A grammar book is a book or treatise describing the grammar of one or more languages. In linguistics, such a book is itself frequently referred to as a grammar.

Etymology

Ancient Greek had the term τέκνή γραμματική (téchnē grammatikḗ, 'skill in the use of letters'), which was adapted into Latin as ars grammatica. This term was used in the title of works about writing and language, which came to be known in English as grammar-books or grammars.[1]: 72

Definition

Although the style and content of grammar-books varies enormously, they generally aim for a fairly systematic and comprehensive survey of one language's phonetics, morphology, syntax and word-formation. Since languages vary across time, space, social groups, genres, and so forth, grammars inevitably cannot represent every single aspect of a language, but usually select a particular variety with a view to a particular readership.[1]: 73–74

The readerships of grammars and their needs vary widely. Grammars may be intended for native-speakers of a language or for learners. Many grammars are written for use by children learning a language in a school environment. Many grammars are reference grammars, intended not to be read from beginning to end like a textbook, but to enable readers to check particular details as the need arises. Some grammars are prescriptive, aiming to tell readers how they ought to use language; others are descriptive, aiming to tell readers how language is used in reality. In either case, popular grammars can be enormously influential on language-use.[1]: 73–74

History

Further information: History of English grammars

The earliest known descriptive linguistic writing, leading to early grammar-books, took place in a Sanskrit community in northern India; the best known scholar of that linguistic tradition was Pāṇini, whose works are commonly dated to around the .[2] The earliest known grammar of a Western language is the second-century BCE Art of Grammar attributed to Dionysius Thrax, a grammar of Greek.

Key stages in the history of English grammars include Ælfric of Eynsham's composition around 995 CE of a grammar in Old English based on a compilation of two Latin grammars, Aelius Donatus's Ars maior and Priscian's Institutiones grammaticae. This was intended for use by English-speaking students of Latin, and is the first known grammar of Latin written in a vernacular language, but was arguably also intended to use Latin as a basis for explaining English grammar.[3] A key step in the development of English grammars was the 1586 publication of William Bullokar's published his Pamphlet for Grammar, which used a framework derived from Latin grammars to show how English too had grammatical structures and rules.[1]: 74 Numerous grammars aimed at foreign learners of English, sometimes written in Latin, were published in the seventeenth century, while the eighteenth saw the emergence of English-language grammars aiming to instruct their Anglophone audiences in what the authors viewed as correct grammar, including an increasingly literate audience of women and children; this trend continued into the early twentieth century.[1]: 74–78 A key shift in grammar-writing is represented by Charles Carpenter Fries' 1952 The Structure of English, which aimed to give up-to-date, descriptive rather than prescriptive, information on English grammar, and drew on recordings of live speech to inform its claims.[1]: 74

List of first printed grammars (1450–1800)

YearLanguageAuthorNotes
1451LatinAelius DonatusDonatus' Ars Minor was the first printed book by Johannes Gutenberg.[4]
1471Ancient GreekManuel ChrysolorasChrysoloras' Erotemata was the first printed book in greek language.[5]
1489HebrewMoses Kimhi[6]
1492SpanishAntonio de NebrijaNebrija's Gramática de la lengua castellana is the first printed grammar of a vernacular language.[7]
1505Andalusi ArabicPedro de Alcalá[8]
1516ItalianGiovanni Francesco Fortunio[7]
1527Biblical AramaicSebastian Münster[9]
1530FrenchJohn Palsgrave[10]
1533CzechBeneš Optát[11]
1534GermanValentin Ickelsamer[7]
1536PortugueseFernão de Oliveira[12]
1539HungarianJános Sylvester[13]
1539Classical ArabicGuillaume Postel[14]
1539SyriacTeseo Ambrogiowritten in collaboration with the Maronite monk Elias ibn Ibrahim.[15]
1543SicilianClaudio Mario d'Arezzo[16]
1552GeʽezMariano Vittoriowritten in collaboration with the ethiopian monk Täsfa Ṣǝyon.[17]
1558PurépechaMaturino GilbertiGilberti's Arte de la lengua de Michoacán is first printed grammar of an American indigenous language.[18]
1560QuechuaDomingo de Santo Tomás[19]
1567WelshGruffydd Robert[7]
1568PolishPierre Statorius[20]
1571NahuatlAlonso de Molina[18]
1578ZapotecJuan de Córdova[18]
1584DutchHendrik Laurenszoon Spiegel[7]
1584SloveneAdam Bohorič[21]
1586Church Slavonicanonymous[7]
1586EnglishWilliam Bullokar[7]
1593MixtecAntonio de los Reyes[18]
1595TupiJosé de Anchietaknown by the title Arte de gramática da língua mais usada na costa do Brasil[19]
1603AymaraLudovico Bertonio[19]
1604JapaneseJoão Rodrigues Tçuzuknown by the title Arte da Lingoa de Iapam[22]
1604CroatianBartol Kašić[23]
1606MapucheLuis de ValdiviaValdivia also published in 1607 two other grammars for Allentiac and Millcayac languages.[19]
1610TagalogFrancisco Blancas de San José[24]
1612MalayAlbert Cornelius Ruyl[25]
1612TurkishHieronymus Megiserbased on manuscript written by Hector von Ernau.[26]
1614TimucuaFrancisco Pareja[27]
1618HiligaynonAlonso de Méntrida[24]
1619ChibchaBernardo de Lugo[19]
1620Yucatec MayaJuan Coronel[18]
1622Modern GreekGirolamo Germano[7]
1624ArmenianFrancesco Rivola[28]
1627IlocanoFrancisco Lopez[24]
1636CopticAthanasius KircherKircher's Prodromus Coptus was based on manuscript written by Yuhanna al-Samannudi.[29]
1637EstonianHeinrich Stahl[7]
1637MazahuaDiego de Nágera Yanguas[18]
1638BasqueArnauld de Oihenart[30]
1639PersianLouis de Dieu[31]
1640GuaraniAntonio Ruiz de Montoya[19]
1640KonkaniThomas StephensStephens' Arte da Lingoa Canarim is the first printed grammar of any Indian language.[32]
1643GeorgianFrancesco Maria Maggio[7]
1643Old EnglishAbraham WheelockeA summary of the Old English grammar was included in Wheelocke's edition of Bede's Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum [33]
1644MamDiego de Reynoso[18]
1644MochicaFernando de la Carrera[19]
1644LatvianJohans Georgs Rēhehūzens[34]
1647BikolAndrés de San Agustin[35]
1649FinnishEskil Petraeus[7]
1651VietnameseAlexandre de Rhodes[36]
1651IcelandicRunolf Jonsson[37]
1653LithuanianDaniel Klein[38]
1659KongoGiacinto Brusciotto[39]
1659BretonJulien Maunoir[7]
1663WarayDomingo Ezguerra[40]
1666MassachusettJohn Eliot[27]
1667KalinagoRaymond Breton[41]
1668DanishErik Pontoppidan[42]
1672TamilPhilippus Baldaeus[43]
1677IrishFroinsias Ó Maolmhuaidh[7]
1679SorbianXaver Jakub Ticin[44]
1680CumanagotoFrancisco de Tauste[19]
1681FrisianSimon Abbes GabbemaA grammar of Frisian was included in the Gabbema's edition of Gysbert Japiks's Friesche Rymlerye[45]
1683TarahumaraTomas de Guadalajara[46]
1686ManchuFerdinand Verbiest[47]
1689GothicGeorge Hickes[48]
1690PangasinanAndrés Lopez[49]
1696SwedishNils Tiällmann[50]
1696RussianHeinrich Wilhelm Ludolf[51]
1696ChineseMartino Martinipublished by Melchisédech Thévenot in his Relations de divers voyages curieux[52]
1697KimbunduPedro Dias[39]
1698AmharicHiob Ludolfwritten in collaboration with Abba Gorgoryos.[53]
1699KipeáLuigi Vincenzo MamianiMamiani published the only grammar of a non-Tupi language from colonial Brazil;[54] see Arte de grammatica da lingua brasilica da naçam kiriri
1699Morocosianonymous[55]
1702OpataNatal Lombardo[46]
1707CornishEdward LhuydA grammar of cornish language was included in Lhuyd's Archæologia Britannica.[56]
1707SinhalaJohannes Ruell[57]
1716AlbanianFrancesco Maria da Lecce[7]
1729RomanshFlaminio da Sale[58]
1729KapampanganDiego Bergaño[59]
1729MixeAgustín de Quintana[18]
1731OtomiFrancisco Haedo[18]
1732LuleAntonio Machoni[19]
1737CahitaTomás Basilio[46]
1738SámiPehr Fjellström[60]
1743HindiDavid Millsbased on manuscript written by Joan Josua Kettler.[61]
1743BengaliManuel da Assumpção[62]
1743TepehuanBenito Rinaldini[46]
1747HuastecCarlos de Tapia Zenteno[18]
1750MalteseAgius de Soldanis[7]
1752TotonacJosé Zambrano Bonilla[18]
1753KaqchikelIldefonso Joseph Flores[18]
1760GreenlandicPaul Egede[63]
1769Chuvashanonymous[64]
1770NegerhollandsJoachim Melchior Magens[65]
1775Marianonymous[64]
1775Udmurtanonymous[64]
1778Scottish GaelicWilliam Shaw[66]
1778Marathianonymous[67]
1779NeapolitanFerdinando Galiani[68]
1780RomanianSamuil Micu-Klein[69]
1782SardinianMatteo Madao[68]
1783PiedmonteseMaurizio Pipino[68]
1787KurdishMaurizio Garzoni[70]
1790SanskritPaulinus of St. Bartholomewbased on manuscript written by Johann Ernst Hanxleden.[71]
1790SlovakAnton Bernolák[72]
1794Slavo-SerbianAvram Mrazović[73]
1799MalayalamRobert Drummond[74]

See also

Further reading

  • Burke, Peter (2004). Languages and Communities in Early Modern Europe. Cambridge University Press.
  • Considine, John P. (2017). Small Dictionaries and Curiosity: Lexicography and Fieldwork in Post-medieval Europe. Oxford University Press.
  • Görlach, M. (1998), An annotated bibliography of nineteenth-century grammars of English (Amsterdam: Benjamins)
  • Graustein, G. and Leitner, G. (eds.) (1989), Reference grammars and modern linguistic theory, Linguistische Arbeiten, 226 (Tübingen: Niemeyer)
  • Hymes, Dell H. (1974). Studies in the history of linguistics: traditions and paradigms. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 361–379.
  • Law, Vivien (2003). The History of Linguistics in Europe: From Plato to 1600. Cambridge University Press. pp. 234–235.
  • Leitner, G. (1984), 'English grammaticology', International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, 23, 199–215.
  • Leitner, G. (ed.) (1986), The English reference grammar: language and linguistics, writers and readers (Tübingen: Niemeyer)
  • Leitner, G. (ed.) (1991), English traditional grammars: an international perspective (Amsterdam: Benjamins)
  • Stankiewicz, E. (1984). Grammars and Dictionaries of the Slavic Languages from the Middle Ages up to 1850: An Annotated Bibliography. De Gruyter Mouton.
  • Zwartjes, Otto (2011). Portuguese Missionary Grammars in Asia, Africa and Brazil, 1550-1800. John Benjamins Publishing.

References

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