Second Battle of Eran

{{Short description|6th century confrontation in India}} {{use dmy dates|date= December 2024}} {{use Indian English|date=December 2024}} {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = Second Battle of Eran | image = {{Location map+ |South Asia |float = center |border = none |width = 270 |caption = {{center|[[Find spot]]s of epigraphic inscriptions (red dots) indicating local control by the Alchon Huns in India between 500-530 CE,{{sfn|Bakker|2020|p=33}} with neighbouring polities,{{sfn|Schwartzberg|1978|p=25}} and territorial extent of the Alchon Huns (brown).{{sfn|Schwartzberg|1978|p=145}}}} |nodiv = 1 |mini = 1 |relief=yes |places = {{location map~ |South Asia |lat=21|N |long=79|E |label= |position= |label_size=0|mark=Map of the Southern Hunas (territory).png|marksize=270 }} {{location map~ |South Asia |lat=23.83|N |long=74.25|E |label=[[Sanjeli inscriptions|Sanjeli]] |position=left |label_size=70 |marksize=5}} {{location map~ |South Asia |lat=23.5|N |long=78.16|E |label=[[Eran boar inscription of Toramana|Eran]] |position=top |label_size=70|marksize=5}} {{location map~ |South Asia |lat=26.22|N |long=78.17|E |label=[[Gwalior inscription of Mihirakula|Gwalior]] |position=top |label_size=70 |marksize=5}} {{location map~ |South Asia |lat=24.07|N |long=75.08|E |label=[[Sondani inscription|Sondani]]|position=bottom |label_size=70|marksize=5}} {{location map~ |South Asia|lat=24.38|N |long=74.70|E |label=[[Choti Sadri|Choti Sadri]]|position=top |label_size=70|marksize=5}} {{location map~ |South Asia|lat=32.40|N |long=72.47|E |label=[[Salt Range|Kura]]|position=top |label_size=70|marksize=5}} {{location map~ |South Asia |lat=25.33|N |long=81.39|E |label=[[Kausambi|Kausambi]]|position=top |label_size=70|marksize=5}} {{location map~ |South Asia |lat=22.1106152|N |long=75.3033907|E |label=[[Rīsthal inscription|Rīsthal]]|position=bottom |label_size=70|mark=1000x1.png|marksize=0}} {{location map~ |India |lat=28.75|N |long=77|E |label={{center|[[Alchons|'''ALCHON HUNS''']]}}|text-align=right|label_size=85|mark=1000x1.png|marksize=0 }} {{location map~ |India |lat=36|N |long=67|E |label=[[Hephthalites|HEPHTHALITES]]|label_size=80|mark=1000x1.png|marksize=0 }} {{location map~ |India |lat=32|N |long=72|E |label=[[Nezak Huns|NEZAK HUNS]]|label_size=70|mark=1000x1.png|marksize=0 }} {{location map~ |India |lat=30|N |long=67|E |label=[[Sasanian Empire|SASA- NIANS]]|label_size=80|mark=1000x1.png|marksize=0 }} {{location map~ |India |lat=25|N |long=73|E |label=[[Rai dynasty|RAIS]]|label_size=80|mark=1000x1.png|marksize=0 }} {{location map~ |India |lat=24|N |long=95|E |label=[[Gupta Empire|GUPTAS]]|label_size=80|mark=1000x1.png|marksize=0 }} {{location map~ |India |lat=18|N |long=78|E |label=[[Vakataka dynasty|VAKATAKAS]]|label_size=80|mark=1000x1.png|marksize=0 }} {{location map~ |India |lat=31|N |long=90|E |label={{center|[[Zhangzhung|ZHANGZHUNG KINGDOM]]}}|label_size=70|mark=1000x1.png|marksize=0 }} {{location map~ |India |lat=36.5|N |long=98|E |label=[[Northern Wei|Northern Wei]]|label_size=80|mark=1000x1.png|marksize=0 }} {{location map~ |India |lat=36.5|N |long=90|E |label=[[Tocharians|TOCHARIANS]]|label_size=80|mark=1000x1.png|marksize=0 }} }} | partof = First Hunnic War | date = 510 CE | place = [[Eran]] (Modern day [[India]]) | coordinates = {{Coord|24.0890|N|78.1650|E|region:IT_type:event_scale:50000|display=inline,title}} | result = [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] victory{{sfn|Bakker|2015|p=32}} | territory = [[Toramana]] retreated to [[Gwalior]] after being expelled from [[central India]].{{sfn|Agrawal|1989|p=243}} | combatant2 = [[Alchon Huns]] | combatant1 = {{tree list}} [[Gupta Empire]] ** [[Aulikara dynasty]] {{tree list/end}} | commander2 = [[Toramana]] | commander1 = [[Bhanugupta]] Prakāśadharman [[Goparaja]]{{KIA}} | strength1 = | strength2 = | casualties1 = | casualties2 = | map_type = South Asia#India Madhya Pradesh | map_relief = yes | map_size = 300px | map_caption = | map_label = Battle of Eran | map_mark = Big battle symbol.svg | map_marksize = 15 }}

The '''Second Battle of Eran''',{{sfn|Bakker|2020|p=33}}{{efn|In Gupta Year 191 (ad 510) Goparāja and Rāja Bhānugupta fight together in the second battle of Eran (against Toramāna?), in which Goparāja is killed (SB X.035).{{sfn|Bakker|2020|p=33}}}} which took place around 510 CE, was a pivotal battle between the [[Gupta Empire]]'s Emperor [[Bhanugupta]] and the [[Alchon Huns|Huna]] army of [[Toramana]]. The battle, which finds mention in the [[Eran]] inscription, was fought at the cost of the death of Bhanugupta's general, [[Goparaja]]. It was a key battle in halting the Huna invasion of eastern [[Malwa]] or attempting to expel them from the region. The battle was the first of a series of reverses for the Huna conqueror. In his battle against the invaders, Bhanugupta might have had the support of King [[Prakāśadharman (Aulikara)|Prakāśadharman]], the king of [[Mandasor]].

== Background == {{Main|First battle of Eran}} [[File:Rahatgarh waterfall.jpg|250px|center|thumb|{{center|Rahatgarh Waterfall on Beena River}}]] The fertile plains around [[Eran]], also referred to as Airikana or the "Refreshing Fields," at the junction of the [[Betwa]] and [[Bina River (India)|Bina]] rivers, became a battleground between the great powers. This historically significant locality had a religious complex dedicated to [[Vishnu]], the patron deity of the [[Gupta Empire]], built during the time of Emperor [[Budhagupta]]. Two local feudatories, Maharaja [[Mātṛviṣṇu]] and his younger brother [[Dhanyaviṣṇu]], raised a twin temple, under the shadow of the 13-meter-tall '[[Column of Janardana]]' (Vishnu/Krishna), marking the area's religious and cultural significance.{{sfn|Bakker|2020|p=73–75}} [[File:Budhagupta gold coin , 477-487 CE , India.jpg|thumb|center|upright=1.4|{{center|Gold coin of Budhagupta]]}} The [[First Battle of Eran]] was a turning point battle between the Gupta Empire and the [[Alchon Huns|Hunas]], led by [[Toramana]]. Eran inscriptional evidence reveals that by the first year of Toramana's reign, Dhanyaviṣṇu, a renowned local official, defected from the Guptas to the Hunas. This defection, carved in a temple inscription, marks the rise in the power of the Hunas and their ability to influence regional political forces.{{sfn|Goyal|1967|p=341–342}}

==Battle== Goparaja's posthumous inscription at Eran, dated 510 CE, is of particular significance here. It refers to King Bhanugupta as "the bravest man on the earth" and reports a great battle at Eran, in which his general [[Goparaja]] was killed. The battle would have been against the Huna invaders, either to check their advance into eastern [[Malwa]] or to expel them from the region entirely. If the aim had been to check their advance, it is safe to put Toramana's conquest of eastern Malwa around 510 CE; otherwise, if the aim had been expulsion, the battle would have occurred earlier. Although the occupation of the region by the Huna cannot be pinpointed as accurately as we would like, it can be inferred that Toramana's penetration into India proper occurred some years after 500 CE, and the Hunas were initially confined to [[Gandhara]]. By 510 CE, Toramana's hold over Malwa may be assumed to be firmly in place.{{sfn|Goyal|1967|p=337–342}}

{{multiple image|perrow=1|total_width=200|caption_align=center | align = right | direction =horizontal | header=Eran pillar inscription of Goparaja | image1 = Eran pillar of Goparaja (detail).jpg | caption1 = {{center|Eran pillar of [[Goparaja]]}} | image2 = Eran pillar inscription of Goparaja.jpg | caption2 = {{center|[[Eran]] stone pillar inscription of Bhanugupta.}} | image3 = Bhanugupta Eran stone pillar inscription.jpg | caption3 = {{center|Rubbing of the inscription.}} | footer= }} * (Lines 1-2) Ōm ! When a century of years, increased by ninety-one, (had elapsed) on the seventh lunar day of the dark fortnight of (the month) [[Śrāvaṇa]], (or in figures) the year 100 (and) 90 (and) 1 (the month) Śrāvaṇa the dark fortnight; the (lunar) day 7;- * (Verse 1) (there was) a ruler, renowned as . . . . [[rāja]] sprung from the Śulakkha lineage; and his son (was) valorous by the name (of) Mādhava. * (Verse 2) His son was the illustrious [[Goparaja]], renowned for manliness; the daughter's son of the Sarabha king;1 who became the ornament of (his) family. * (Verses 3-4) (There is) the glorious [[Bhanugupta]], a distinguished hero on earth, a mighty ruler, brave being equal to [[Arjuna|Pârtha]]. And along with him [[Goparaja]], following (him) without fear, having overtaken the [[Maitraka|Maittras]] and having fought a very big and famous battle, went to heaven, becoming equal to [[Indra]], the best of the gods; and (his) devoted, attached, beloved, and beauteous wife, clinging (to him), entered into the mass of fire (funeral pyre). (Bhanugupta [[Eran|Eran inscription]] 510 CE.)<ref name="CII">Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol.3 (inscriptions Of The Early Gupta Kings [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108395 Main text p.352sq]</ref>

According to [[Hans T. Bakker]], the inscription does not contain an explicit statement regarding the success or failure of the battle. From the events that follow, it may be inferred that the inscription marks the beginning of a chain of woes for the Huna conqueror. In his struggle against the invader, Bhanugupta might have had the backing of the person of King Prakāśadharman, the king of [[Mandasor]].{{sfn|Bakker|2015|p=33}}

[[File:Male head, northern India, Kushan or Gupta period, 5th-6th century CE, terracotta, HAA.JPG|thumb|{{center|Male head, northern India, 5th – 6th century CE]]}} The connection in question is most likely due to the sister of Bhanugupta (or another close relation), who was wedded to Ravikīrti, the [[Amatya|amātya]] of Rājyavardhana, father of Prakāśadharman. Bhagavaddosa, Ravikīrti's son and Bhānugupta's nephew (or another relation), was prime minister to Prakāśadharman and may have participated in military campaigns under his maternal uncle. It is presumed that this new line of Mandasor kings, referred to as the '[[Second Aulikara dynasty|Later Aulikaras]]', was to challenge their erstwhile Gupta overlords.{{sfn|Bakker|2015|p=33}}

== Aftermath == === Indian resistance === {{See also|Rīsthal inscription}} Resistance to foreign threats and instability grew in the second half of the 6th century, focusing on a group of [[Aulikaras]] who asserted independence in the area. The [[Rīsthal inscription|Rīsthal Inscription]] of Mālava Year 572 (515 CE) documents the successful reestablishment of order in [[Daśapura]] by King Prakāśadharman with the help of the powerful Naigama merchant family. Principal members of this family were rājasthānīyas ([[viceroy]]s) to the later Aulikaras and helped stabilize the region.{{sfn|Bakker|2020|p=86}}

[[File:Risthal inscription rubbing.jpg|300px|thumb|{{center|Rīsthal inscription]]}} This period of resilience is not only verified by inscriptions but also by the architectural monuments built by the new rulers of Daśapura. This religious change emphasized the revival, as the sixth-century Aulikara rulers dropped [[Vaisnavism]], the original state religion, in favor of a vigorous and militant form of [[Shaivism]]. This form of Shaivism, which was linked with the [[Pasupata|Pāśupata]] movement, was from the region between the [[Narmada River|Narmadā]] and [[Mahi River|Mahī]] and became established in [[Gujarat]] and [[Rajasthan]], backed by an interconnected system of [[temple]]s and [[Matha]]s.{{sfn|Bakker|2020|p=87}}

=== Rise of Shaivism === The following example illustrates the development of Shaivism as a leading cultural force in this era. Though already an established popular faith, Shaivism was revitalized by the Pāśupata school, which was embraced by the political aristocracy to consolidate their ideological system of domination. Vaishnavism, the former state religion, on the other hand, lost its place in this culture. Shaivism introduced new characteristics, such as the appearance of [[Śiva]] in the form of the Brahmin named [[Lakulisha|Lakulīśa]], which provided ordinary people access to superhuman powers ([[siddhi]]) and divine weapons through instructions learned from human gurus (achāryas) who were said to be the very personification of the Lord himself in ritual practice.{{sfn|Bakker|2020|p=90}} [[File:Shiva with Trisula Panjikent 7th–8th century CE Hermitage Museum.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|{{center|Shiva with [[Trisula]], worshipped in [[Central Asia]]. [[Penjikent]], [[Uzbekistan]], 7th–8th century CE. [[Hermitage Museum]].]]}} This change benefited the Aulikara rulers, as attested by their great architectural achievements. First among these are the colossal Śiva Śūlapāṇi [[stele]] in Daśapura, perhaps commissioned by Bhagavaddosa under the patronage of King Prakāśadharman in the Prakāśeśvara Temple, which, according to the Rīsthal Inscription, was "the ornament of [[Bharata varsa|Bhāratavarṣa]] (India)." About 3 meters in height, this stele rivaled its [[Vaiṣṇava]] counterpart, the [[Varāha]] statue of Eran, erected by Dhanyaviṣṇu during the conquest of Toramāṇa and similarly renowned as "the pillar of the universe."{{sfn|Bakker|2020|p=90}}

=== Aulikara-Hunnic conflicts === {{Main|Aulikara−Hunnic War}}

{{Blockquote|text=Prakāśadharman, By whom the title 'Overlord' (adhirāja) of the Hūna commander (adhipa) was nullified in battle, (though it) had been firmly established on earth by the time of King [[Toramāna]], whose footstool had glittered with the sparkling jewels in the crowns of kings (that had bowed at his feet).|source=[[Rīsthal inscription]]}}

The actions that occurred in 515 CE, as borne witness to by the Rīsthal Inscription, are regarded as a significant turn of events in [[Indian history]]. The inscription boasts of Prakāśadharman on account of canceling the title of "Overlord" (adhirāja) bestowed upon the Hūṇa general, a title that had been well established during the reign of Toramāṇa, a king whose authority had previously made other kings prostrate before him.{{sfn|Bakker|2020|p=90}}

== See also == * [[First battle of Eran]] * [[Mātṛviṣṇu]] * [[Mihirakula]] * [[Battle of Sondani]] * [[Bhanugupta]] * [[Aulikara−Hunnic War]] ==Notes== {{notelist}}

==References== {{reflist|20em}}

== Bibliography == {{refbegin}} * {{Cite book |last=Agrawal |first=Ashvini |title=Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas |date=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |location=Delhi |isbn=978-81-208-0592-7}} * {{Cite book |last=Bakker |first=Hans |title=The World of the Skandapurāṇa |date=2015 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-27714-4}} * {{Cite book |last=Bakker |first=Hans T.|title=The Alkhan: A Hunnic People in South Asia |date=2020 |publisher=Barkhuis |isbn=978-94-93194-00-7}} * {{Cite book |first=S. R. |last=Goyal |url=https://archive.org/details/goyal-1967_202412 |title=A History of the Imperial Guptas |date=1967 |publisher=Central Book Depot |location=Allahabad |oclc=500357561 }} * {{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |author-link=Joseph E. Schwartzberg |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=062 |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |isbn=978-0-22-674221-2 |archive-date=7 February 2025 |access-date=12 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250207024910/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=062 |url-status=dead }} {{refend}}

== Further reading == * {{Cite book |last=Kim |first=Hyun Jin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bnv4CgAAQBAJ |title=The Huns |date=2015-11-19 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-1-317-34091-1}}

== External links == * [https://www.degruyter.com/database/byz/entry/byz.a2e03228-9c79-495e-a8f4-33785f40530b/html?lang=en&srsltid=AfmBOopdlaI4U78peGQ5-CeSj69ID_6lrE-5rBHRxWHIcspM6cNmV27G|The Gupta empire in the face of the Hunnic threat. Parallels to the late Roman empire?] in ''De Gruyter''

{{DEFAULTSORT:Eran 510}} [[Category:Battles involving India]] [[Category:Wars involving India]] [[Category:Military history of India]] [[Category:Military history of Afghanistan]] [[Category:History of Madhya Pradesh]] [[Category:510s conflicts]] [[Category:Battles involving the Gupta Empire]] [[Category:Alchon Huns]] [[Category:Conflicts in India]] [[Category:510]] [[Category:Battles involving the Aulikara dynasty]]