{{short description|British marine engineer and designer of deep submersibles}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}} {{Use British English|date=October 2011}} [[File:Graham Hawkes.gif|thumb|Graham Hawkes (left) and David Callaway]]
'''Graham Hawkes''' (born 23 December 1947)<ref name=TN-1993-09-05>{{cite news |newspaper=Times-News |title=Graham Hawkes Is Racing To Ocean's Bottom |date=5 September 1993 |agency=NYT Regional Newspapers}}</ref> is a London-born marine engineer and submarine designer.<ref>{{cite news |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-11198907 |title='Flying' submarines plumb hidden depths |first=Peter |last=Day |date=7 September 2010 |access-date= 12 September 2010}}</ref> Through the 1980s and 1990s, Hawkes designed 70% of the crewed submersibles produced in those two decades.<ref name=SFW-1998-06-10>{{cite news |work=SF Weekly |url=http://www.sfweekly.com/1998-06-10/news/36-000-feet-under-the-sea/ |title=36,000 Feet Under the Sea |first=Lisa |last=Davis |date=10 June 1998 |access-date=12 September 2010 |archive-date=17 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017114047/http://www.sfweekly.com/1998-06-10/news/36-000-feet-under-the-sea/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> As late as 2007, he held the world solo dive record of {{convert|910|m|ft}}<ref name="Ansys">{{cite magazine |work=ANSYS Advantage |title=Taking Next-Generation Submersibles to New Depths |first=A. |last=Wright |volume=1 |issue=1 |date=2007 |url=http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.114.2594&rep=rep1&type=pdf#page=5 |access-date= 12 September 2010}}</ref> in the submarine Deep Rover.<ref name=SFW-1998-06-10/>
Hawkes invented the first robotic machine gun,<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=Popular Science |title=The Idea Man: Lethal robots? Who thinks up this stuff? Graham Hawkes, that's who |date=May 2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KGDrsFd2tW4C&pg=PA34 |page=34}}</ref> the ''Telepresent Rapid Aiming Platform'' (TRAP), the first weapon he designed. He had been inspired to create a safer way for police to deal with situations after watching a shootout in North Hollywood, Los Angeles on television.<ref name=SFW-1998-06-10/>
==Career== In 1976, in association with OSEL of Great Yarmouth, Hawkes designed the one-atmosphere deep diving suit Wasp.<ref name=Phycological-Methods>{{cite book |publisher=Cambridge University Press |title=Handbook of Phycological Methods |editor1-first=Mark M. |editor1-last=Littler |editor2-first=Diane S. |editor2-last=Littler |editor2-link=Diane S. Littler |date=1985 |isbn=0-521-20049-0}}</ref>{{rp|242}}<ref name="10.4031/MTSJ.33.4.7">{{cite journal |journal=Marine Technology Society Journal |title=The Coevolution of Undersea Vehicles and Deep-Sea Research |first=Bruce H. |last=Robison |volume=33 |number=4 |date=1999–2000 |pages=65–73 |doi=10.4031/MTSJ.33.4.7|doi-access=free }}</ref> Two years later, he designed the one-man microsubmersible Mantis, which included remote manipulator arms.<ref name=Phycological-Methods/>{{rp|243}} A Mantis sub was used in the James Bond film "For Your Eyes Only",<ref name=Ansys/> which he himself piloted in a large tank at the Pinewood Studios<ref name=AP-1983-08-10/> <gallery> File:WASP_at_the_OSEL_Testing_tank_Gt_Yarmouth,_UK.JPG|Wasp File:Mantis_at_the_OSEL_Testing_tank_Gt_Yarmouth,_UK.jpg|Mantis File:Mantis 2024-05-21 JM 5D412302.jpg|Mantis File:Mantis 2024-05-21 JM 5D412306.jpg|Mantis </gallery>
===Deep Ocean Engineering=== In 1981, he designed the first of the ''Deep Rover''-series of 1- and 2-person submersibles.<ref name="10.4031/MTSJ.33.4.7"/><ref name=Phycological-Methods/>{{rp|245}}<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YwGvdR-lloQC&pg=PA86 |title=Anyone can 'fly' this deep-ocean rover |author=Britton, Peter |date=December 1984 |magazine=Popular Science |pages=86–89}}</ref> In the same year,<ref name=AP-1983-08-10>{{cite news |newspaper=Milwaukee Journal |title=Deep Rover May Be Your Undersea Car |agency=Associated Press |date=10 August 1983}}</ref> Hawkes founded Deep Ocean Technology (DOT) with Sylvia Earle, his wife from 1986 to 1992.<ref name=encyclopedia.com-Yeh>{{cite web |author=Yeh, Jennifer |title=Earle, Sylvia |publisher=Water:Science and Issues |date=2003 |website=Encyclopedia.com |access-date=12 September 2010 |url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3409400101.html}}</ref><ref name=Water-Yeh>Water Encyclopedia, [http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/Da-En/Earle-Sylvia.html "Earle, Sylvia"], Jennifer Yeh (accessed 12 September 2010)</ref><ref name=HJ-1982-01-10>{{cite news |newspaper=Spartanburg Herald-Journal |title=Diver, Engineer Join Forces To Study Ocean |agency=Associated Press |date=10 January 1982}}</ref>
Hawkes also founded the San Leandro based firm, Deep Ocean Engineering (DOE), in 1982 with Earle.<ref name=SFW-1998-06-10/><ref name=encyclopedia.com-Yeh/><ref name=Water-Yeh/><ref>{{cite journal |journal=Sea Technology |title=Deep Ocean Engineering, Inc. -- a better underwater mousetrap |volume=32 |number=7 |pages=41–45 |date=1991 |first=D.M. |last=Graham}}</ref> DOE has produced over 300 ROVs.<ref name=SFW-1998-06-10/> By 1982, he had completed the ''Challenger'' submersible, capable of diving {{convert|5000|ft|m}}.<ref name=HJ-1982-01-10/>
In 1985, the Deep Ocean Engineering team designed and built the ''Deep Rover'' research submersible, which operates down to {{Convert|1000|m}}.<ref name=English1987>{{cite journal |author=English, JG |title=DEEP ROVER submersible operations for science |journal=In: Lang, MA (Ed). Coldwater Diving for Science…1987. Proceedings of the American Academy of Underwater Sciences Annual Scientific Diving Symposium 31 October - 1 November 1987 Seattle, Washington, USA |year=1987 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/10152 |accessdate=2013-04-14 |archive-date=11 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311163309/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/xmlui/handle/123456789/10152 |url-status=usurped }}</ref><ref name=RRR10063>{{cite journal |author1=Griffin, James J |author2=Sharkey, Phillip I |title=Design of the next generation of research vessels |journal=In: Lang, MA (Ed). Coldwater Diving for Science…1987. Proceedings of the American Academy of Underwater Sciences Annual Scientific Diving Symposium 31 October - 1 November 1987 Seattle, Washington, USA |year=1987 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/10063 |accessdate=2013-04-14 |archive-date=15 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015233826/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/xmlui/handle/123456789/10063 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> A ''Deep Rover'' submersible was used in the 3-D IMAX film "Aliens of the Deep".<ref name=Ansys/>
Hawkes' laconic personality was illustrated by the deep-dive sea trials of the first ''Deep Rover'' vehicle. Operating near San Clemente Island, California, from a converted mudboat, {{ship|R/V|Egabrag III}}, the sub had been launched after dark with Hawkes as pilot.<ref name=SeaChange-95/>{{rp|138}} The descent depth was noted every 100 metres, down to 1000 metres on the underwater telephone (UQC). Amongst the people on the bridge of ''Egabrag'', where the UQC was installed, were the Captain and helmsman, his then wife Sylvia Earle, a reporter, cameraman and sound man from KRON-TV, a San Francisco TV station, the Operations Manager from CANDIVE and the Diving Safety Officer from the University of Rhode Island, aquanaut Phillip Sharkey. As Hawkes reported "1000 meters", there was a quiet ripple of applause on the bridge, and the reporter took the UQC microphone. He pressed the "push to talk" button and asked Hawkes, "Graham, now that you have reached your goal [of 1000 meters], and you've gone deeper, alone, than anyone ever has gone before, tell us, what does this mean for you?" The reporter was clearly expecting the flowery prose that Sylvia Earle was so justly famous for, but all he got from Hawkes was "It means ... I got my sums right."<ref name=SeaChange-95>{{cite book |last=Earle |first=Sylvia |author-link=Sylvia Earle |url=https://archive.org/details/seachangemessage00earl |title=Sea Change |publisher=G.P. Putnam's Sons |location=New York City |isbn=0-399-14060-3 |date=1995 |url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|139}}
This exploit in 1985 set the world solo dive depth record in a submersible at {{cvt|1000|m}}, which was soon repeated by Sylvia Earle, and another team member.<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/03/science/scientist-at-work-graham-hawkes-racing-to-the-bottom-of-the-deep-black-sea.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm |title=SCIENTIST AT WORK: Graham Hawkes; Racing to the Bottom Of the Deep, Black Sea |first=William J. |last=Broad |date=August 3, 1993 |access-date=25 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |newspaper=Burnaby Mail |url=http://www.bunburymail.com.au/news/national/national/environment/her-deepness-drops-in-and-warns-of-growing-threat-to-the-oceans/2367293.aspx |title=Her Deepness drops in and warns of growing threat to the oceans |first=Deborah |last=Smith |date=23 November 2011 |access-date=25 March 2012}}</ref>
After regular working hours, Hawkes and a team of engineers designed and started building ''Deep Flight'', a positively buoyant submersible that would rely on winglets generating hydrodynamic forces for diving, targeting a dive rate of {{cvt|600|ft/min}}. To save weight, the single-person ''Deep Flight'' relied on a glass fiber-reinforced pressure vessel, impregnated with syntactic foam. Its design influenced the ''Ocean Everest'' concept, which was intended to be a two-person submersible using a carbon fiber hull and meeting American Bureau of Shipping certification for operation to {{cvt|30000|psi|MPa atm}}.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OuMDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA70 |title=Deep Flight |author=Pope, Gregory T. |author2=Hejja, Attila (illus.) |date=April 1990 |magazine=Popular Mechanics |pages=70–72}}</ref>
In 1991, he made headlines when it was briefly thought that he and his team might have found the remains of 'Flight 19', missing in the Bermuda Triangle since 1945.<ref name=NYT1991-06-05a>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/05/us/mystery-of-bermuda-triangle-remains-one.html |title=Mystery of Bermuda Triangle Remains One |work=The New York Times|author=Tim Golden |date=5 June 1991 |accessdate=10 September 2014 |quote=The undersea explorers who announced last month that they might have discovered five US Navy planes that vanished mysteriously in 1945, laying a foundation for the myth of a craft-swallowing Caribbean twilight zone, said that on closer inspection, the planes they found turned out not to be those of the fabled 'Flight 19.' ... Hawkes said at a news conference that in four of the five cases, the tail numbers of the planes his team had found did not match those of the lost aircraft.|author-link=Tim Golden (journalist) }}</ref>
===Hawkes Ocean Technologies=== Hawkes left the day-to-day operations of Deep Ocean Engineering to found Hawkes Ocean Technologies (HOT) in 1996.<ref name=NYDN-2010-02-01>{{cite news |newspaper=New York Daily News |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/money/2010/02/01/2010-02-01_richard_bransons_latest_toy_an_underwater_airplane.html |title=Richard Branson's latest toy? An underwater plane called 'Necker Nymph' |first=Catey |last=Hill |date=1 February 2010 |access-date=12 September 2010}}</ref> HOT would later launch the ''Necker Nymph'' and ''DeepFlight Super Falcon'' which Hawkes designed.<ref name="The Australian">{{cite news |newspaper=The Australian |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/aussies-help-director-dive-to-bottom-of-deepest-ocean-for-avatar-2/story-e6frg6nf-1225919884107 |title=Aussies help director dive to bottom of deepest ocean for Avatar 2 |first=John |last=Harlow |date=13 September 2010 |access-date=12 September 2010}}</ref>
Hawkes completed the design for the ''Deep Flight II'' two-person submarine in 1998.<ref name=SFW-1998-06-10/>
In 2000, he completed the ''DeepFlight Aviator'', the first embodiment of the ''Deep Flight'' concept, namely a positively buoyant submersible that relies on hydrodynamic forces on its wings for diving.<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=Computer Graphics World |title=Flying deep |first=P. |last=Mahoney |date=March 2001 |issn=0271-4159}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=New Scientist |title=Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea |first=M |last=Schrope |date=February 2000}}</ref> It was also the first research submersible to attain a speed of {{cvt|10|mph}} underwater.<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=Popular Science |title=Underwater Airplane Takes Flight: Graham Hawkes is the world's first waviator |first=Mark |last=Schrope |date=April 2003 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XQAAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA87 |pages=87–89}}</ref> The first example of the type is named ''Spirit of Patrick''.<ref>{{cite news |work=UPI Archive |url=http://www.upi.com/Science_News/2003/03/17/In-the-Field-Flying-beneath-the-sea/UPI-94331047916031/ |title=In the Field: Flying beneath the sea |first=Lidia |last=Wasowicz |date=17 March 2003 |access-date=12 September 2010}}</ref>
In 2008, Hawkes finished the first example of his design ''DeepFlight Super Falcon'', which he subsequently delivered to venture capitalist Tom Perkins.<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=USA Today |url=https://www.usatoday.com/life/lifestyle/2008-07-01-hawkes-submarine_N.htm |title=Personal submarine prepares for launch |first=Marco R. |last=della Cava |date=7 July 2008 |access-date=12 September 2010}}</ref>
In 2010, the first example of his ''DeepFlight Merlin'' design was completed and delivered to Richard Branson. It was named the ''Necker Nymph''<ref name=NYDN-2010-02-01/> and is a wet submarine that is positively buoyant and utilizes hydrodynamic forces to dive.<ref>{{cite web |website=Luxist |url=http://www.luxist.com/2010/01/30/branson-debuts-new-submarine/ |title=Branson Debuts New Submarine |first=Deidre |last=Woollard |date=30 January 2010 |access-date=12 September 2010 |archive-date=28 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228054528/http://www.luxist.com/2010/01/30/branson-debuts-new-submarine/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
==Filmography== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! Notes |- |1981|| ''For Your Eyes Only'' || Mantis Man || |}
==References== {{reflist}}
==External links== * [http://www.deepflight.com/team/ DeepFlight: Graham Hawkes, Founder and Chief Technology Officer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919171009/http://www.deepflight.com/team/ |date=19 September 2015 }} * {{TED speaker}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Hawkes, Graham}} Category:1947 births Category:Living people Category:Engineers from London Category:British naval architects Category:Scientists from the San Francisco Bay Area Category:British marine engineers