{{Infobox settlement | name = Sallum | other_name = | native_name = السلوم<br>as-Sallūm | settlement_type = Village/harbour-side town | motto = | image_skyline = Sallum.jpg | imagesize = 250px | image_caption = The east-facing centre and (to background) south of the town which is where the coast assumes its overall north direction as throughout the rest of Egypt, though having many headlands much further east. The desert hills are the Akabah el-Kebir. | image_map = | mapsize = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Egypt | pushpin_label_position = bottom | pushpin_mapsize = 250px | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Egypt | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{flag|Egypt}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Governorates of Egypt|Governorate]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Matruh Governorate|Matruh]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | government_footnotes = | government_type = | leader_title = | leader_name = | area_magnitude = | unit_pref = Imperial | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = | area_land_km2 = | population_as_of = 2006 | population_footnotes = | population_note = | population_total = 14393 | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_metro = | population_density_metro_km2 = | population_density_metro_sq_mi = | population_blank1_title = Ethnicities | population_blank1 = | population_density_blank1_km2 = | population_density_blank1_sq_mi = | timezone = [[Eastern European Time|EET]] | utc_offset = +2 | timezone_DST = [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]] | utc_offset_DST = +3 | coordinates = {{coord|31|33|00|N|25|09|36|E|region:EG|display=inline,title}} | elevation_footnotes = (by harbour, downtown) to 200 metres (in associated scarp) | elevation_m = 1 | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code = | footnotes = }} '''Sallum''' ({{langx|ar|السلوم|translit=as-Sallūm}} {{IPA|arz|essælˈluːm|o|Essallum-arz.ogg}} various transliterations include ''El Salloum'', ''As Sallum'' or ''Sollum'') is a harbourside [[village]] or town in [[Egypt]]. It is along the Egypt/Libyan short north–south aligned coast of the [[Mediterranean Sea]] in the far northwest corner of Egypt. It is, geodesically, {{convert|8|km|mi|0|abbr=off|spell=on}} east of the [[Egypt–Libya border|border]] with [[Libya]], and {{convert|128|km|mi}} from the notable port of [[Tobruk]], Libya.
Sallum is mainly a [[Bedouin]] community of the families of merchants, fishermen and herdsmen. It has little tourist activity and few organized historical curiosities. It is a key trading center for the local Bedouin community. It has a [[World War II]] Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemetery and is {{convert|7.5|km|mi|frac=4}} north of [[Halfaya Pass]].
Sallum is on its own pass which, improved since World War II, has become the main pass ascending the related ridge, which obstructs east–west trade. The ridge extends away from its northern part, east-facing sea cliffs, south by {{cvt|55|km}}, there turning increasingly east. This escarpment is the ''ʿAqaba al-Kabīr'', once called the ''ʿAqaba as-Sallūm'', such as in the 12th century – a descriptor meaning graded (evened out) ascent, thus giving the town its name. There are no other roadworthy passes nearby.
Sallum was a small Roman port. Some Roman wells remain locally. Sometimes called Baranis, the port should not be confused with the medieval-noted branch of the Berbers, the [[Baranis|al-Baranis]].
At its southern end, scattered homes mark out the end of the [[northern coast of Egypt]]. Amenities include a post office and a National Bank of Egypt branch.
==History== [[File:Tripolitania_Eyalet,_Ottoman_Empire_(1795).png|thumb|Wider context, broad reach of the [[Ottoman Empire]] such as in 1795, highlighting the Eyalet of Tripolitania]]
===Early settlement=== Local people are mentioned in some Roman accounts of Catabathmus Maior/Magnus (referring to the local, obstructive ridge to east–west land trade, ''ʿAqaba as-Sallūm'' or more commonly today ''ʿAqaba al-Kabīr'', literally 'the great pass.' It may have been Plynos Limen and Tetrapyrgia mentioned in less context-clear early courses.
Sallum was the origin for many eastward migrations to [[Egypt Eyalet]] and [[Bilad al-Sham]]. During the 19th century, one family migrated first to [[Tafilah]] in southern [[Jordan]], and thence to the region of [[Jaffa]]. They settled in ancient village of Mulabbis, and lived there for several generations until the establishment of [[Petah Tikva]], the first [[Zionism|Zionist]] colony, in 1878.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marom |first=Roy |url=https://www.academia.edu/39644227 |title=A short history of Mulabbis (Petah Tikva, Israel) |journal=Palestine Exploration Quarterly |date=January 2019 |volume=151|issue=2 |page=134 |doi=10.1080/00310328.2019.1621734 |s2cid=197799335 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marom |first=Roy |date=2021 |title=The Abu Hameds of Mulabbis: An Oral History of a Palestinian Village Depopulated in the Late Ottoman Period |url=https://www.academia.edu/49228200 |journal=British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies|volume=48 |pages=87–106 |doi=10.1080/13530194.2021.1934817|s2cid=236222143 }}</ref>
===Sovereignty and battles=== Sallum was part of the [[Eyalet of Tripolitania|Eyalet then Vilayet of Tripolitania]], 1551–1911, the year before its fall mainly to [[Italy]]. That year, during the [[Italo-Turkish War]], an [[History of Egypt under the British|Anglo-Egyptian]] force took it over, relieving its garrison, to prevent it from falling into Italian hands. When the border between [[Italian Libya]] and Egypt was settled by treaty in 1925, Sallum was placed on the Egyptian side.<ref>Anna Baldinetti, ''The Origins of the Libyan Nation: Colonial Legacy, Exile and the Emergence of a New Nation-State'' (Routledge, 2010), p. 2.</ref>
During the [[Senussi Campaign]] of [[World War I]], Sallum was captured by the [[Senussi]] in November 1915 with [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] and [[German Empire|German]] assistance. It was re-taken by the British in March 1916.<ref>John Slight (2014), "British Understandings of the Sanussiyya Sufi Order’s Jihad against Egypt, 1915–17", ''The Round Table: The Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs'', 103(2) pp. 233–242.</ref>
In December 1941, during [[Operation Crusader]] in [[World War II]] (and the two other operations affecting nearby [[Halfaya Pass]]), Sallum was the location of fighting between the [[British Empire]] with [[Allies of World War II|allied]] [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] forces against [[Nazi Germany|German]] with [[Fascist Italy|Italian]] forces; the latter were retreating from gains they had made deeper into Egypt. The [[Halfaya Sollum War Cemetery]] was established by the [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]] to inter over 2,000 soldiers who died in the region.
On July 21, 1977, Libya attacked Sallum, initiating the first clash in the [[Libyan-Egyptian War]].
===Solar eclipse=== Sallum was a destination in the total [[Solar eclipse of March 29, 2006|solar eclipse on March 29, 2006]] among expeditions.<ref>"[[Valoria La Buena]] annular eclipse expedition" (report), Solar Physics Group, Astrophysics Lab, University of Rome, January 10, 2007, webpage (mostly Italian): [http://www.icra.it/solar/ ICRA-solar]: mentions Sidi Barrani observation area.</ref>
==Climate== [[Köppen-Geiger climate classification system]] classifies its climate, like almost all of Egypt, as [[hot desert climate|hot desert]] (''BWh''). However, typically for [[northern coast of Egypt|the northern coast]], Sallum has its temperatures moderated by blowing winds from the [[Mediterranean Sea]]. {{Weather box |location=Sallum |single line=Yes |metric first=Yes |Jan record high C=30.3 |Feb record high C=33.4 |Mar record high C=37.4 |Apr record high C=42.4 |May record high C=44.2 |Jun record high C=47.3 |Jul record high C=41.7 |Aug record high C=47.2 |Sep record high C=43.0 |Oct record high C=41.4 |Nov record high C=36.6 |Dec record high C=32.0 |year record high C=47.3 |Jan high C=18.6 |Feb high C=19.6 |Mar high C=21.4 |Apr high C=24.2 |May high C=26.8 |Jun high C=30.0 |Jul high C=31.3 |Aug high C=31.1 |Sep high C=29.6 |Oct high C=27.4 |Nov high C=23.9 |Dec high C=20.2 |year high C=25.3 |Jan mean C=13.8 |Feb mean C=14.5 |Mar mean C=16.1 |Apr mean C=18.6 |May mean C=21.2 |Jun mean C=24.7 |Jul mean C=26.2 |Aug mean C=26.4 |Sep mean C=25.0 |Oct mean C=22.6 |Nov mean C=18.9 |Dec mean C=15.3 |year mean C=20.3 |Jan low C=9.8 |Feb low C=10.3 |Mar low C=11.8 |Apr low C=14.1 |May low C=16.9 |Jun low C=20.3 |Jul low C=21.9 |Aug low C=22.3 |Sep low C=20.9 |Oct low C=18.5 |Nov low C=14.8 |Dec low C=11.3 |year low C=16.1 |Jan record low C=3.7 |Feb record low C=4.8 |Mar record low C=6.1 |Apr record low C=8.5 |May record low C=9.9 |Jun record low C=14.0 |Jul record low C=18.0 |Aug record low C=18.4 |Sep record low C=15.4 |Oct record low C=12.9 |Nov record low C=7.3 |Dec record low C=6.5 |year record low C=3.7 |rain colour=green |Jan rain mm=21 |Feb rain mm=15 |Mar rain mm=7 |Apr rain mm=6 |May rain mm=2 |Jun rain mm=1 |Jul rain mm=0 |Aug rain mm=0 |Sep rain mm=0 |Oct rain mm=13 |Nov rain mm=10 |Dec rain mm=17 |year rain mm=92 |Jan humidity=59 |Feb humidity=58 |Mar humidity=59 |Apr humidity=58 |May humidity=60 |Jun humidity=59 |Jul humidity=62 |Aug humidity=65 |Sep humidity=64 |Oct humidity=62 |Nov humidity=59 |Dec humidity=59 |year humidity=60.3 |unit rain days=1.0 mm |Jan rain days=2.7 |Feb rain days=1.1 |Mar rain days=0.7 |Apr rain days=0.8 |May rain days=0.2 |Jun rain days=0.1 |Jul rain days=0.0 |Aug rain days=0.0 |Sep rain days=0.1 |Oct rain days=1.1 |Nov rain days=1.0 |Dec rain days=1.3 |year rain days=9.1 |Jan sun=217.0 |Feb sun=211.9 |Mar sun=279.0 |Apr sun=297.0 |May sun=306.9 |Jun sun=369.0 |Jul sun=393.7 |Aug sun=378.2 |Sep sun=327.0 |Oct sun=300.7 |Nov sun=219.0 |Dec sun=210.8 |year sun= |Jand sun=7.0 |Febd sun=7.5 |Mard sun=9.0 |Aprd sun=9.9 |Mayd sun=9.9 |Jund sun=12.3 |Juld sun=12.7 |Augd sun=12.2 |Sepd sun=10.9 |Octd sun=9.7 |Novd sun=7.3 |Decd sun=6.8 |yeard sun=9.6 |source 1=NOAA<ref name=NOAA>{{Cite FTP |url=ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/UB/62300.TXT |server=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |title=Salloum Climate Normals 1961–1990 |access-date=April 5, 2015}}</ref> |source 2=Arab Meteorology Book (sun only)<ref name=climate>{{cite web |url=http://extras.springer.com/2007/978-1-4020-4577-6/Book_Shahin_ISBN_9781402045776_Appendix.pdf |title=Appendix I: Meteorological Data |publisher=Springer |access-date=January 17, 2016 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072830/http://extras.springer.com/2007/978-1-4020-4577-6/Book_Shahin_ISBN_9781402045776_Appendix.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> }} ==In Egyptian pop culture== One of the most popular kinds of [[muʽassel]] for [[hookah|shisha]] is named sallum after the town.<ref>{{cite web | title=Salloum Hookah Tobacco, 175 g High Quality with Best Price | url=https://shishkom.com/products/salloum-molasses-175-g }}</ref> The reasoning is most likely because it's a coastal and border town where the tobacco used to make the muʽassel is imported before being distributed to the rest of [[Egypt]]
==See also== *[[Halfaya Pass]] *[[Military history of Italy during World War II]] *[[Egypt in World War II]] *[[Egyptian–Libyan War]]
==Notes== {{Reflist}}
==External links== *Photograph of twilight Sidi Barrani [[solar eclipse]] (Oct. 2005, copyright 2005-2007 Magyar Csillagászati Egyesület): [http://hirek.csillagaszat.hu/files/images/2006/03/20060329_egyiptom3.jpg Hungarian-foto Sidi-twilight] (540x345, 38 [[kilobyte|KB]]). *Photograph of [[solar eclipse]] at Sidi Barrani (Oct. 2005, copyright 2005-2007 Magyar Csillagászati Egyesület): [http://hirek.csillagaszat.hu/files/images/2006/03/20060329_egyiptom1.jpg Hungarian-foto Sidi-eclipse] (9 kb). *Photograph of Sidi Barrani observers (Oct. 2005, copyright 2005-2007 Magyar Csillagászati Egyesület): [http://hirek.csillagaszat.hu/files/images/2006/03/20060329_egyiptom2.jpg Hungarian-foto Sidi-people] (50 kb).
{{Cities of Egypt}} {{Authority control}}
[[Category:Egypt–Libya border crossings]] [[Category:Populated places in Matrouh Governorate]]