List of governors of Michigan
PostGovernor
BodyMichigan
InsigniaSeal of Michigan Governor.svg
Insigniasize110px
InsigniacaptionSeal of the governor
IncumbentGretchen Whitmer
IncumbentsinceJanuary 1, 2019
StyleHer Excellency[1]
ResidenceMichigan Governor's Mansion
TermlengthFour years, renewable once
PrecursorGovernor of Michigan Territory
InauguralStevens T. Mason
FormationNovember 3, 1835
SuccessionLine of succession
DeputyLieutenant Governor of Michigan
Salary$159,300 (2019)
Websitewww.michigan.gov/gov

The governor of Michigan, is the head of government of the U.S. state of Michigan as well as the commander-in-chief of the state's military forces.[2] The governor has a duty to enforce state laws;[3] the power to either approve or veto appropriation bills passed by the Michigan Legislature;[4] the power to convene the legislature;[5] and the power to grant pardons, except in cases of impeachment.[6] The governor is also empowered to reorganize the executive branch of the state government.[7]

In the 17th and 18th century, Michigan was part of French and then British holdings, and administered by their colonial governors. After becoming part of the United States, areas of what is today Michigan were part of the Northwest Territory, Indiana Territory and Illinois Territory, and administered by territorial governors. In 1805, the Michigan Territory was created, and five men served as territorial governors, until Michigan was granted statehood in 1837. Forty-seven individuals have held the position of state governor. The first female governor, Jennifer Granholm, served from 2003 to 2011.

After Michigan gained statehood, governors held the office for a 2-year term, until the 1963 Michigan Constitution changed the term to 4 years. The number of times an individual could hold the office was unlimited until a 1992 constitutional amendment imposed a lifetime term limit of two 4-year governorships. The longest-serving governor in Michigan's history was William Milliken, who was promoted from lieutenant governor after Governor George W. Romney resigned to become Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, then was elected to three further successive terms. The only governors to serve non-consecutive terms were John S. Barry and Frank Fitzgerald.

List of governors

Territory of Michigan

Michigan Territory was organized on June 30, 1805, from the north half of Indiana Territory.[8] It had three governors appointed by the president of the United States, including the longest-serving governor of any territory, Lewis Cass, who served for 18 years.[9] During the War of 1812, following the Siege of Detroit and British occupation of Michigan Territory, Colonel Henry Procter was appointed as civil governor.[10]

Governors of Michigan Territory
No.GovernorTerm in office[a]Appointed by
1William Hull
(1753–1825)
[11]		March 1, 1805[b]
–
October 29, 1813
(de jure; successor appointed)[c]		Thomas Jefferson
James Madison
British occupation (1812–1813)
No.Civil Governor[d]Term in office[e]Governor General
of the Canadas
—Henry Procter
(1763–1822)
[12]		24 August 1812
–
29 September 1813
(defeated)[f]		Sir George Prevost
Governors of Michigan Territory
No.GovernorTerm in office[g]Appointed by
2Lewis Cass
(1782–1866)
[9]		October 29, 1813[h]
–
August 1, 1831
(resigned)[i]		James Madison
James Monroe
John Quincy Adams
3George Bryan Porter
(1791–1834)
[13]		August 6, 1831[j]
–
July 6, 1834
(died in office)		Andrew Jackson
—Stevens T. Mason
(1811–1843)
[14][15]		July 6, 1834
–
September 21, 1835
(successor appointed)[k]		Territorial
secretary
acting
—John S. Horner
(1802–1883)		September 21, 1835[16]
–
July 3, 1836
(resigned)[l]		Territorial
secretary
acting

State of Michigan

Michigan was admitted to the Union on January 26, 1837. The original 1835 Constitution of Michigan provided for the election of a governor and a lieutenant governor every 2 years.[17] The current constitution of 1963 increased this term to four years.[18] There was no term limit on governors until a 1993 constitutional amendment limited governors to two terms.[19]

Should the office of governor become vacant, the lieutenant governor becomes governor, followed in order of succession by the secretary of state and the attorney general.[20] Prior to the current constitution, the duties of the office would devolve upon the lieutenant governor, without that person actually becoming governor.[21] Beginning in 1850, the term begins at noon on January 1 of the year following the election;[22] before, it had no set start date, and terms would last until when their successor was inaugurated, which would be at least the first Monday in January following their election.[23] Prior to the modern 1963 constitution, the governor and lieutenant governor were elected through separate votes, allowing them to be from different political parties. In 1963, this was changed, so that votes are cast jointly for a governor and lieutenant governor of the same political party.[18][24]

Governors of the State of Michigan
No.GovernorTerm in officePartyElectionLt. Governor[m]
1 Stevens T. Mason
(1811–1843)
[14][15]		November 3, 1835[25]
–
January 7, 1840
(retired)[14]		Democratic[26]1835 Edward Mundy
1837
2William Woodbridge
(1780–1861)
[27][28]		January 7, 1840[29]
–
February 24, 1841
(resigned)[n]		Whig[30]1839James Wright Gordon
3James Wright Gordon
(1809–1853)
[31][32]		February 24, 1841[25]
–
January 3, 1842
(retired)		Whig[33]Succeeded from
lieutenant
governor		Thomas J. Drake
4John S. Barry
(1802–1870)
[34][35]		January 3, 1842[36]
–
January 5, 1846
(retired)[o]		Democratic[30]1841Origen D. Richardson
1843
5Alpheus Felch
(1804–1896)
[37][38]		January 5, 1846[39]
–
March 3, 1847
(resigned)[p]		Democratic[40]1845William L. Greenly
6William L. Greenly
(1813–1883)
[37][41]		March 3, 1847[42]
–
January 3, 1848
(retired)		Democratic[33]Succeeded from
lieutenant
governor		Charles P. Bush
7Epaphroditus Ransom
(1798–1859)
[43][44]		January 3, 1848[45]
–
January 7, 1850
(lost re-nomination)[43]		Democratic[40]1847William M. Fenton
8John S. Barry
(1802–1870)
[34][35]		January 7, 1850[46]
–
January 1, 1852
(retired)		Democratic[40]1849
9Robert McClelland
(1807–1880)
[47][48]		January 1, 1852[49]
–
March 7, 1853
(resigned)[q]		Democratic[50]1851[r]Calvin Britain
1852Andrew Parsons
10Andrew Parsons
(1817–1855)
[51][52]		March 7, 1853[s]
–
January 3, 1855
(retired)		Democratic[33]Succeeded from
lieutenant
governor		George Griswold
11Kinsley S. Bingham
(1808–1861)
[53][54]		January 3, 1855[t]
–
January 5, 1859
(retired)[u]		Republican[55]1854George Coe
1856
12Moses Wisner
(1815–1863)
[56][57]		January 5, 1859[v]
–
January 2, 1861
(retired)		Republican[55]1858Edmund Burke Fairfield
13Austin Blair
(1818–1894)
[58][59]		January 2, 1861[25]
–
January 4, 1865
(retired)		Republican[60]1860James M. Birney
(resigned April 3, 1861)
Joseph R. Williams
(died June 15, 1861)
Henry T. Backus
1862Charles S. May
14Henry H. Crapo
(1804–1869)
[61][62]		January 4, 1865[25]
–
January 1, 1869
(retired)		Republican[33]1864Ebenezer O. Grosvenor
1866Dwight May
15Henry P. Baldwin
(1814–1892)
[63][64]		January 1, 1869[65]
–
January 1, 1873
(retired)		Republican[33]1868Morgan Bates
1870
16John J. Bagley
(1832–1881)
[66][67]		January 1, 1873[25]
–
January 3, 1877
(retired)		Republican[33]1872Henry H. Holt
1874
17Charles Croswell
(1825–1886)
[68][69]		January 3, 1877[25]
–
January 1, 1881
(retired)		Republican[33]1876Alonzo Sessions
1878
18David Jerome
(1829–1896)
[70][71]		January 1, 1881[25]
–
January 1, 1883
(lost re-election)		Republican[33]1880Moreau S. Crosby[w]
19Josiah Begole
(1815–1896)
[72][73]		January 1, 1883[74]
–
January 1, 1885
(lost re-election)		Democratic[x]1882
20Russell A. Alger
(1836–1907)
[75][76]		January 1, 1885[25]
–
January 1, 1887
(retired)[75]		Republican[33]1884Archibald Buttars
21Cyrus G. Luce
(1824–1905)
[77][78]		January 1, 1887[25]
–
January 1, 1891
(retired)		Republican[33]1886James H. MacDonald
1888William Ball
22Edwin B. Winans
(1826–1894)
[79][80]		January 1, 1891[81]
–
January 1, 1893
(retired)[79]		Democratic[33]1890John Strong
23John Treadway Rich
(1841–1926)
[82][83]		January 1, 1893[25]
–
January 1, 1897
(retired)[82]		Republican[33]1892J. Wight Giddings
1894Alfred Milnes
(resigned June 1, 1895)
Joseph R. McLaughlin
24Hazen S. Pingree
(1840–1901)
[84][85]		January 1, 1897[86]
–
January 1, 1901
(retired)		Republican[33]1896Thomas B. Dunstan
1898Orrin W. Robinson
25Aaron T. Bliss
(1837–1906)
[87][88]		January 1, 1901[89]
–
January 2, 1905
(retired)		Republican[33]1900
1902Alexander Maitland
26Fred M. Warner
(1865–1923)
[90][91]		January 2, 1905[92]
–
January 1, 1911
(retired)		Republican[33]1904
1906Patrick H. Kelley
1908
27Chase Osborn
(1860–1949)
[93][94]		January 1, 1911[y]
–
January 1, 1913
(retired)		Republican[33]1910John Q. Ross[w]
28Woodbridge N. Ferris
(1853–1928)
[95][96]		January 1, 1913[97]
–
January 1, 1917
(retired)		Democratic[33]1912
1914Luren Dickinson[w]
29Albert Sleeper
(1862–1934)
[98][99]		January 1, 1917[100]
–
January 1, 1921
(retired)		Republican[33]1916
1918
30Alex J. Groesbeck
(1873–1953)
[101][102]		January 1, 1921[103]
–
January 1, 1927
(retired)		Republican[33]1920Thomas Read
1922
1924George W. Welsh
31Fred W. Green
(1871–1936)
[104][105]		January 1, 1927[106]
–
January 1, 1931
(retired)		Republican[33]1926Luren Dickinson
1928
32Wilber M. Brucker
(1894–1968)
[107][108]		January 1, 1931[109]
–
January 1, 1933
(lost re-election)		Republican[33]1930
33William Comstock
(1877–1949)
[110][111]		January 1, 1933[z]
–
January 1, 1935
(lost re-nomination)[aa]		Democratic[33]1932Allen E. Stebbins
34Frank Fitzgerald
(1885–1939)
[112][113]		January 1, 1935[114]
–
January 1, 1937
(lost re-election)		Republican[33]1934Thomas Read
35Frank Murphy
(1890–1949)
[115][116]		January 1, 1937[117]
–
January 1, 1939
(lost re-election)		Democratic[33]1936Leo J. Nowicki
36Frank Fitzgerald
(1885–1939)
[112][113]		January 1, 1939[ab]
–
March 16, 1939
(died in office)		Republican[33]1938Luren Dickinson
37Luren Dickinson
(1859–1943)
[118][119]		March 16, 1939[120]
–
January 1, 1941
(lost election)		Republican[33]Succeeded from
lieutenant
governor		Matilda Dodge Wilson
38Murray Van Wagoner
(1898–1986)
[121][122]		January 1, 1941[123]
–
January 1, 1943
(lost re-election)		Democratic[33]1940Frank Murphy
39Harry Kelly
(1895–1971)
[124][125]		January 1, 1943[126]
–
January 1, 1947
(retired)		Republican[33]1942Eugene C. Keyes
1944Vernon J. Brown
40Kim Sigler
(1894–1953)
[127][128]		January 1, 1947[129]
–
January 1, 1949
(lost re-election)		Republican[33]1946Eugene C. Keyes
41G. Mennen Williams
(1911–1988)
[130][131]		January 1, 1949[132]
–
January 1, 1961
(retired)		Democratic[33]1948John W. Connolly
1950William C. Vandenberg[w]
1952Clarence A. Reid[w]
1954Philip Hart
1956
1958John Swainson
42John Swainson
(1925–1994)
[133][134]		January 1, 1961[135]
–
January 1, 1963
(lost re-election)		Democratic[33]1960T. John Lesinski[ac]
43George W. Romney
(1907–1995)
[136][137]		January 1, 1963[138]
–
January 22, 1969
(resigned)[ad]		Republican[33]1962
1964William Milliken
1966
44William Milliken
(1922–2019)
[139][140]		January 22, 1969[141]
–
January 1, 1983
(retired)		Republican[33]Succeeded from
lieutenant
governor		Thomas F. Schweigert
1970James H. Brickley
1974James Damman
1978James H. Brickley
45James Blanchard
(b. 1942)
[142]		January 1, 1983[143]
–
January 1, 1991
(lost re-election)		Democratic[142]1982Martha Griffiths
1986
46John Engler
(b. 1948)
[144]		January 1, 1991[145]
–
January 1, 2003
(term-limited)[ae]		Republican[144]1990Connie Binsfeld
1994
1998Dick Posthumus
47Jennifer Granholm
(b. 1959)
[146]		January 1, 2003[147]
–
January 1, 2011
(term-limited)[ae]		Democratic[146]2002John D. Cherry
2006
48Rick Snyder
(b. 1958)
[148]		January 1, 2011[149]
–
January 1, 2019
(term-limited)[ae]		Republican[148]2010Brian Calley
2014
49Gretchen Whitmer
(b. 1971)
[150]		January 1, 2019[151]
–
Incumbent[af]		Democratic[150]2018Garlin Gilchrist
2022

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The range given is from the date the governor was confirmed by the Senate, or appointed by the President during a Senate recess, to the date the governor left office.
  2. ^ Hull was nominated on February 26, 1805,[152] confirmed by the Senate on March 1,[153] and took office on July 1.[11] He was reconfirmed by the Senate on March 31, 1808,[154] and January 12, 1811.[155]
  3. ^ Hull was court-martialed for surrendering Detroit to the British during the War of 1812, and sentenced to death; that was later commuted.[11] but other sources say he never resigned.[156]
  4. ^ Appointed by Sir Isaac Brock, acting Lt. Gov. of Upper Canada.
  5. ^ Range during the occupation of Detroit during the War of 1812.
  6. ^ Detroit was liberated on September 29, 1813, after the British Army was defeated by U.S. forces under Gen. William Henry Harrison at the Battle of the Thames.
  7. ^ The range given is from the date the governor was confirmed by the Senate, or appointed by the President during a Senate recess, to the date the governor left office.
  8. ^ Cass was appointed on October 29, 1813,[9] during a Senate recess; nominated on January 31, 1814;[157] and confirmed by the Senate on February 11, 1814.[158] He was reconfirmed by the Senate on January 21, 1817;[159] January 24, 1820;[160] December 20, 1822;[161] December 22, 1825;[162] and December 24, 1828.[163]
  9. ^ Cass resigned, having been appointed United States Secretary of War.[9] He submitted his resignation on July 21, 1831, to take effect on August 1.[164]
  10. ^ Porter was appointed on August 6, 1831,[13] during a Senate recess; nominated on December 7, 1831;[165] and confirmed by the Senate on February 8, 1832.[166] He took office on September 17, 1831.[13]
  11. ^ Henry D. Gilpin was appointed on November 5, 1834, during a Senate recess, but he returned his commission on November 8, without declining it, saying he could not leave his present duties for several weeks.[167] He was nominated on December 18, 1834,[168] but was rejected by the Senate on January 20, 1835.[169] Charles Shaler was then appointed on August 29, 1835, but declined the post.[170] His replacement was finally appointed on September 21, 1835. Mason would win the election to be the first state governor on October 5.
  12. ^ In October 1835, Michigan authorized a state constitution and elected Stevens T. Mason as governor of the new state, although Michigan was not admitted until 1837. Horner was mostly ignored by the people of Michigan, and resigned to be Secretary of Wisconsin Territory in July 1836;[171] the date given is the organization of Wisconsin Territory.
  13. ^ Lieutenant governors represented the same party as their governor unless noted.
  14. ^ Woodbridge resigned, having been elected to the United States Senate.[27] His resignation, dated February 23, was accepted by the Senate on February 24.[172]
  15. ^ Sobel writes that Barry was term-limited under the terms of the 1835 constitution, but no such limit existed.[34]
  16. ^ Felch resigned, having been elected to the United States Senate.[37]
  17. ^ McClelland resigned, having been confirmed as United States Secretary of the Interior.[47]
  18. ^ The 1850 constitution adjusted the election schedules, shortening this term to one year.[47]
  19. ^ Sources are split on when McClelland resigned and Parsons took office, with Sobel saying both occurred on March 7,[51] and the Michigan Legislative Manual saying McClelland resigned on March 6, and Parsons took office March 7.[25]
  20. ^ Sources are consistent that Bingham took office on January 3;[53][25] however, the constitutional start date was January 1, and one contemporary source does note that he would have been inaugurated on January 1, and delivered his inaugural address on January 3.[173] However, as this is the only source yet found saying so, this article uses January 3.
  21. ^ Bingham was instead elected to the United States Senate.[53]
  22. ^ Sources are split on if Wisner took office on January 3,[56] or January 5[25] despite the constitutional start date being January 1.
  23. ^ Represented the Republican Party
  24. ^ Sobel and Kallenbach say Begole was nominated by both the Democratic and Greenback parties;[72][174] Glashan labels him as "National (or Greenback Labor)" and lists him separate from the Democratic Party.[175]
  25. ^ The constitutional start date of the gubernatorial term was January 1; Osborn was not sworn in until January 2, presumably because January 1 was a Sunday.[176]
  26. ^ The constitutional start date of the gubernatorial term was January 1; Comstock was not sworn in until January 2, presumably because January 1 was a Sunday.[177]
  27. ^ Comstock lost the Democratic nomination to Arthur J. Lacy.[110]
  28. ^ January 1 was on a Sunday; Fitzgerald took the oath of office early so he could properly take office on January 1, while his formal inauguration was the next day.[178]
  29. ^ Represented the Democratic Party
  30. ^ Romney resigned, having been confirmed as United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development.[136]
  31. ^ Under a 1992 amendment to the constitution, no one can be elected more than twice to the office.[179]
  32. ^ Whitmer's second term began on January 1, 2023,[180] and will expire on January 1, 2027; she will be term-limited.

References

General
Constitutions
Specific
  1. ^ Macomb, Alex (1837). "No. 20: Letter from Major General Macomb, to His Excellency the Governor of Michigan, Accompanying a Copy of Military Tactics". Documents Accompanying the Journal of the Senate. Detroit: John S. Bagg, State Printer. p. 167. – via Google Books
  2. ^ 1963 Michigan Constitution, Article 5, Section 12
  3. ^ 1963 Michigan Constitution, Article 5, Section 8
  4. ^ 1963 Michigan Constitution, Article 5, Section 19
  5. ^ 1963 Michigan Constitution, Article 5, Section 15
  6. ^ 1963 Michigan Constitution, Article 5, Section 14
  7. ^ 1963 Michigan Constitution, Article 5, Section 2
  8. ^
  9. ^ McMullin 1984, pp. 189–191.
  10. ^ Hitsman & Graves 1999, pp. 85–88.
  11. ^ McMullin 1984, pp. 187–189.
  12. ^ "Capture of Detroit, War of 1812". thecanadianencyclopedia.ca
  13. ^ McMullin 1984, pp. 191–193.
  14. ^ Sobel 1978, pp. 741–742.
  15. ^ "Stevens Thomson Mason". National Governors Association. January 2011. Retrieved March 9, 2023.
  16. ^ Carter, Clarence Edwin (1945). The Territorial Papers of the United States. Vol. XII: The Territory of Michigan 1829-1837, continued. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 979.
  17. ^ 1835 Const. art. V, § 1
  18. ^ MI Const. art. V, § 21
  19. ^ MI Const. art. V, § 30
  20. ^ MI Const. art. V, § 26
  21. ^ 1835 Const. art. V, § 13
  22. ^ "Executive Branch". State of Michigan. Retrieved January 3, 2013.
  23. ^ 1835 Const. art. XII, § 10
  24. ^ 1835 Const. art. V, § 3
  25. ^ Michigan Legislative Manual and Official Directory. 1895. p. 146.
  26. ^ Dubin 2003, p. 120.
  27. ^ Sobel 1978, p. 742.
  28. ^ "William Woodbridge". National Governors Association. January 2011. Retrieved March 9, 2023.
  29. ^ Michigan Legislature. Journal of the House of Representatives. 1840 sess., 9, accessed September 27, 2023
  30. ^ Dubin 2003, p. 121.
  31. ^ Sobel 1978, pp. 742–743.
  32. ^ "James Wright Gordon". National Governors Association. January 2011. Retrieved March 9, 2023.
  33. ^ Kallenbach 1977, pp. 298–299.
  34. ^ Sobel 1978, p. 743.
  35. ^ "John Stewart Barry". National Governors Association. January 2011. Retrieved March 9, 2023.
  36. ^ Michigan Legislature. Journal of the Senate. 1842 sess., 7, accessed September 27, 2023
  37. ^ Sobel 1978, p. 744.
  38. ^ "Alpheus Felch". National Governors Association. January 2011. Retrieved March 9, 2023.
  39. ^ Michigan Legislature. Journal of the Senate. 1846 sess., 4, accessed September 27, 2023
  40. ^ Dubin 2003, p. 122.
  41. ^ "William L. Greenly". National Governors Association. January 2011. Retrieved March 9, 2023.
  42. ^ "Resignation of Gov. Felch". Detroit Free Press. 1847-03-04. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-03-10.
  43. ^ Sobel 1978, p. 745.
  44. ^ "Epaphroditus Ransom". National Governors Association. January 2011. Retrieved March 9, 2023.
  45. ^ Michigan Legislature. Journal of the House of Representatives. 1848 sess., 7, accessed September 27, 2023
  46. ^ Michigan Legislature. Journal of the House of Representatives. 1850 sess., 4, accessed September 27, 2023
  47. ^ Sobel 1978, pp. 745–746.
  48. ^ "Robert McClelland". National Governors Association. January 2011. Retrieved March 9, 2023.
  49. ^ "Gov. McClelland". Detroit Free Press. 1852-01-01. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-03-10.
  50. ^ Dubin 2003, pp. 122–123.
  51. ^ Sobel 1978, p. 746.
  52. ^ "Andrew Parsons". National Governors Association. January 2011. Retrieved March 9, 2023.
  53. ^ Sobel 1978, p. 747.
  54. ^ "Kinsley Scott Bingham". National Governors Association. January 2011. Retrieved March 9, 2023.
  55. ^ Dubin 2003, p. 124.
  56. ^ Sobel 1978, pp. 747–748.
  57. ^ "Moses Wisner". National Governors Association. January 2011. Retrieved March 9, 2023.
  58. ^ Sobel 1978, p. 748.
  59. ^ "Austin Blair". National Governors Association. January 2011. Retrieved March 9, 2023.
  60. ^ Dubin 2003, p. 125.
  61. ^ Sobel 1978, pp. 748���749.
  62. ^ "Henry Howland Crapo". National Governors Association. January 2011. Retrieved March 9, 2023.
  63. ^ Sobel 1978, pp. 749–750.
  64. ^ "Henry P. Baldwin". National Governors Association. January 2011. Retrieved March 9, 2023.
  65. ^ "The Oath of Office Administered to Gov. Baldwin". Detroit Free Press. 1869-01-04. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-03-11.
  66. ^ Sobel 1978, pp. 750–751.
  67. ^ "John J. Bagley". National Governors Association. January 2011. Retrieved March 9, 2023.
  68. ^ Sobel 1978, p. 751.
  69. ^ "Charles Miller Croswell". National Governors Association. January 2011. Retrieved March 9, 2023.
  70. ^ Sobel 1978, pp. 751–752.
  71. ^ "David Howell Jerome". National Governors Association. January 2011. Retrieved March 9, 2023.
  72. ^ Sobel 1978, pp. 752–753.
  73. ^ "Josiah Williams Begole". National Governors Association. January 2011. Retrieved March 9, 2023.
  74. ^ "Arrival of Gov. Begole at Lansing". Detroit Free Press. 1883-01-02. p. 7. Retrieved 2023-03-11.
  75. ^ Sobel 1978, p. 753.
  76. ^ "Russell Alexander Alger". National Governors Association. January 2011. Retrieved March 9, 2023.
  77. ^ Sobel 1978, pp. 753–754.
  78. ^ "Cyrus Gray Luce". National Governors Association. January 2011. Retrieved March 9, 2023.
  79. ^ Sobel 1978, p. 754.
  80. ^ "Edwin Baruch Winans". National Governors Association. January 2011. Retrieved March 9, 2023.
  81. ^ "Michigan's New Executive". St. Joseph Saturday Herald. 1891-01-03. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-03-11.
  82. ^ Sobel 1978, p. 755.
  83. ^ "John Tyler Rich". National Governors Association. January 2011. Retrieved March 9, 2023.
  84. ^ Sobel 1978, pp. 755–756.
  85. ^ "Hazen Stuart Pingree". National Governors Association. January 2011. Retrieved March 9, 2023.
  86. ^ "Takes His Seat". The Herald-Palladium. 1897-01-02. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-03-11.
  87. ^ Sobel 1978, p. 756.
  88. ^ "Aaron Thomas Bliss". National Governors Association. January 2011. Retrieved March 9, 2023.
  89. ^ "It Is Now Governor Bliss". Detroit Free Press. 1901-01-02. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-03-11.
  90. ^ Sobel 1978, p. 757.
  91. ^ "Fred Maltby Warner". National Governors Association. January 2011. Retrieved March 9, 2023.
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