Graphic medicine

{{Short description|Use of comics in medical education and patient care}} '''Graphic medicine''' connotes the use of comics in medical education and patient care.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Green|first=MJ|author2=Myers, KR|title=Graphic medicine: use of comics in medical education and patient care|journal=BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.)|date=2010-03-03|volume=340|pages=c863|pmid=20200064|doi=10.1136/bmj.c863|s2cid=33841883}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Tuohy|first=Patricia|date=July 2018|title=Reading graphic medicine|journal=Journal of the Medical Library Association|volume=106|issue=3|pages=387–390|pmid=29962918|pmc=6013142|doi=10.5195/jmla.2018.449}}</ref>

==Overview== The phrase ''graphic medicine'' was coined by Dr. Ian Williams,<ref name=Scope>{{cite web|title=Graphic medicine takes flight|first=Andrea|last=Ford|date=July 24, 2015|website=Stanford Medicine|url=https://scopeblog.stanford.edu/2015/07/24/graphic-medicine-takes-flight/}}</ref><ref name=Wilberg /> founder of GraphicMedicine.org, to denote "the intersection between the medium of comics and the discourse of healthcare".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.graphicmedicine.org/%20why%20graphic%20medicine/|title=Why "Graphic Medicine" ?|last=Williams|first=Ian|work=Graphic Medicine|access-date=20 November 2019}}</ref> Comics offer an engaging, powerful, and accessible method of delivering illness narratives.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hektoen International|url=http://www.hektoeninternational.org/graphicMedicine.html|work=Graphic medicine: how comics are revolutionizing the representation of illness|access-date=31 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130327085543/http://www.hektoeninternational.org/graphicMedicine.html|archive-date=27 March 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> The academic appraisal of graphic fiction is in its infancy, but its examination by academics involved in healthcare-related studies is increasing, with work emerging in journals.<ref name=Wilberg>{{cite web|title=GET A GRIP!: How Graphic Medicine is changing the landscape of medical care|first=Kriota|last=Willberg|date=June 12, 2018|work=The Beat|url=https://www.comicsbeat.com/column-get-a-grip-give-yourself-a-dose-of-graphic-medicine/}}</ref>

It is notable that the medical humanities movement in many medical schools advocates the framework and use of literature in exploring illness, from practitioner and patient perspectives.<ref name=Wilberg /><ref name=Williams-2011 />

A late-2010s entry to the scholarly study of graphic medicine is the PathoGraphics Research Group, an Einstein Foundation-funded project at the Free University of Berlin (2016–2019) under the direction of Irmela Marei Krüger-Fürhoff, and with the collaboration of Susan M. Squier of the Pennsylvania State University.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.geisteswissenschaften.fu-berlin.de/friedrichschlegel/assoziierte_projekte/Pathographics/sl_9_FIRSTfundingPeriod/index.html|title=First funding period (2016–2021)|website= PATHOGRAPHICS (2016–2021)|date=18 November 2019 |publisher=Free University of Berlin|access-date=June 16, 2023}}</ref> The group is concerned with the study of illness narratives, or "pathographies," and works of graphic medicine.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.geisteswissenschaften.fu-berlin.de/friedrichschlegel/assoziierte_projekte/Pathographics/index.html|title=PathoGraphics|website=PATHOGRAPHICS (2016–2021)|date=28 September 2015 |publisher= Free University of Berlin|access-date=June 16, 2023}}</ref>

== History == ===Visual treatment and graphic novels=== Comic books centered around public health originated in the 1940s; the earliest examples averaged around twelve pages and were aimed at preventive instruction for children. Early newsstand comics that focused on medical topics included EC's ''Psychoanalysis'' (1955) and Archie's ''Adventures of Young Dr. Masters'' (1964).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.comics.org/series/1634/|title=Adventures of Young Dr. Masters: Archie, 1964 Series|website=Grand Comics Database|access-date=July 18, 2023}}</ref> Other early notable works of graphic medicine include the ''Strip AIDS'' anthologies (1987–1988); Al Davison's ''The Spiral Cage'' (1990); Milligan & McCarthy's ''Skin'' (1992); Pekar, Brabner, and Stack's ''Our Cancer Year'' (1993); and Bryan Talbot's ''The Tale of One Bad Rat'' (1994–1995).

Since the turn of the 21st century, dozens of comics and graphic novels have been published that address such health topics as depression, drug abuse, and PTSD. The genre has evolved and such graphic novels are now commonly at least 150 pages long and focus more on adult struggles with physical or mental illness.<ref>{{cite web|last=Schneider|first=E.|date=2014|url=https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/bitstream/handle/2142/47384/340_ready.pdf?sequence=2|title=Quantifying and Visualizing the History of Public Health Comics|publisher=iConference, Berlin, Germany|access-date=2023-06-26|archive-date=2019-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029160507/https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/bitstream/handle/2142/47384/340_ready.pdf?sequence=2|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2007, while writing a master's dissertation on medical narratives in comics and graphic novels,<ref>{{cite news|title=GRAPHIC CONTENT: Graphic Novels That Will Diagnose Your Disease|first=Hillary|last= Chute|author-link=Hillary Chute|date=March 22, 2019|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/22/books/review/new-graphic-medicine.html}}</ref> Ian Williams set up the Graphic Medicine website.<ref name=Scope /> During this period, he found two essays by Susan M. Squier on the topic; Squier is Penn State's Brill Professor of English and Women's, Gender, and Sexuality Studies, and she teaches graphic medicine to Ph.D. students at Penn State.<ref>{{cite web|title=Comics aren't just for kids anymore: Penn State has emerged as a leader in the field of health-themed comics — known as "graphic medicine.|date=Feb 16, 2021|first=Cherie|last=Winner|website=Penn State University|url=https://www.psu.edu/news/research/story/comics-arent-just-kids-anymore/}}</ref> Scholars from around the world who were interested in comics and healthcare began to get in touch, notably Professor Michael Green, who had recently set up a graphic narratives course at Hershey Medical School at Penn State University,<ref>{{cite news|title=50 YEARS OF ETHICS COURSES AND MORE: For future doctors, humanities classes required at Penn State's medical school in Hershey: Curriculum instituted when College of Medicine opened in 1967|first= MARY ELLEN|last=WRIGHT|date=Mar 13, 2018|work=LNP|url=https://lancasteronline.com/features/together/for-future-doctors-humanities-classes-required-at-penn-states-medical-school-in-hershey/article_77e0db22-252c-11e8-b0be-2fcbe52ddbaa.html}}</ref> and MK Czerwiec, a.k.a. "Comic Nurse", who had, for many years, been recording her experiences as an HIV/AIDS hospice nurse in comics form.<ref>{{cite web|title='Comic Nurse' MK Czerwiec Delights Crowd in Keynote on Graphic Medicine|publisher=Albion College|date=April 1, 2022|url=https://www.albion.edu/post/comic-nurse-mk-czerwiec-delights-crowd-in-keynote-on-graphic-medicine/}}</ref>

Green invited his colleagues Kimberley Myers, of the Medical Humanities Program at Penn State Milton Hershey Medical School, and Susan M. Squier, whose work Williams had encountered earlier, to the discussion group, and Williams introduced Maria Vaccarella, Giskin Day, and Columba Quigley.<ref name=Williams-2011>{{cite web|title=Graphic Medicine #1: Of Comics, Disease and Stigma|first=Ian|last=Williams|date=10 June 2011|url=https://comicsforum.org/2011/06/10/graphic-medicine-1-of-comics-disease-and-stigma-by-ian-williams/|website=Comics Forum}}</ref> The group decided to hold a conference, in 2010 at The University of London,<ref>{{cite web|title=Graphic Medicine Award 2023 opens for submissions and expands to two categories: The second annual Graphic Medicine Award will now take separate submissions for long form and short form work|first=Dean|last=Simons|date=Jan 5, 2023|work=The Beat|url=https://www.comicsbeat.com/graphic-medicine-award-2023-opens-for-submissions-and-expands-to-two-categories/}}</ref> which led to a series of annual international conferences with presentations that are frequently posted as podcasts after the conference.

In 2014, the first American Library Association Will Eisner Graphic Novel Growth Grant was awarded to Ypsilanti District Library, (Ypsilanti, Michigan) for its proposal to build a collection of graphic medicine narratives.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=ALA Awards 2014 Will Eisner Graphic Novel Grants for Libraries|first=Calvin |last=Reid|date=Jul 3, 2014|magazine=Publishers Weekly|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/comics/article/63178-ala-awards-2014-will-eisner-graphic-novel-grants-for-libraries.html}}</ref> (Author MK Czerwiec lectured in the fall of 2014 at Ypsilanti's St. Joseph Mercy Hospital in support of this grant.)<ref>{{cite news|title=Comic books and graphic novels called next wave in medical treatment: M.K Czerwiec, also known as "Comic Nurse" recently gave a presentation on using comics in medicine at St. Joseph Mercy Hospital in Ypsilanti|first=DAVE|last=HERNDON|work=The News-Herald|date=November 25, 2014|url=https://www.thenewsherald.com/2014/11/25/comic-books-and-graphic-novels-called-next-wave-in-medical-treatment/}}</ref> To date, the Ypsilanti District Library collection contains over 200 graphic medicine titles.<ref>{{cite web|title=How graphic novels are helping doctors and patients|date=March 2, 2020|website=Ypsilanti District Library|url=https://www.ypsilibrary.org/2020/03/graphic-medicine/}}</ref>

Penn State University Press published ''The Graphic Medicine Manifesto'' in 2015, which was nominated for the Eisner Award for Best Academic/Scholarly Work in 2016.<ref name="ComicsAlliance2016">{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Luke |date=2016-07-23 |title=28th Eisner Awards: The Complete Winners and Nominees |url=https://comicsalliance.com/eisner-winners-2016/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013024855/https://comicsalliance.com/eisner-winners-2016/ |archive-date=2022-10-13 |access-date=2023-06-16 |website=ComicsAlliance |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Review: 'The Bad Doctor' and 'Graphic Medicine Manifesto'|first=Abigail|last=Zuger, M.d.|date=June 29, 2015|work=The New York Times|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/30/science/review-the-bad-doctor-graphic-medicine-manifesto.html}}</ref><ref name=Scope /> ''The Graphic Medicine Manifesto'' was the inaugural volume in the ongoing Graphic Medicine series at Penn State University Press,<ref>{{cite news|title=PSU Press Launches Graphic Mundi Imprint|first=Brigid|last=Alverson | date=Oct 7, 2020|work=Publishers Weekly|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/comics/article/84539-psu-press-launches-graphic-mundi-imprint.html|quote=The new imprint will build on the press’s Graphic Medicine series...}}</ref> which was originally co-edited by Susan M. Squier and Ian Williams. As of 2023, the series includes more than 20 titles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.psupress.org/books/series/book_SeriesGM.html|title=Graphic Medicine|publisher=Penn State University Press|access-date=May 12, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=How Penn State University Press tackled the coronavirus pandemic through comics|first=Joe|last=Eckstein |work=Daily Collegian | date=Mar 22, 2021|url=https://www.collegian.psu.edu/culture_lifestyle/how-penn-state-university-press-tackled-the-coronavirus-pandemic-through-comics/article_0edb3f4c-8a95-11eb-9435-130066e9305d.html}}</ref>

In 2018, the United States National Library of Medicine launched the exhibition, ''"Graphic Medicine: Ill-Conceived and Well Drawn!"'', curated by Ellen Forney, which included a special display, traveling banner exhibition, and online exhibition.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/news/graphic_medicine_exhibition_2018.html|title=NLM Launches "Graphic Medicine: Ill-Conceived and Well Drawn!"|date=2018-01-09|website=National Library of Medicine}}</ref>

In 2020, ''Technical Communications Quarterly'' published a special issue on comics and graphic storytelling. This issue included a category of research articles examining graphic health communication.

In 2021, ''Menopause: A Comic Treatment'', published as part of the Graphic Medicine/Penn State University Press series, and edited by MK Czerwiec,<ref>{{cite book|editor-first=MK|editor-last=Czerwiec|title=Menopause: A Comic Treatment|publisher=Graphic Medicine/Penn State University Press|date=2020|isbn=978-0271087122}}</ref> won the Eisner Award for Best Anthology. In addition, Mimi Pond won the Eisner Award for Best Short Story for her contribution to the book, "When the Menopausal Carnival Comes to Town."<ref name="2021 Eisner Award Winners">{{cite news|url=https://www.comicsbeat.com/comicconhome-21-the-2021-eisner-award-winners/|title=ComicCon@Home '21: The 2021 Eisner Award winners|work=The Beat| first=Joe |last=Grunenwald |date=July 23, 2021}}</ref>

Beginning in 2021, the [https://publishing.escholarship.umassmed.edu/gmr/ ''Graphic Medicine Review'' journal] launched at MCPHS University thanks to reward moneys given by the Popular Culture association and implemented by the MCPHS Library. Led by A. David Lewis, ''GMR'' soon moved to the Lamar Soutter Library at UMass Chan Medical School with co-editor Mary Piorun. As an open access, peer review digital publication,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://publishing.escholarship.umassmed.edu/gmr/site/about/|title=Graphic Medicine Review - About}}</ref> ''GMR'' is indexed through several scholarly database systems and listed as [https://portal.issn.org/resource/ISSN/2993-8252 2993-8252 with the International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) International Center].

In 2022, the nonprofit Graphic Medicine International Collective debuted the Graphic Medicine Award, presented annually at the Graphic Medicine Conference. The GMIC Awards... "are an initiative to spotlight work in the comics field published in the previous calendar year which shines a light on issues of mental and physical wellbeing. Initially a single award, it expanded into a two-category award [long-form and short-form] in 2023."<ref>{{cite web|title=NERVOSA wins the 2024 Graphic Medicine Award: Hayley Gold's eating disorder memoir won, while Elaine M. Will's Spiral Sessions won best short-form|first=Dean |last=Simons |date= Jul 19, 2024|work=The Beat|url=https://www.comicsbeat.com/nervosa-wins-the-2024-graphic-medicine-award/}}</ref>

Graphic medicine's popularity keeps growing across the world.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}} In some clinical settings, graphic medicine is being used to explore therapeutic possibilities.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Venkatesan |first1=Sathyaraj |last2=Peter |first2=Anu |title='I Want to Live, I Want to Draw': The Poetics of Drawing and Graphic Medicine |journal=Journal of Creative Communications |date=22 March 2018 |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=104–116 |doi=10.1177/0973258618761406 |s2cid=149107320 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0973258618761406 |access-date=22 September 2022|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Beyond the US and UK, graphic medicine is practiced and studied in Spain,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-01-15 |title=La UNIA inaugura el primer máster en medicina gráfica de España |url=https://www.europapress.es/andalucia/noticia-unia-inaugura-primer-master-medicina-grafica-espana-20210115114936.html |work=Europa Press Andalucía |language=es}}</ref> Taiwan, Germany, India, Singapore, and a host of other nations; for example: Monica Lalanda's ''Medicina Grafica'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-12 |title=Medicina gráfica |url=https://medicinagrafica.blog/ }}</ref> the Japan Graphic Medicine Association (JGMA), and the Graphic Medicine Lab in India.

== Notable works of graphic medicine == : Sources<ref>{{cite web|title=Essential Graphic Medicine: An Annotated Bibliography|first1=Alice|last1=Jaggers|first2=Matthew|last2=Noe|quote=Funded by an American Library Association Carnegie-Whitney Grant|url=https://www.graphicmedicine.org/essentialgm/|website=GraphicMedicine.org|access-date=28 Jun 2023|date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Comics and Medicine: Peering Into the Process of Professional Identity Formation|last=Green, MD, MS|first=Michael J.|journal=Academic Medicine|volume=90|issue=6|pages=774–779|date=June 2015|doi=10.1097/ACM.0000000000000703|pmid=25853686 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Graphic Medicine & Comics in Healthcare|website=University of Michigan Library|url=https://guides.lib.umich.edu/c.php?g=397144&p=2699242|access-date=Jan 17, 2024|quote=Here are a few selective examples of graphic medicine works available in the University of Michigan Libraries and online.}}</ref> * {{cite book|title=The Alcoholic|first1=Jonathan|last1=Ames|author-link1=Jonathan Ames|first2=Dean|last2=Haspiel|author-link2=Dean Haspiel|date= September 30, 2008|publisher= Vertigo Comics|isbn= 9781401210564}} * {{cite book|last=Beauchard |first=David|author-link=David Beauchard|title=Epileptic|publisher=Pantheon Books|date=2005|isbn= 978-0375714689}} — originally published in French from 1996 to 2003 * {{cite book|title=El Deafo|first=Cece|last=Bell|author-link=Cece Bell|date= September 4, 2014|publisher= Abrams|isbn= 9781419712173}} * {{cite book|title=Hyperbole and a Half: Unfortunate Situations, Flawed Coping Mechanisms, Mayhem, and Other Things That Happened|first=Allie|last=Brosh|author-link=Allie Brosh|date=October 29, 2013|publisher=Gallery Books|isbn= 9781451666175}} * {{cite book|last=Burns|first=Charles|author-link=Charles Burns (cartoonist)|title=Black Hole|publisher=Pantheon Books|date=Oct 18, 2005|isbn= 037542380X}} * {{cite book|title=Can't We Talk About Something More Pleasant?: A Memoir|first=Roz|last=Chast|author-link=Roz Chast|date=May 6, 2014|publisher = Bloomsbury|isbn=9781608198061}} * {{cite book|title=Psychiatriac Tales|first=Darryl|last=Cunningham|author-link=Darryl Cunningham|date=2011|publisher = Bloomsbury|isbn=}} * {{cite book|title=Monsters|first=Ken|last=Dahl|author-link=|date= 2009|publisher= Secret Acres|isbn= 9780988814998}} * {{cite book|title=Cancer Made Me a Shallower Person: A Memoir in Comics|author-link=Miriam Engelberg|first=Miriam | last=Engelberg|date = 2006| publisher= HarperCollins|isbn= 9780060789732}} * {{cite book|title=Mom's Cancer|first=Brian |last=Fies|author-link=Brian Fies|date= 2006|publisher=Abrams|isbn= 9780810971073}} — originally published as a webcomic beginning in 2004 * {{cite book|title=Special Exits: A Memoir |first= Joyce|last=Farmer|author-link= Joyce Farmer|date= 2010|publisher= Fantagraphics|isbn= 978-1606993811}} * {{cite book|title=Marbles: Mania, Depression, Michelangelo, and Me |first= Ellen|last=Forney|author-link= Ellen Forney|date= November 6, 2012|publisher= Avery|isbn= 9781592407323}}  * {{cite book|title=Lighter Than My Shadow |first= Katie|last=Green|author-link=|date= 2013|publisher= Random House UK|isbn=}} * {{cite book|title=Rosalie Lightning: A Graphic Memoir|first=Tom|last= Hart|author-link=Tom Hart (cartoonist)|date= January 12, 2016|publisher= St. Martin's Press|isbn= 9781250049940}} * {{cite book|title=Kid Gloves: Nine Months of Careful Chaos|first=Lucy|last=Knisley|author-link=Lucy Knisley|date= February 26, 2019|publisher = First Second Books|isbn = 9781626728080}} * {{cite book|title=Gender Queer: A Memoir|first=Maia|last=Kobabe|author-link=Maia Kobabe|date=May 28, 2019|publisher=Lion Forge Comics (Oni Press) | isbn= 9781549304002}} * {{cite book|title=Hey, Kiddo: How I Lost My Mother, Found My Father, and Dealt with Family Addiction|first=Jarrett J. |last=Krosoczka|author-link=Jarrett J. Krosoczka|date= October 9, 2018|publisher=Scholastic Graphix|isbn= 9780545902489}} * {{cite book|title=Tangles: a Story about Alzheimer's, My Mother, and Me|first=Sarah|last=Leavitt|author-link=|date= May 1, 2012|publisher=Skyhorse Publishing|isbn= 978-1616086398}} * {{cite book|title=Years of the Elephant|first=Willy|last=Linthout|author-link=Willy Linthout|date= 2010|publisher=Ponent Mon S.L.|isbn= }} * {{cite book|title=Cancer Vixen: A True Story|first=Marisa Acocella|last=Marchetto|author-link=Marisa Acocella |date= September 26, 2006|publisher = Knopf Publishing Group|isbn = 9780307263575}} * {{cite book|title=Our Cancer Year|first1=Harvey|last1=Pekar|author-link1=Harvey Pekar|first2= Joyce |last2=Brabner|author-link2=Joyce Brabner|first3=Frank|last3=Stack|author-link3=Frank Stack|date=1994|publisher=Four Walls Eight Windows/Running Press|isbn=978-1568580111}} * {{cite book|last= Powell|first= Nate|author-link=Nate Powell|title= Swallow Me Whole |isbn= 9781603090339|date= Dec 2, 2008|publisher=Top Shelf Productions}} * {{cite book|title=Wrinkles|first=Paco|last=Roca|author-link=Paco Roca|date= July 26, 2016|publisher= Fantagraphics|isbn=9781606999325}} — originally published in Spain in 2007 * {{cite book|title=Stitches|first=David|last=Small|author-link=David Small|date= September 8, 2009|publisher= W. W. Norton & Company|isbn= 9780393068573}} * {{cite book|title=Billy, Me & You: A Memoir of Grief and Recovery|first=Nicola|last=Streeten|author-link=Nicola Streeten|date=October 27, 2011|publisher=Myriad Editions|isbn=9780956559944}} * {{cite book|title=Smile|first=Raina|last=Telgemeier|author-link=Raina Telgemeier|date= February 1, 2010 | publisher=Scholastic Graphix|isbn= 9780545132060}} *{{cite book|title=Becoming Unbecoming|author=Una|date= September 30, 2015|publisher=Myriad Editions/Arsenal Pulp Press|isbn= 9781551526539}} * {{cite book|title=The Infinite Wait and Other Stories|first=Julia|last=Wertz|author-link=Julia Wertz|date= September 15, 2012|publisher=Koyama Press|isbn= 9780987963024}} * {{cite book|title=The Bad Doctor: The Troubled Life and Times of Dr. Iwan James |first=Ian|last=Williams|date= June 26, 2014|publisher=Myriad Editions/Penn State University Press|isbn= 9780271067544}}

== Exhibitions == * 2018 [https://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/graphicmedicine/index.html ''"Graphic Medicine: Ill-Conceived and Well Drawn!"''],<ref name=":0" /> (United States National Library of Medicine), including the video [https://videocast.nih.gov/Summary.asp?file=23736&bhcp=1 "A Conversation about Graphic Medicine"] * 2022 ''"<nowiki>[</nowiki>Re<nowiki>]</nowiki>Framing Graphic Medicine: Comics and the History of Medicine"'' (University of Chicago) — featuring "serialized prints, illustrated newspapers and magazines, comic books, zines, digital comics and graphic memoirs," curated by Brian Callender and André G. Wenze<ref>{{cite web|title=[Re]Framing Graphic Medicine: Comics and the History of Medicine|date=Apr 19, 2022|website=University of Chicago Library|url=https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/about/news/reframing-graphic-medicine-comics-and-the-history-of-medicine/}}</ref>

== See also == * Comic book therapy * Narrative medicine

== Further reading == * {{cite journal|first1=Patricia F.|last1=Anderson|first2=Elise|last2=Wescom|first3=Ruth C.|last3=Carlos|title=Difficult Doctors, Difficult Patients: Building Empathy|journal=Journal of the American College of Radiology|volume=13|issue=12|date=2016|pages=1590–1598|doi=10.1016/j.jacr.2016.09.015 |pmid=27888946 |doi-access=free}} * Bahl, Erin Kathleen; Figueiredo, Sergio; Shivener, Rich, eds. Special issue on Comics and Graphic Storytelling in Technical Communication: ''Technical Communication Quarterly'' vol. 29, issue 3 (2020). * Czerwiec, MK; Williams, Ian; Squier, Susan Merrill; Green, Michael J.; Myers, Kimberly R.; and Smith, Scott T. ''The Graphic Medicine Manifesto'' (Penn State University Press, 2015, {{ISBN|9780271066493}}). Content summary: "Combining scholarly essays with visual narratives and a conclusion in comics form, establishes graphic medicine as a new area of scholarship. Demonstrates that graphic medicine narratives offer patients, family members, and medical caregivers new ways to negotiate the challenges of the medical experience. Discusses comics as visual rhetoric." * {{Cite journal|last1=Garrison-Joyner|first1=Veronica|last2=Caravella|first2=Elizabeth|date=2020-07-02|title=Lapses in Literacy: Cultural Accessibility in Graphic Health Communication|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10572252.2020.1768295|journal=Technical Communication Quarterly|language=en|volume=29|issue=3|pages=iii–xxv|doi=10.1080/10572252.2020.1768295|s2cid=219421435|issn=1057-2252|url-access=subscription}} * {{cite journal|last=Green|first=MJ|author2=Myers, KR|title=Graphic medicine: use of comics in medical education and patient care|journal=BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.)|date=3 Mar 2010|volume=340|pages=c863|pmid=20200064|doi=10.1136/bmj.c863|s2cid=33841883}} *{{cite journal|title=Comics and Medicine: Peering Into the Process of Professional Identity Formation|last=Green, MD, MS|first=Michael J.|journal=Academic Medicine|volume=90|issue=6|pages=774–779|date=June 2015|doi=10.1097/ACM.0000000000000703|pmid=25853686 |doi-access=free}} * {{Cite journal|last1=Petersen|first1=Emily January|last2=Matheson|first2=Breeanne|date=2 July 2020|title="Speaking so that We are Heard:" A Zulu Comic Book as Women's Social Action in 1990s South Africa|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10572252.2020.1768290|journal=Technical Communication Quarterly|language=en|volume=29|issue=3|pages=271–286|doi=10.1080/10572252.2020.1768290|s2cid=219410980|issn=1057-2252|url-access=subscription}} * {{cite journal|last=Pieper|first= Claudia|author2=Antonino Homobono|date=Sep 2000|title=Comic as an education method for diabetic patients and general population|journal=Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice|volume=50|page= 31|doi= 10.1016/S0168-8227(00)81563-6}} * {{cite journal |last1=Squier |first1=Susan M |title=Beyond Nescience: The Intersectional Insights of Health Humanities |journal=Perspectives in Biology and Medicine |date=Summer 2007 |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=334–47 |doi=10.1353/pbm.2007.0039 |pmid=17660629 |s2cid=31236212 |ref=nescience}} * {{Cite journal|last=Squier|first=Susan M.|date=1 June 2008|title=So Long as They Grow Out of It: Comics, The Discourse of Developmental Normalcy, and Disability|journal=Journal of Medical Humanities|language=en|volume=29|issue=2|pages=71–88|doi=10.1007/s10912-008-9057-1|pmid=18392671|s2cid=6163218|issn=1573-3645}} * Squier, Susan M. and Marks, J. Ryan, eds. Special issue on Graphic Medicine. ''Configurations: A Journal of Literature, Science, and Technology'' vol. 22, issue 2 (Spring 2014) * Squier, Susan M. and Krüger-Fürhoff, Irmela Marei, eds. 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==References== {{Reflist}}

==External links== * [http://graphicmedicine.org GraphicMedicine.org] * [http://www.graphicmedicine.org/comics-and-medicine-conferences/ Graphic Medicine annual conference] * [https://publishing.escholarship.umassmed.edu/gmr/ The ''Graphic Medicine Review'' journal] * [http://annals.org/aim/channel?articleTypeIDs=14671&ft=Graphic%20Medicine&fl_HasAOE=false ''Annals Graphic Medicine'' by ''Annals of Internal Medicine''] * [http://www.psupress.org/books/series/book_SeriesGM.html Penn State Press ''Graphic Medicine'' book series] * [https://comicnurse.com website of MK Czerwiec, a.k.a. "Comic Nurse"] * [https://medicinagrafica.wordpress.com/ Spanish language graphic medicine blog] * [https://graphicmedicine.jp/about-en/ Japan Graphic Medicine Association website] * [https://www.nitt.edu/home/academics/departments/humanities/faculty/sathyaraj/ Information about Dr. Sathyaraj Venkatesan], Professor of English at the National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, where he specializes in health humanities and comics studies, with an emphasis on graphic medicine * {{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/blog/2010/jul/16/favourite-medical-graphic-novels|title=My favourite medical graphic novels|first=Cian|last=O'Luanaigh|date=19 July 2010|work=The Guardian}}

Category:Medical education Category:Diseases and disorders in comics Category:Medical humanities Category:Comics genres