{{Short description|Genus and species of trees}} {{For|a taxonomic synonym of a genus of squid|Rossia}} {{Speciesbox | image = Franklinia alatamaha.jpg | image_alt = A single white bloom, cup shaped with fairly thick petals surrounding a mass of golden yellow chunky stamens. The leaves are long and bright to partly red, wider past the midpoint with a smooth edge. | image_caption = Flower and leaves in autumn | status = EW | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = {{sfn|Rivers|2015}} | status2 = GH | status2_system = TNC | status2_ref = {{sfn|NatureServe 2025}} | genus = Franklinia |parent_authority = W.Bartram ex Marshall | species = alatamaha | authority = Marshall | range_map = Franklinia alatamaha range map.png | range_map_caption = Natural range | synonyms_ref = {{sfn|POWO 2025b}} | synonyms = {{Collapsible list | {{Species list | Gordonia alatamaha | (Marshall) Sarg. | Gordonia franklinii | L'Hér. | Gordonia pubescens | L'Hér. | Lacathea florida | Salisb. }} }} }}
'''''Franklinia''''' is a monotypic genus in the tea family, Theaceae. The sole species in this genus is a flowering tree, '''''Franklinia alatamaha''''', commonly called '''Franklinias''' or the '''Franklin tree''', and native to the Altamaha River valley in Georgia in the southeastern United States. It has been extinct in the wild since the early 19th century, but survives as a cultivated ornamental tree.
In the past, some botanists have included ''Franklinia'' within the related genus ''Gordonia''. The southeastern North American species ''Gordonia lasianthus'' differs in having evergreen foliage, flowers with longer stems, winged seeds, and conical seed capsules. ''Franklinia'' was often known as ''Gordonia pubescens'' until the middle of the 20th century.
==Description== ''Franklinia alatamaha'' is a small deciduous tree or large shrub growing {{convert|3 to 10|m|ft|0|sp=us}} tall,{{sfn|Owens|Rix|2007|p=189}} but commonly {{cvt|5–7|m|ft}}.{{sfn|Prince 2020a}} The tree has a symmetrical, somewhat rounded shape.{{sfn|Prince 2020b}} It frequently suckers and can have one to five trunks.{{sfn|Prince 2020b}} The bark is gray with vertical white striations and has a ridged texture. Although difficult to transplant due to fibrous roots,{{sfn|Poor 1997|loc=Franklinia alatamaha}} once established, ''F. alatamaha'' can live a century or more.{{sfn|Del Tredici|2005|p=2}}
The leaves attach alternately to the twigs and are clustered towards their ends.{{sfn|Owens|Rix|2007|p=189}} They are typically {{convert|12–18|cm|in|0|sp=us}} long, but can sometimes reach a length of {{cvt|25|cm|0}}. Leaf widths range from {{cvt|5–9.5|cm|0}}, but usually less than 7 cm.{{sfn|Prince 2020b}} The leaves are attached by leaf stems that normally blend into the leaf due to having 1 cm wide wings. Their shape varies from obovate to obtrullate, like a teardrop with the narrowest part towards the base or shaped like a classic mason's trowel but reversed with the narrowest part towards the base. The texture of the leaves is {{plantgloss|chartaceous}}, resembling paper or parchment, with an elevated midrib and prominent veins.{{sfn|Prince 2020a}} In the summer their color is bright green, turning orange or red in the fall.{{sfn|Poor 1997|loc=Franklinia alatamaha}}
The flowers are fairly large and striking,{{sfn|Dirr|1998|p=390}} measuring {{cvt|7–10|cm|0}}across and somewhat cup shaped.{{sfn|Prince 2020a}} They are solitary and each has five creamy–white petals surrounding golden-yellow stamens.{{sfn|Dirr|1998|p=390}}
The seed capsules require 12–14 months to mature. Unlike almost all angiosperms, ''Franklinia alatamaha'' exhibits zygotic dormancy. It pollinates in late summer or early autumn, is then dormant over winter, and only sets fruit during the subsequent summer. Female gametophytes are mature prior to pollination, with double fertilization occurring soon after pollination. The zygote becomes dormant immediately after fertilization with delay of development until the following summer. Initial development of endosperm occurs for up to 3 months after fertilization but comes to a standstill at winter's onset. With onset of the following summer, embryogenesis begins and endosperm development restarts. This overwinter zygotic dormancy is extremely rare among temperate angiosperms.{{sfn|Schoonderwoerd|Friedman|2016|p=70}}
==Taxonomy== ''Franklinia'' is thought to be closer in relation to the Asian genus ''Schima'' than to ''Gordonia''. Recent DNA studies and examinations of floral ontogeny in the Theaceae place ''Franklinia'' together with ''Gordonia'' and ''Schima'' in a subtribe.{{sfn|Tsou|1998|p=1545}} Hybrid crosses have been produced between ''Franklinia alatamaha'' and ''Gordonia lasianthus'', and between ''Franklinia alatamaha'' and ''Schima argentea''.{{sfn|Orton|1977}}{{sfn|Ranney|Fantz|2006|p=1386}}
===History===
"No tree which ornaments our gardens has a more romantic history," begins a lengthy 1933 article published in ''The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography''. The history of ''Franklinia'''s discovery in coastal Georgia, followed by disappearance in the wild, and saved only by its ability to grow, flower, and seed in the Philadelphia garden of its initial collector entail the main thread of the unusual botanical history.{{sfn|Jenkins|1933|pp=193–194}}
thumb|''Franklinia alatamaha'' by William Bartram (1782) Philadelphia botanists John and William Bartram first observed the tree growing along the Altamaha River near Fort Barrington in the British colony the Province of Georgia in October 1765.{{sfn|Owens|Rix|2007|p=186}} John Bartram recorded "severall very curious shrubs" in his journal entry for October 1, 1765. William Bartram returned several times to the same location on the Altamaha during a collecting trip to the American South, funded by Dr. John Fothergill of London. William Bartram collected Franklinia seeds during this extended trip to the South from 1773 through 1776, a journey described in his book ''Bartram's Travels'' published in Philadelphia in 1791. William Bartram brought seed back to Philadelphia in 1777 at which time William reported to his father that he had relocated the plant, but this time had been able to retrieve its seeds although it was not until after John's death (1777) that he was able to achieve flowering plants (1781). After several years of study, William Bartram assigned the "rare and elegant flowering shrub" to a new genus ''Franklinia'', named in honor of his father's great friend Benjamin Franklin.{{sfn|Marshall|1785|p=49–50}}{{sfn|Bartram|1792|pp=465–466}} The new plant name, ''Franklinia alatamaha'', was first published by a Bartram cousin, Humphry Marshall,{{sfn|Fry|2000|p=7}} in 1785 in his catalogue of North American trees and shrubs entitled ''Arbustrum Americanum''.{{sfn|POWO 2025b}}{{sfn|Marshall|1785|p=49}}
William Bartram was the first to report the extremely limited distribution of ''Franklinia''. "We never saw it grow in any other place, nor have I ever since seen it growing wild, in all my travels, from Pennsylvania to Point Coupe, on the banks of the Mississippi, which must be allowed a very singular and unaccountable circumstance; at this place there are two or {{convert|3|acre|m2|spell=on|sp=us}} of ground where it grows plentifully."{{sfn|Bartram|1792|p=466}} After returning to Georgia after the American Revolution, Bartram was unable to find the trees.{{sfn|Owens|Rix|2007|p=187}}
The tree was last verified in the wild in 1803 by the English plant collector John Lyon (although there are hints it may have been present into at least the 1840s).{{sfn|Bozeman|Rogers|1986|pp=9–11}} The cause of its extinction in the wild is not known, but has been attributed to a number of causes including fire, flood, overcollection by plant collectors, and fungal disease introduced with the cultivation of cotton plants.{{sfn|Dirr|1998|pp=390–391}}
All the Franklin trees known to exist today are descended from seed collected by William Bartram and propagated at Bartram's Garden in Philadelphia. The John Bartram Association undertook a search for trees from 1998 to 2000 and located more than 2,000 specimens growing worldwide. The greatest number were reported to them from Pennsylvania, North Carolina, and New Jersey. At that time there were trees in 36 states and eight countries.{{sfn|John Bartram Association|2004}}{{sfn|Meier|2018}} DNA evidence supports that more than one tree was sampled by Bartram during his original collection in Georgia and the diversity was maintained over the years.{{sfn|Gladfelter et al. 2020|pp=7–8}} To mark the 300th anniversary of John Bartram's birth in 1998, Bartram's Garden launched a project to locate as many ''Franklinia'' trees as possible.{{sfn|Meier|2018}}
===Synonyms=== The genus has one synonym, ''Lacathea'', published by Richard Anthony Salisbury in 1806.{{sfn|POWO 2025a}} The species ''Franklinia alatamaha'' has {{table row counter|id=Synonyms}} botanical synonyms.{{sfn|POWO 2025b}}
{|class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" id="Synonyms" |+ class="nowrap" | Table of Synonyms ! Name ! Year ! Rank ! Notes |- | ''Gordonia alatamaha'' {{small|(Marshall) Sarg.}} | 1889 |data-sort-value=A | species |data-sort-value=A | ≡ hom. |- | ''Gordonia franklinii'' {{small|L'Hér.}} | 1791 |data-sort-value=A | species |data-sort-value=A | ≡ hom., nom. superfl. |- | ''Gordonia pubescens'' {{small|L'Hér.}} | 1791 |data-sort-value=A | species |data-sort-value=B | = het., nom. illeg. |- | ''Gordonia pubescens'' var. ''subglabra'' {{small|DC.}} | 1824 |data-sort-value=D | variety |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Gordonia pubescens'' var. ''velutina'' {{small|DC.}} | 1824 |data-sort-value=D | variety |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Lacathea florida'' {{small|Salisb.}} | 1806 |data-sort-value=A | species |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- !colspan=4 style="text-align: left;" | Notes: ≡ homotypic synonym; = heterotypic synonym |}
===Names=== Marshal coined the specific name, ''alatamaha'', as a Botanical Latin form of the Altamaha River where it was collected by Bartram.{{sfn|Marshall|1785|p=50}} The genus name, ''Franklinia'', is also used in the nursery trade as a common name for the species, though it is also known as the ''Franklin tree''.{{sfn|NatureServe 2025}}
==Status as a glacial relict== There have been efforts to reintroduce the species to its native habitat. Twenty-four individuals were planted between 2002 and 2003 in the Altamaha Wildlife Management Area; however, they were unsuccessful.{{sfn|Williams|2014|p=52}} The idea of reintroduction was long controversial for some plant enthusiasts who believed wild populations may still exist.{{sfn|Dickson|2002}}
In eastern North America, lowland glacial refuges along the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts host endemic plants — some of which are rare, even endangered, and others entail the most southerly disjunct populations of plants that commonly appear only hundreds of miles to the north.{{sfn|Delcourt|Delcourt|1975|p=385}}
Joel Fry, a curator at Bartram's Garden botanical garden which continues to host Franklinia since the late 18th century, speculates that the population discovered was a relic of a larger range that reached out onto a coastal plain that was drowned by rising sea levels at the end of the most recent glacial maximum. Unlike other plants, the Franklinia failed to migrate back to the north as the Holocene warmed and was trapped in a small area of favorable conditions.{{sfn|Williams|2014|p=52}} Supporting the idea of it being a relic of a much more extensive population are the fossils of ''Franklinia'' from the Pliocene found in both Europe and in Asia.{{sfn|Thomson|1990|p=206}}
==Cultivation== Franklinias are a desirable understory plant for their large Camellia-like flowers and bright fall color.{{sfn|Harankhedkar|2019}} However, it also requires a site in full sun to produce a good display of fall color and flowers.{{sfn|Poor 1997|loc=Franklinia alatamaha}} The Franklin tree has a reputation among gardeners for being difficult to cultivate, especially in urban environments. It prefers sandy, high-acid soil, and does not tolerate compacted clay soil, excessive moisture, or any disturbance to its roots. The Franklin tree has no known pests, but it is subject to root-rot and crown-rot caused by ''Phytophthora cinnamomi''{{sfn|Koslow|Peterson|1980|p=89}} and does not endure drought well.{{sfn|Gilman|Watson|1993|p=3}} It is commercially available for garden cultivation.{{sfn|Hoyt Arboretum|2025}}
It is one of two species of trees in the tea family that only exists in cultivation, the other being ''Camellia amplexicaulis''.{{sfn|Barstow|2018}}
==Gallery== <gallery mode="packed" heights="180"> Image:Franklin Tree Franklinia alatamaha Leaves 3008px.JPG|Leaves Image:Franklin Tree Franklinia alatamaha Leaf Closeup 3008px.JPG|Leaf closeup Image:Franklin Tree Franklinia alatamaha Trunk 2000px.JPG|Trunk bark Image:Franklin Tree Franklinia alatamaha Autumn Leaf 2000px.jpg|Fall leaves Franklinia alatamaha in Morris Arboretum 01.jpg|Flower Image:Franklinia alatamaha seeds.jpg|Fruit capsule </gallery>
==References== {{Commons category|Franklinia alatamaha}} {{Wikispecies|Franklinia alatamaha}} {{Reflist}}
===Sources=== ====Books==== {{refbegin}} * {{Cite book |last1=Bartram |first1=William |author1-link=William Bartram |date=1792 |orig-date=First Edition 1791 |title=Travels Through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida, the Cherokee country, the Extensive Territories of the Muscogulges or Creek confederacy, and the Country of the Chactaws : containing an account of the soil and natural productions of those regions : together with observations on the manners of the Indians: embellished with copper-plates |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/191332#page/515 |language=en |edition=Reprint |location=London |publisher=J. Johnson |oclc=181834554 |access-date=12 April 2025}} * {{Cite book |last1=Dirr |first1=Michael |author-link1=Michael Dirr |date=1998 |title=Manual of Woody Landscape Plants: Their Identification, Ornamental Characteristics, Culture, Propagation and Uses |url=https://archive.org/details/manualofwoodylan0000dirr_u9r5 |url-access=registration |language=en |edition=Fifth |location=Champaign, Illinois |publisher=Stipes Publishing |isbn=978-0-87563-800-3 |oclc=39852725 |access-date=13 April 2025}} * {{Cite book |last1=Marshall |first1=Humphry |author1-link=Humphry Marshall |date=1785 |title=Arbustrum Americanum : The American grove, or, An alphabetical catalogue of forest trees and shrubs, natives of the American United States, arranged according to the Linnaean system : containing, the particular distinguishing characters of each genus, with plain, simple and familiar descriptions of the manner of growth, appearance, &c. of their several species and varieties.: Also, some hints of their uses in medicine, dyes, and domestic oeconomy |volume=-1785 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/42762583 |language=en |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |publisher=Joseph Crukshank |oclc=84006448 |access-date=11 April 2025}} * {{Cite book |last1=Garden Club of America |author-link1=Garden Club of America |date=1997 |orig-date=First Edition 1984 |editor-last1=Poor |editor-first1=Janet Meakin |editor-link1=Janet Meakin Poor |title=Plants That Merit Attention |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780917304750 |url-access=registration |language=en |volume=I – Trees |edition=Reprint with Revised Appendix |location=Portland, Oregon |publisher=Timber Press |isbn=978-0-917304-75-0 |oclc=30078962 |access-date=12 April 2025 |ref={{sfnref|Poor 1997}}}} {{Refend}}
====Journals==== {{refbegin}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Bozeman |first1=John R. |last2=Rogers |first2=George A. |date=November 1986 |title='This very curious tree': Despite years of searching and research the enigma of ''Franklinia alatamaha'' endures |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/57557181 |journal=Tipularia |language=en |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=9–15 |access-date=13 April 2025}} * {{cite journal |last1=Del Tredici |first1=Peter |date=2005 |title=Against All Odds: Growing ''Franklinia'' in Boston |url=https://archive.org/details/arnoldia6342005arno |journal=Arnoldia |language=en |volume=63 |issue=4 |pages=2–7 |doi=10.5962/p.250990 |access-date=11 April 2025|doi-access=free }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Delcourt |first1=Hazel R. |last2=Delcourt |first2=Paul A. |date=October 1975 |title=The Blufflands: Pleistocene Pathway into the Tunica Hills |journal=American Midland Naturalist |language=en |volume=94 |issue=2 |page=385 |doi=10.2307/2424434 |issn=0003-0031 |jstor=2424434}} * {{cite journal |last1=Gladfelter |first1=Heather J. |last2=Yadav |first2=Lav K. |last3=Merkle |first3=Scott A. |last4=Wilde |first4=H. Dayton |date=August 2020 |title=Genetic diversity and population structure analysis of ''Franklinia alatamaha'', a tree species existing only in cultivation |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343328467 |journal=Tree Genetics & Genomes |language=en |volume=16 |issue=4 |article-number=60 |doi=10.1007/s11295-020-01455-x |eissn=1614-2950 |s2cid=220881412 |issn=1614-2942 |access-date=12 April 2025 |ref={{sfnref|Gladfelter et al. 2020}}}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Koslow |first1=G. |last2=Peterson |first2=Jody L. |date=April 1980 |title=Phytophthora Root and Crown Rot of Franklinia Trees |url=https://auf.isa-arbor.com/content/isa/6/4/89.full.pdf |journal=Arboriculture & Urban Forestry |language=en |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=89–92 |doi=10.48044/jauf.1980.024 |doi-access=free |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611114435/https://auf.isa-arbor.com/content/isa/6/4/89.full.pdf |archive-date=11 June 2024 |access-date=22 April 2025}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Orton |first1=Elwin R. Jr. |date=October 1977 |title=Successful Hybridization of ''Gordonia lasianthus'' (L.) Ellis × ''Franklinia alatamaha'' Marshall |journal=The Bulletin – American Association of Botanical Gardens and Arboreta |language=en |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=81–84}} * {{cite journal |last1=Owens |first1=Simon J. |last2=Rix |first2=Martyn |date=August 2007 |title=''Franklinia alatamaha'' Theaceae |journal=Curtis's Botanical Magazine |language=en |volume=24 |issue=3 |article-number=595 |pages=186–189 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8748.2007.00586.x |issn=1355-4905}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Ranney |first1=Thomas G. |last2=Fantz |first2=Paul R. |date=October 2006 |title=×''Gordlinia grandiflora'' (Theaceae): An Intergeneric Hybrid Between ''Franklinia alatamaha'' and ''Gordonia lasianthus'' |url=https://journals.ashs.org/downloadpdf/view/journals/hortsci/41/6/article-p1386.pdf |journal=HortScience |language=en |volume=41 |issue=6 |pages=1386–1388 |doi=10.21273/HORTSCI.41.6.1386 |doi-access=free |eissn=2327-9834 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250413170234/https://journals.ashs.org/downloadpdf/view/journals/hortsci/41/6/article-p1386.pdf |archive-date=13 April 2025 |access-date=13 April 2025}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Schoonderwoerd |first1=Kristel M. |last2=Friedman |first2=William E. |date=May 2016 |title=Zygotic dormancy underlies prolonged seed development in ''Franklinia alatamaha'' (Theaceae): a most unusual case of reproductive phenology in angiosperms |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |language=en |volume=181 |issue=1 |pages=70–83 |doi=10.1111/boj.12409 |eissn=1095-8339 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Tsou |first1=Chih-Hua |date=November 1998 |title=Early floral development of Camellioideae (Theaceae) |url= |journal=American Journal of Botany |language=en |volume=85 |issue=11 |pages=1531–1547 |doi=10.2307/2446480 |jstor=2446480 |doi-access=free |issn=0002-9122 |pmid=21680312}} {{Refend}}
====Magazines and newsletters==== {{refbegin}} * {{cite magazine |last1=Fry |first1=Joel T. |date=Winter 2000 |title=''Franklinia alatamaha'', A History of That "Very Curious" Shrub |url=https://www.bartramsgarden.org/wp-content/uploads/Franklinia-Broadside-Spring-2000.pdf |magazine=Bartram Broadside |publisher=John Bartram Association |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715042747/https://www.bartramsgarden.org/wp-content/uploads/Franklinia-Broadside-Spring-2000.pdf |archive-date=15 July 2024 |access-date=11 April 2025}} * {{Cite magazine |last1=Williams |first1=Kevan |date=September 2014 |title=Have Tree, Will Travel |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/44796081.pdf |magazine=Landscape Architecture Magazine |volume=104 |issue=9 |pages=50–58 |issn=0023-8031 |jstor=44796081 |jstor-access=free |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424154234/https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/44796081.pdf |archive-date=24 April 2024 |access-date=11 December 2024}} * {{Cite magazine |last1=Jenkins |first1=Charles F. |date=July 1933 |title=The Historical Background of Franklin's Tree |url=https://journals.psu.edu/pmhb/article/view/28280/28036 |magazine=The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography |language=en |volume=57 |issue=3 |pages=193–208 |jstor=20086836 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614081400/https://journals.psu.edu/pmhb/article/view/28280/28036 |archive-date=14 June 2015 |access-date=11 December 2022}} * {{Cite magazine |last1=Thomson |first1=Keith Stewart |date=May–June 1990 |title=Marginalia: Benjamin Franklin's Lost Tree |url= |magazine=American Scientist |volume=78 |issue=3 |pages=203–206 |issn=0003-0996 |jstor=29774026}} {{Refend}}
====News==== {{refbegin}} * {{cite news |last1=Dickson |first1=Terry |date=23 April 2002 |title=Tree's replanting upsets botanists |url=http://jacksonville.com/tu-online/stories/042302/met_9215505.html |work=Florida Times-Union |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025123850/http://jacksonville.com/tu-online/stories/042302/met_9215505.html#.WA9SX8fP32c |archive-date=25 October 2016 |access-date=22 August 2016}} {{Refend}}
====Web sources==== {{refbegin}} * {{Cite web |last1=Barstow |first1=Megan |date=4 January 2018 |title=Two of the world's tea species extinct in the wild according to new report |url=https://globaltrees.org/news-blog/two-of-the-worlds-tea-species-extinct-in-the-wild-according-to-new-report/ |website=Global Trees |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813093150/https://globaltrees.org/news-blog/two-of-the-worlds-tea-species-extinct-in-the-wild-according-to-new-report/ |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=18 October 2021 }} * {{Cite web |last1=Gilman |first1=Edward F. |last2=Watson |first2=Dennis G. |date=November 1993 |title=Fact Sheet ST-260 ''Franklinia alatamaha'' Franklin-Tree |url=https://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/database/documents/pdf/tree_fact_sheets/fraalaa.pdf |website=University of Florida, Environmental Horticulture |language=en |publisher=US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615014900/https://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/database/documents/pdf/tree_fact_sheets/fraalaa.pdf |archive-date=15 June 2024 |access-date=22 April 2025 }} * {{cite web |last1=Harankhedkar |first1=Meenal |date=6 August 2019 |title=Botanist's Lens: Fragrant Jewels in the Gardens at London Town |url=https://www.historiclondontown.org/post/2019/08/06/botanists-lens-fragrant-jewels-in-the-gardens-at-london-town |website=Historic London Town & Gardens |language=en |location=Edgewater, Maryland |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618100721/https://www.historiclondontown.org/post/2019/08/06/botanists-lens-fragrant-jewels-in-the-gardens-at-london-town |archive-date=18 June 2024 |access-date=12 April 2025 }} * {{Cite web |last1=Hoyt Arboretum |author-link1=Hoyt Arboretum |date=17 March 2025 |title=''Franklinia alatamaha'' - Franklin Tree |url=https://hoytarboretum.gardenexplorer.org/taxon-529.aspx |website=Hoyt Arboretum, Plant Database |language=en |location=Portland, Oregon |access-date=22 April 2025 }} * {{Cite web |last1=John Bartram Association |date=2004 |title=Franklinia Census Results |url=http://www.bartramsgarden.org/franklinia/census_results.html |website=Bartram's Garden |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080702233851/http://www.bartramsgarden.org/franklinia/census_results.html |archive-date=2 July 2008 |access-date=14 April 2025 }} * {{Cite web |last1=Meier |first1=Allison C. |date=27 April 2018 |title=America's Mysterious Lost Tree |url=https://daily.jstor.org/americas-mysterious-lost-tree/ |website=JSTOR Daily |language=en-US |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122084511/https://daily.jstor.org/americas-mysterious-lost-tree/ |archive-date=22 January 2025 |access-date=7 August 2020 }} * {{Cite NatureServe |date=28 February 2025 |id=2.142925 |title=''Franklinia alatamaha'' |access-date=11 April 2025 |ref={{sfnref|NatureServe 2025}}}} * {{cite web <!--Deny Citation Bot-->|last1=Prince |first1=Linda M. |date=30 July 2020 |orig-date=In print 2016 |url=https://dev.floranorthamerica.org/Franklinia |title=''Franklinia'' |website=Flora of North America |page=325 |language=en |isbn=978-0-19-534026-6 |oclc=659862235 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250412185313/https://dev.floranorthamerica.org/Franklinia |archive-date=12 April 2025 |access-date=12 April 2025 |ref={{sfnref|Prince 2020a}}}} * {{cite web <!--Deny Citation Bot-->|last1=Prince |first1=Linda M. |date=5 November 2020 |orig-date=In print 2016 |url=http://floranorthamerica.org/Franklinia_alatamaha |title=''Franklinia alatamaha'' |website=Flora of North America |page=326 |language=en |isbn=978-0-19-534026-6 |oclc=659862235 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240828204411/http://floranorthamerica.org/Franklinia_alatamaha |archive-date=28 August 2024 |access-date=9 April 2025 |ref={{sfnref|Prince 2020b}}}} * {{cite POWO |last1=POWO |id=30290807-2 |title=''Franklinia'' W.Bartram ex Marshall |access-date=12 April 2025 |ref={{sfnref|POWO 2025a}}}} * {{cite POWO |last1=POWO |date=2025 |id=105657-2 |title=''Franklinia alatamaha'' Marshall |access-date=9 April 2025 |ref={{sfnref|POWO 2025b}}}} * {{cite iucn |last1=Rivers |first1=M.C. |date=2015 |title=''Franklinia alatamaha'' |volume=2015 |article-number=e.T30408A62077322 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T30408A62077322.en |access-date=19 November 2021}} {{Refend}}
==External links== * [https://plants.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=FRAL USDA Plants Profile for ''Franklinia alatamaha'' (Franklin tree)] * [https://www.bartramsgarden.org/specimen/franklinia/ Bartram's Garden: ''Franklinia''] * [http://www.treetrail.net/franklinia.html Treetrail.net: Franklinia Article and Photos] * [https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/geography-environment/franklin-tree-franklinia-alatamaha/ entry in New Georgia Encyclopedia] * [http://arnoldia.arboretum.harvard.edu/pdf/articles/1957-17--some-cultivated-relatives-of-the-camellia.pdf Wood, Carroll E.. "Some Cultivated Relatives of the Camellia."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505151319/http://arnoldia.arboretum.harvard.edu/pdf/articles/1957-17--some-cultivated-relatives-of-the-camellia.pdf |date=2017-05-05 }} ''Arnoldia'' 17 (1-2) (1957).
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Category:Theaceae Category:Endemic flora of Georgia (U.S. state) Category:Trees of Northern America Category:Plants extinct in the wild Category:Monotypic Ericales genera Category:Benjamin Franklin