begin. The two minarets opposite from each other on the north facade were later additions. A porch was designed but never built.<gallery class="center" caption="Interior features"> File:Green Mosque of Bursa (2025) 02.jpg|The prayer hall of the mosque File:Green Mosque 7426.jpg|The marble fountain within an octagonal pool in the prayer hall File:Yeşil Cami - Mihrab.jpg|The mihrab of the mosque. Above the mihrab is an inscription in Persian, reading ''amal-i ustādhān-i Tabrīz'' ("work of the masters of [[Tabriz]]"). File:Bursa014.jpg|One of the [[Müezzin mahfili|mahfils]] that flank the opening to the prayer hall File:Bursa Yeşil Camii - Green Mosque (40).jpg|The opening to the second-floor sultan's loge, as seen from the prayer hall File:Bursa Green Mosque Main hall ceiling fisheye in 2018 9874.jpg|Fish-eye view of the domes </gallery>
=== Exterior === Marble panels, a majority of which were replaced in the nineteenth century, overlay the mosque's edifice of hewn sandstone. The door is crowned by a half-dome with a cascade of [[muqarnas]], whose face is covered with arabesques and [[Rumi]] inscriptions.<ref name=":10" /> Above the niches on each side of the entrance door is an inscription dedicated to Hacı İvaz Pasha, the mosque's designer. Between the inscription and the muqarnas is a small window that illuminates the path to the sultan's box.<ref name=":10" />
The domes on top of the building were originally covered by blue and green tiles but are now clad in lead.<ref name=":9" /> There are windows pierced into [[Tholobate|drums]] in the domes and on the exterior walls. An [[Oculus (architecture)|oculus]] above the ablution basin in the central hall was enclosed with a lantern at the time of restoration.<ref name=":9" />
The two minarets were fitted with stone spires, carved in the [[baroque]] manner, at the time of renovation. They can only be accessed through the sultan's apartments and by climbing up the winding stairs to the attics.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A History of Ottoman Architecture|last=Godfrey|first=Goodwin|publisher=Johns Hopkins Press|year=1971|isbn=978-0801812026|location=Baltimore|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofottoman0000good/page/65 65]|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofottoman0000good/page/65}}</ref><gallery class="center" widths="150" heights="150" caption="Exterior features"> File:Bursa Green Mosque Entrance side in 2014 7454.jpg|The front facade and west side of the mosque File:Green Mosque Bursa DSCF0850.jpg|The entrance to the mosque, featuring a carved muqarnas portal File:Bayzid I Mosque - panoramio.jpg|Back view of the mosque and its domes; note the [[cupola]] on the main dome </gallery>
== Decoration == === Tiles ===
==== Overview ==== [[File:Tile with Undulating Vine Scrolls - Bursa (Turkey) - 15th century - MET - Inventory number 1998.246.jpg|thumb|A tile from the [[Green Tomb|Yeşil Türbe]] (Green Tomb), which was situated in the same complex as the Green Mosque. Similarly colorful and intricate tiles were used throughout the Green Mosque, particularly in the mihrab.]] The Green Mosque employs a distinctively diverse range of tile techniques (including black-line tiles (often mistaken for, yet technically separate from [[cuerda seca]] tiles), monochrome underglaze tiles, mosaic, and painted terra-cotta relief)<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|last=Blessing|first=Patricia|date=2017|title=Seljuk Past and Timurid Present: Tile Decoration of the Yeşil Külliye in Bursa|journal=Gesta|volume=56|issue=2|pages=236|doi=10.1086/692804|s2cid=158811302 }}</ref> and colors (including green, blue, turquoise, white, yellow, light purple, and dark purple).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Blessing|first=Patricia|date=2017|title=Seljuk Past and Timurid Present: Tile Decoration of the Yeşil Külliye in Bursa|journal=Gesta|volume=56|issue=2|pages=238|doi=10.1086/692804|s2cid=158811302 }}</ref> The black-line tiles, which compose the majority of the tiles within the mosque,<ref name=":02" /> reflect an extensive Timurid influence that emerged through the empire's frequent [[Timurid conquests and invasions|invasions of Ottoman territories]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last=Blessing|first=Patricia|date=2017|title=Seljuk Past and Timurid Present: Tile Decoration of the Yeşil Külliye in Bursa|journal=Gesta|volume=56|issue=2|pages=227|doi=10.1086/692804|s2cid=158811302 }}</ref> This influence can also be observed in Timurid ceramics<ref name=":02" /> and architecture in Central Asia, such as the mausolea within the [[Shah-i-Zinda|Shah-i Zinda]] shrine complex.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Blessing|first=Patricia|date=2017|title=Seljuk Past and Timurid Present: Tile Decoration of the Yeşil Külliye in Bursa|journal=Gesta|volume=56|issue=2|pages=242|doi=10.1086/692804|s2cid=158811302 }}</ref> Moreover, an inscription above the mihrab designates the black-line tiles as ''amal-i ustādhān-i Tabrīz'' ("work of the masters of Tabriz"),<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Blessing|first=Patricia|date=2017|title=Seljuk Past and Timurid Present: Tile Decoration of the Yeşil Külliye in Bursa|journal=Gesta|volume=56|issue=2|pages=238–9|doi=10.1086/692804|s2cid=158811302 }}</ref> accompanied by a couplet from the Persian poet [[Saadi Shirazi|Sa'di]].<ref name=":11" /> Meanwhile, the blue- and turquoise-glazed tiles in the entrance hallway and iwans, as well as the gold-adorned green hexagonal tiles in the iwans,<ref name=":32">{{Cite journal|last=Blessing|first=Patricia|date=2017|title=Seljuk Past and Timurid Present: Tile Decoration of the Yeşil Külliye in Bursa|journal=Gesta|volume=56|issue=2|pages=237|doi=10.1086/692804|s2cid=158811302 }}</ref> reveal a [[Seljuk Empire|Seljuk]] influence (which can also be observed in the [[Karatay Madrasa, Konya|Karatay Madrasa]] in [[Konya]]).<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|last=Blessing|first=Patricia|date=2017|title=Seljuk Past and Timurid Present: Tile Decoration of the Yeşil Külliye in Bursa|journal=Gesta|volume=56|issue=2|pages=248|doi=10.1086/692804|s2cid=158811302 }}</ref>
==== Interior tile decoration ==== [[File:Bursa_Yeşil_Camii_-_Green_Mosque_(25).jpg|thumb|The mihrab of the mosque, featuring a wide array of intricate black-line tiles, twelve rows of [[muqarnas]], and two ribbed columns]]
In the hallway connecting the vestibule to the prayer hall, dark green hexagonal tiles cover the walls, punctuated by a large roundel in the center of each wall. These roundels feature an intricate floral [[arabesque]]<ref name=":42">{{Cite book|title=A History of Ottoman Architecture|last=Goodwin|first=Godfrey|publisher=Johns Hopkins Press|year=1971|pages=60}}</ref> in black-line tiles glazed in white, yellow, green, and blue.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Bernus-Taylor|first=Marthe|date=1997|title=Le décor du 'Complexe Vert' à Bursa, reflet de l'art timouride|url=http://asiecentrale.revues.org/493|journal=Cahiers d'Asie Centrale|volume=3/4|pages=253}}</ref>
[[File:Bursa_Yeşil_Camii_-_Green_Mosque_(6).jpg|thumb|left|A roundel in the hallway connecting the vestibule to the prayer hall of the mosque]]
The recessed [[Müezzin mahfili|mahfils]] that flank the opening into the prayer hall are covered in similar dark green hexagonal [[wainscot]] tiles with gold decoration, with a large, intricate arabesque on each ceiling.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book|title=A History of Ottoman Architecture|last=Goodwin|first=Godfrey|publisher=Johns Hopkins Press|year=1971|pages=61}}</ref>
More of these dark green hexagonal wainscot tiles, each decorated with a thick layer of gold overlay,<ref name=":5" /> cover the large iwans flanking the prayer hall. A narrow floral black-line band surrounds these tiles, topped by a larger black-line band featuring a white and gold inscription upon a blue background.<ref name=":5" />
In the prayer hall itself, dark green hexagonal and triangular tiles (including some nineteenth and thirteenth century replacements)<ref name=":23">{{Cite web|url=http://www.archnet.org/sites/1916|title=Yeşil Cami|website=Archnet}}</ref> cover the lower portions of the walls.<ref name=":5" />
The mihrab and its moulded tile frame feature a wide array of tile styles, shapes, and colors. Square black-line tiles, glazed in blue, purple, white, and yellow, cover the mihrab's interior with geometric motifs.<ref name=":32" /> Equally colorful vegetal arabesques, composed of square and rectangular black-line tiles, decorate the spandrels.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Bernus-Taylor|first=Marthe|date=1997|title=Le décor du 'Complexe Vert' à Bursa, reflet de l'art timouride|url=http://asiecentrale.revues.org/493|journal=Cahiers d'Asie Centrale|volume=3/4|pages=254}}</ref> The mihrab niche's twelve rows of muqarnas and two ribbed columns<ref>{{Cite book|title=A History of Ottoman Architecture|last=Goodwin|first=Godfrey|publisher=Johns Hopkins Press|year=1971|pages=62}}</ref> feature similarly intricate and colorful tilework.
In the sultan's loge, the walls and ceiling are covered in gilded<ref name=":42" /> black-line tiles that depict motifs of stars and polygons.<ref name=":6" /> In contrast to these geometric motifs, the black-tile border around the opening into the mosque is decorated with vegetal motifs.<ref name=":23" /><gallery> File:Bursa013.jpg|Calligraphic inscription over the door of a ''tabhane'' room File:Bursa Green Mosque East iwan tiles fisheye in 2018 9894.jpg|Gilded decoration of the tiles in one of the side iwans File:Bursa Green Mosque Loge Decoration at arch in 2018 7814.jpg|Black-line tile decoration within the mosque File:Yesil Cami 7436.jpg|Black-line tiles decorating the mihrab </gallery>
=== Carvings === [[File:Bursa Yeşil Camii - Green Mosque (31).jpg|thumb|Detail of the muqarnas niche above the entrance]] Carved decorations exist along all exterior elements of the mosque, from the entryway to the mihrabs to the window frames.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A History of Ottoman Architecture|last=Freely|first=John|publisher=WIT Press|year=2011|isbn=9781845645069|pages=45}}</ref> The front portal of the mosque is made of carved marble and features a tall, recessed muqarnas niche, with unique marble [[Tympanum (architecture)|tympana]] (decorated with arabesques)<ref>{{Cite book|title=A History of Ottoman Architecture|last=Goodwin|first=Godfrey|publisher=Johns Hopkins Press|year=1971|pages=64}}</ref> framing the flanking windows.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bernus-Taylor|first=Marthe|date=1997|title=Le décor du 'Complexe Vert' à Bursa, reflet de l'art timouride|url=http://asiecentrale.revues.org/493|journal=Cahiers d'Asie Centrale|volume=3/4|pages=252}}</ref><ref name=":23" /> This portal, framed with floral carvings and scripture,<ref name=":23" /> references similar portals found in Seljuk mosques, madrasas, and mausolea.<ref name=":8" />
The two ''tabhane'' rooms connected to the central hallway, designed to provide lodging for travelers, contain carved plaster niches and {{lang|tr|ocaks}} (fireplaces with a tall hood).<ref name=":7" /> A three-line calligraphic inscription is put in an arch over one of its doors.<ref name=":7" /><gallery> File:Bursa Yeşil Camii - Green Mosque (32).jpg|View of the mosque façade's windows and decorative niches File:Yesil Cami 7799.jpg|An intricately carved marble tympanum above an exterior window of the mosque File:Bursa Green Mosque West side in 2018 7794.jpg|An intricately carved marble tympanum above an exterior window of the mosque File:Bursa Yeşil Camii - Green Mosque (9).jpg|The carved niches and {{lang|tr|ocak}} of one of the ''tabhane'' rooms </gallery>
== Other buildings of the complex == The mosque was the center of a larger religious and charitable complex (a ''[[külliye]]''), which encompassed several other buildings nearby. These include the mausoleum (the Green Tomb), a madrasa, an ''[[imaret]]'' (public kitchen), and a [[hammam]] (public bathhouse).
=== Mausoleum === {{Main|Green Tomb}} [[File:Yeşil türbe bursa - panoramio.jpg|thumb|The [[Green Tomb]]]] The mausoleum of Mehmed I is situated on a raised mound across from the mosque, to the southeast. It consists of an octagonal structure covered by a dome {{Convert|15|m|ft}} in diameter. The whole building is decorated with tiles, and those of the mausoleum chamber are as rich as those in the mosque. They cover the walls, cenotaphs, and another ornate mihrab.<ref name=":13">{{Cite book |last=Kuban |first=Doğan |title=Ottoman Architecture |publisher=Antique Collectors' Club |year=2010 |isbn=9781851496044 |location= |pages=102–108 |language=en |translator-last=Mill |translator-first=Adair}}</ref> A burial chamber or crypt (usually off limits to visitors today) is located beneath the floor of the main chamber where the cenotaphs are located.<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":14">{{Cite book |last=Öney |first=Gönül |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x0DdBAAAQBAJ |title=Early Ottoman Art: The Legacy of the Emirates |last2=Bulut |first2=Lale |last3=Çakmak |first3=Şakir |last4=Daş |first4=Ertan |last5=Demir |first5=Aydoğan |last6=Demiralp |first6=Yekta |last7=Kuyulu |first7=İnci |last8=Ünal |first8=Rahmi H. |publisher=Museum With No Frontiers |year=2010 |isbn=9783902782212 |edition=2nd |series=Islamic Art in the Mediterranean |language=en |chapter=IV.I.a Yeşil Complex}}</ref> In addition to the sultan's burial, the mausoleum contains the tombs of his sons Mustafa, Mahmud, and Yusuf, as well as several women of his family and his nanny.<ref name=":14" />
=== Madrasa === [[File:Green Mosque medrese DSCF1145.jpg|thumb|The madrasa (which now houses the [[Bursa Museum of Turkish and Islamic Art]])]] The madrasa of Mehmed I's complex, located to the southwest of the mosque, is a well-planned example of the open courtyard madrasas of this period, with similarities to the madrasas of the [[Sultanate of Rum|Seljuk era]]. It has a decorated entrance iwan which leads to an inner courtyard. The courtyard is flanked by arcaded porticos along three sides and a domed ''dershane'' on the side opposite the entrance. Two small iwans are also found along the two other lateral sides of the courtyard, though they stand behind the porticos.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kuban |first=Doğan |title=Ottoman Architecture |publisher=Antique Collectors' Club |year=2010 |isbn=9781851496044 |location= |pages=95, 102, 150 |language=en |translator-last=Mill |translator-first=Adair}}</ref> It currently houses the [[Bursa Museum of Turkish and Islamic Art]].<ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zm_XCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA165 |title=DK Eyewitness Travel Guide Istanbul |publisher=Penguin |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-4654-5569-7 |pages=165 |language=en}}</ref>
=== Others === The hammam of the complex is located east of the Green Tomb, while the imaret is located to the northeast of the tomb. Only partials remains have been preserved from the original structures of both these buildings.<ref name=":4" />
==References== {{Reflist}}
==External links== {{Commons category|Green Mosque}} *[http://www.pbase.com/dosseman/yesilbursa Photographs of the mosque by Dick Osseman]
{{Mosques in Turkey}} {{Ottoman architecture}} {{Authority control}}
[[Category:Ottoman mosques in Bursa]] [[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1421]] [[Category:Mosques completed in the 1420s]] [[Category:Mosque buildings with domes in Turkey]] [[Category:Yıldırım, Bursa]] [[Category:Mosque buildings with minarets in Turkey]] [[Category:15th-century mosques in Turkey]] [[Category:World Heritage Sites in Turkey]]