{{short description|Bay in Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea}} {{about|the bay in Papua New Guinea|the bay within King Sound in Western Australia|King Sound}} {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}} {{Infobox body of water | name = Goodenough Bay | image = File:Papua New Guinea, Goodenough Bay, Provisional map, Sheet NMO-55-099, 1956.tif | alt = Black and white map focused on the western part of the bay | caption = 1956 map | image_bathymetry = <!-- Add bathymetry map if available --> | alt_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = Milne Bay Province | coordinates = {{coord|9|55|S|149|55|E|region:PG_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | type = Bay | etymology = Named after James Graham Goodenough | part_of = Solomon Sea | inflow = | rivers = | outflow = | oceans = Pacific Ocean | catchment = | basin_countries = Papua New Guinea | length = {{convert|40|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width = {{convert|37|km|mi|abbr=on}} | area = | depth = | max-depth = | volume = | residence_time = | shore = | temperature_high = {{convert|35|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | temperature_low = {{convert|17|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | islands = 2 | trenches = | benches = | cities = | pushpin_map = Papua New Guinea | pushpin_label_position = right | pushpin_map_alt = Location of Goodenough Bay in Papua New Guinea | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Papua New Guinea | mapframe = yes }} '''Goodenough Bay''' is a large bay on the northern coast of the Papuan Peninsula, in the southeast of the Papua New Guinean mainland. Located in Milne Bay Province, it spans roughly {{convert|40|km|mi}} by {{convert|37|km|mi}}, with a coastline running from the eastern tip of Cape Vogel to a prominent headland called Cape Frere. It forms part of the Solomon Sea, within the south Pacific Ocean. The northern coast along Cape Vogel is hilly, while the southern coast along the main Papuan peninsula is steeper and connects inland to the Owen Stanley Range. The waters of the bay are deep, with few areas ships can easily anchor, although coastal areas contain a few coral reefs.
The bay lies along an active fault line, and likely formed during the Pliocene when what are now the D'Entrecasteaux Islands were pushed apart from mainland New Guinea. The area remains tectonically active. The local communities living around the bay speak a variety of different and sometimes largely unrelated Austronesian languages. The first European to survey the area was John Moresby, who named the bay after James Graham Goodenough. An Anglican mission was established at Dogura in 1891. In the Second World War the bay saw conflict during the New Guinea campaign, particularly around the Battle of Milne Bay.
==Geography== [[File:61A-467-005 - STS-61A - STS-61A ESA earth observations - DPLA - df70b40eac62e814bd334978c9be42d4.jpg|thumb|alt=Green land with ocean on both sides|The Papuan Peninsula with the southern end Goodenough Bay to the north (top) with Cape Frere prominent in the middle. To the south of the peninsula (bottom) is Orangerie Bay.]] Goodenough Bay is one of a series of bays along the northern coast of the Papuan Peninsula, with the Huon Gulf, Oro Bay, and Collingwood Bay to its west and Milne Bay to its east.<ref name="Doneley2012">{{cite book |author=Bob Doneley |year=2012 |title=Toowoomba to Torokina: The 25th Battalion in Peace and War, 1918–1945 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=9781921941603 |pages=148 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nKbuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP128}}</ref> Goodenough Bay itself is about {{convert|40|km|mi}} from east to west and {{convert|37|km|mi}} from north to south.<ref name="USHO1923"/>{{rp|556}}
The northern coast is a relatively low-lying stretch of land that forms part of Cape Vogel.<ref name="SPG1891">{{cite book |title=Mission Field: A Monthly Record of the Proceedings of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts |volume=36 |date=1891 |publisher=Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts |page=63 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8gM_AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA63}}</ref> The low and flat coastal hills on the western stretch of this coastline are around {{convert|100|m|ft}} high. Towards the end of the cape, they approach {{convert|180|m|ft}}. These hills are densely forested.<ref name="USHO1923"/>{{rp|557}} The northeastern end of this peninsula and the northwest boundary of Goodenough Bay is the {{convert|10.7|m|ft|adj=on}} high Glen Islet. This islet lies on a coral reef extending about {{convert|730|m|ft}} from the mainland which has a sandbank on its eastern side. The mainland closest to Glen Islet is known as Sibiribiri Point (9°43'S., 150°03'E.).<ref name="USHO1923"/>{{rp|557–558}}<ref name="USDefenseMapping2000">{{cite book |author=United States. Defense Mapping Agency. Hydrographic/Topographic Center |date=2000 |title=Sailing Directions (enroute) for New Guinea |publisher=Defense Mapping Agency, Hydrographic/Topographic Center |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLDfAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA185 |pages=185}}</ref>
Rawdon Bay lies along the northern coast (9°47'S., 149°53'E.). Within it lie two small coral islets known as the Mosquito islets.<ref name="USHO1923"/>{{rp|557}} The larger islet is named Baniara. The water in this bay and around the islands contains coral reefs. Less than {{convert|5|km|mi}} east (9°46'S., 149°56'E.) of Rawdon Bay is Menapi Bay, which also contains a reef.<ref name="USDefenseMapping2000"/> There are no notable coral reefs elsewhere in the bay.<ref name="Spalding2001">{{cite book |author1=Mark Spalding |author2=Corinna Ravilious |author3=Edmund Peter Green |date=2001 |title=World Atlas of Coral Reefs |edition=illustrated |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520232556 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cFawvYZlKHoC&pg=PA326 |page=326}}</ref>
thumb|alt=Map showing a small cape with a bay on either side|Cape Frere provides the southeast limit of Goodenough Bay. The very small Dogura Bay and the larger Bartle Bay are to its west. There are no large rivers on the northern coast. Near the head of the bay, the Ruaba River flows from the Gwoira Range.<ref name="Strong1916">{{cite journal |author=W. M. Strong |date=November 1916 |title=Notes on the North-Eastern Division of Papua (British New Guinea) |journal=The Geographical Journal |volume=48 |issue=5 |doi=10.2307/1779616 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1779616 |page=410|jstor=1779616 |bibcode=1916GeogJ..48..407S |url-access=subscription }}</ref> The head of the bay sees a marked change in coastal topography as Cape Vogel is replaced by the main Papuan peninsula. While mostly mountainous, alluvial plains have formed in some areas where rivers flowing down from the mountains enter the bay.<ref name="USHO1923"/>{{rp|556–557}}<ref name="Kahn1993">{{cite book |author=Miriam Kahn |date=30 December 1993 |title=Always Hungry, Never Greedy: Food and the Expression of Gender in a Melanesian Society |publisher=Waveland Press |isbn=1478609184 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ZgYAAAAQBAJ}}</ref>{{rp|11}}
Much of the southern coast is a series of headlands separated by heavily sedimented smaller bays. The sediment inhibits coral settling in the bays, although some coral fringes the headlands.<ref name="Biemiller2020">{{cite journal |author1=James Biemiller |author2=Frederick Taylor |author3=Luc Lavier |author4=Tsai-Luen Yu |author5=Laura Wallace |author6=Chuan-Chou Shen |date=28 October 2020 |title=Emerged Coral Reefs Record Holocene Low-Angle Normal Fault Earthquakes |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=47 |issue=20 |article-number=e2020GL089301 |doi=10.1029/2020GL089301 |bibcode=2020GeoRL..4789301B |url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2020GL089301|url-access=subscription }}</ref>{{rp|4}} Smaller bays along the southern coast include Rebuda Bay, Dogura Bay,<ref name="USHO1923"/>{{rp|557}} and Bartle Bay.<ref name="Haddon1894">{{cite book |author=Alfred Cort Haddon |date=1894 |title=The Decorative Art of British New Guinea: A Study in Papuan Ethnography |volume=10 |series=Cunningham memoirs, Royal Irish Academy |publisher=Academy House |page=246 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PaBOSvCbaCYC&pg=PA246<!--also at https://books.google.com/books?id=be4AAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA246-->}}</ref> Bartle Bay is about {{convert|6.5|km|mi}} wide, and has inputs from two navigable rivers and a stream. It is {{convert|89.6|m|ft}} deep at its head.<ref name="USHO1923"/>{{rp|556}} Inland the southern coast has a series of small plateaus around {{convert|230|m|ft}} high. Behind them lies the Owen Stanley Range, which include areas of limited forest cover<ref name="SPG1891"/> and peaks reaching {{convert|3000|m|ft}}.<ref name="Kahn1993"/>{{rp|13}} This coastline is quite dry,<ref name="Kahn1993"/>{{rp|11}} and instead of forest much of the southern coast is instead covered in grasses.<ref name="USHO1923">{{cite book |date=1923 |title=East Indies Pilot: Islands eastward of Celebes and Timor, including New Guinea and Louisiade Archipelago |edition=2nd |volume=2 |publisher=United States Hydrographic Office |pages=555–558 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zkIPAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA556}}</ref>{{rp|556}}
thumb|alt=Bathymetric map showing the steep coastal areas around Goodenough Bay|The coasts of Goodenough Bay steeply descend from the mountains to the seafloor Just east of Bartle Bay is Cape Frere,<ref name="Haddon1894"/> the eastern end of the bay (10°06'S., 150°10'E.).<ref name="SPG1891"/><ref name="USHO1923"/>{{rp|555}} This cape is over {{convert|900|m|ft}} high, with ravines leading down to the coast. This seafloor near Cape Frere is steep with no reef.<ref name="USHO1923"/>{{rp|556}} In general, the bay is quite deep,<ref name="USHO1923"/>{{rp|556}} reaching {{convert|1000|m|ft}}. The only suitable anchorages are in Rawdon Bay and Menapi Bay.<ref name="USDefenseMapping2000"/>
The bay's depth likely results from geologic activity that has created a number of deep ocean chasms in the region.<ref name="Jones2012">{{cite book |author=Owen Arthur Jones |date=2012 |title=Biology and Geology of Coral Reefs V1: Geology 1 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=9780323138680 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-FiMhkQ9ng4C&pg=PA179 |pages=179, 183}}</ref> The Owen-Stanley fault runs from the head of the bay along the southern coast, separating the Trobriand plate/Solomon Sea plate which contains Cape Vogel and most of the bay from the main Indo-Australian plate on which lies the southern coast.<ref name="Lightfoot1924">{{cite book |editor1=Gerald Lightfoot |date=1924 |title=Proceedings of the Pan-Pacific Science Congress, Australia, 1923 |publisher=H.J. Green |page=770 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MOYIAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA770}}</ref><ref name="Fitz2013">{{cite journal |author1=Guy Fitz |author2=Paul Mann |date=October 2013 |title=Tectonic Uplift Mechanism of the Goodenough and Fergusson Island Gneiss Domes, Eastern Papua New Guinea: Constraints from Seismic Reflection and Well Data |journal=Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems |volume=14 |issue=10 |doi=10.1002/ggge.20208 |url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ggge.20208 |page=3988 |bibcode=2013GGG....14.3969F }}</ref><ref name="Benyshek2021">{{cite journal |author1=Elizabeth K. Benyshek |author2=Brian Taylor |date=25 November 2020 |title=Tectonics of the Papua-Woodlark Region |journal=Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems |volume=22 |issue=1 |doi=10.1029/2020GC009209 |page=3|doi-access=free }}</ref> This fault means the bay sometimes experiences earthquakes.<ref name="Ripper1982">{{cite journal |author=I. D. Ripper |date=20 August 1982 |title=Seismicity of the Indo-Australian/Solomon Sea Plate Boundary in the Southeast Papua Region |journal=Tectonophysics |volume=87 |issue=1–4 |doi=10.1016/0040-1951(82)90233-5 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0040195182902335 |page=363|bibcode=1982Tectp..87..355R |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Smaller faultlines occur elsewhere in the bay.<ref name="Biemiller2020"/>{{rp|2}} Historical earthquakes are thought to have uplifted the southern coast.<ref name="Biemiller2020"/>{{rp|9}} Goodenough Bay likely formed in the Pliocene when the D'Entrecasteaux Islands became separated from the mainland.<ref name="LaveryFlannery2023">{{cite book |author1=Tyrone Lavery |author2=Tim Flannery |date=2023 |title=Mammals of the South-west Pacific |publisher=Csiro Publishing |isbn=9781486312641 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QvPAEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT33}}</ref><ref name="Wilson2001">{{cite book |editor=R. C. L. Wilson |date=2001 |title=Non-volcanic Rifting of Continental Margins: A Comparison of Evidence from Land and Sea |publisher=Geological Society of London |isbn=9781862390911 |issn=0305-8719 |edition=illustrated |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-bsvkxVBTasC&pg=PA368 |page=368}}</ref> The channel between these islands and Goodenough Bay is Ward Hunt Strait.<ref name="DIANE1997">{{cite book |date=1997 |title=Papuan Campaign |edition=illustrated |publisher=DIANE Publishing |isbn=9780788137877 |pages=3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GB1V38qt9JoC&pg=PA3}}</ref>
The entire bay proper is classified as internal waters of Papua New Guinea.<ref name="Strohl1963">{{cite book |author=Mitchell P. Strohl |orig-date=1963 |date=2012 |title=The International Law of Bays |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff |page=66 |isbn=9789401509671 |doi=10.1007/978-94-015-0967-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MZJ9CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA66}}</ref> The area around the bay is part of Alotau Urban LLG, part of Milne Bay Province.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://pngnri.org/atlasNRI/index.php/ube-status/southern-region?layout=edit&id=5 |title=Milne Bay Province Universal Basic Education in 2019 |publisher=Atlas NRI |access-date=17 June 2025}}</ref> Occasionally, wider definitions of the bay include the water stretching further east towards East Cape, and occasionally also the water stretching north to the D'Entrecasteaux Islands.<ref name="Kahn1993"/>{{rp|12–13}}<ref name="Egloff1970">{{cite journal |author=B. J. Egloff |date=July 1970 |title=The Rock Carvings and Stone Groups of Goodenough Bay, Papua |journal=Archaeology & Physical Anthropology in Oceania |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=147–156 |jstor=40386115 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40386115}}</ref>{{rp|147}} The northern Papuan Peninsula coastline, including Goodenough Bay, is considered part of the Solomon Sea region of the south Pacific Ocean.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.marineregions.org/gazetteer.php/gazetteer.php?p=details&id=4361 |title=Marine Gazetteer Placedetails |publisher=Marineregions.org |access-date=17 June 2025}}</ref>
The area has a dry season and a wet season, although temperatures remain roughly the same throughout the year, between {{convert|17|C|F}} and {{convert|35|C|F}}. Rainfall differences between the seasons shift rivers between dry beds and flows up to {{convert|3|m|ft}} high. The April to December dry season of the southern coast is longer than in most other areas of the country.<ref name="Kahn1993"/>{{rp|14–15}} Wind direction changes throughout the year, coming from all four main compass points at different times.<ref name="Kahn1993"/>{{rp|16}}
==Demographics== On the southern coast, villages are often situated on the alluvial plains between the mountains and the sea. Taro cultivation in these areas relies on irrigation systems<ref name="Kahn1993"/>{{rp|11}} which bring water from the mountains above through dams and canals.<ref name="Spriggs1981">{{cite journal |author1=M. J. T. Spriggs |author2=M. E. Sullivan |date=October 1981 |title=Water under the Bridge. Comments on Farrington and Bellwood's 'Prehistoric Irrigation Hydrology of Pondfield Taro' |journal=Archaeology in Oceania |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=179–181 |doi=10.1002/j.1834-4453.1981.tb00029.x |jstor=40386568 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40386568}}</ref> There are social links between these villages, some of which have historical rivalries.<ref name="Kahn1993"/>{{rp|13}}
The mission at Dogura is the headquarters of the Anglican Church of Papua New Guinea. The Ss Peter and Paul Cathedral was built in 1936, and the mission station also contains a bank, post office, hospital, primary school, high school, and a small airstrip.<ref name="Kahn1993"/>{{rp|14}}
The people at the eastern tip of Cape Vogel speak Are.<ref name="SILGlobal">{{cite web |url=https://pnglanguages.sil.org/resources/provinces/province/Milne%20Bay/map |title=Milne Bay Province |publisher=SIL Global |access-date=17 June 2025}}</ref> The people living along the southern coast of Cape Vogel speak Gapapaiwa.<ref name="LynchRossCrowley2002">{{cite book |author1=John Lynch |author2=Malcolm Ross |author3=Terry Crowley |date=2002 |title=The Oceanic Languages |series=Curzon language family series, Volume 1 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=9780700711284 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TCOuWvSyj5oC&pg=PA298 |page=298}}</ref> Other languages spoken around the bay include Umanakaina, Yakaikeke,<ref name="Frawley2003">{{cite book |editor=William J. Frawley |date=2003 |title=International Encyclopedia of Linguistics |edition=2 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199771783 |pages=239, 486 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ftQEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA239}}</ref> Kanasi, Dawawa, Ghayavi, and Ginuman.<ref name="SILGlobal"/> Four coastal villages in the southern part of the bay near Cape Frere speak Wedau, with each village having a slightly different dialect.<ref name="Kahn1993"/>{{rp|16–17}} In the Owen Stanely Range inland from these villages, Kakabai is spoken.<ref name="Kahn1993"/>{{rp|13}} These languages are all Austronesian, but come from multiple mutually unintelligible subfamilies. Wedau was the local language in what became the Dogura mission. It was consequently adopted by Anglican missionaries, later becoming, to some extent, a ''lingua franca'' for the local area.<ref name="Kahn1993"/>{{rp|17–18}}
For the village of Wamira on the southern coast, population growth has been counteracted by migration to towns and cities, leaving the population in the village at roughly 400 since records began in 1896. Wamira residents have been competitive in local labour markets due to their easier access to education at the nearby Dogura mission.<ref name="Kahn1993"/>{{rp|18–19}} The people of Wamira are divided into two communities, each of which has developed its own cultural practices and has its own traditional leaders. The village as a whole elects one councillor to local government, usually chosen due to their familiarity with outsiders and formal politics than due to status within the village.<ref name="Kahn1993"/>{{rp|20–24}}
==History== {{quote box|quote=The coast trends W.N.W. from Cape Frere for some thirty miles to the bight of Goodenough Bay, which is marked by some fine waterfalls, which flash down its dark green mountain sides. So much river water is here discharged that the surface of the bay near the shore is quite fresh. A mud flat offered us a good anchorage here; and on some small islets off the coast, we obtained an abundant supply of pigeons.|author=John Moresby<ref name="Moresby2024">{{cite book |author=John Moresby |orig-year=1876 |year=2024 |title=New Guinea & Polynesia: Discoveries & Surveys in New Guinea and the D'Entrecasteaux Islands, a Cruise in Polynesia and Visits to the Pearl-shelling Stations in Torres Straits of H.M.S. Basilisk |publisher=Books on Demand |isbn=9783385512207 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=264OEQAAQBAJ&pg=PA269 |page=268}}</ref>|align=right|width=250px}} Archeological finds show that there have long been links between the people in Goodenough Bay and those elsewhere in Southeast New Guinea, such as people from Collingwood Bay to the northwest and Milne Bay and offshore islands to the southeast. Stone art from Goodenough Bay is similar to that of Normanby Island. Numerous obsidian artefacts have also been found.<ref name="McNivenDavid2023">{{cite book |editor1=Ian J. McNiven |editor2=Bruno David |date=2023 |title=The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of Indigenous Australia and New Guinea |series=Oxford Handbooks |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780190095642 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BD3kEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA94 |pages=93–94}}</ref> Petroglyphs have been found near a number of villages in the area.<ref name="Edmundson2022">{{cite book |author=Anna Edmundson |editor1=Hilary Howes |editor2=Tristen Jones |editor3=Matthew Spriggs |date=June 2022 |title=Uncovering Pacific Pasts: Histories of Archaeology in Oceania |series=Pacific Series |publisher=ANU Press |isbn=9781760464875 |doi=10.22459/UPP.2021 |doi-access=free |url=https://press.anu.edu.au/publications/series/pacific/uncovering-pacific-pasts |chapter=Searching for origins: Archaeology and the government officers of Papua |chapter-url=https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/n9334/pdf/ch21.pdf |page=333 |hdl=1885/276019 }}</ref> The way stones were used may also indicate links with the Trobriand Islands.<ref name="Riesenfeld1950">{{cite book |author=Alphonse Riesenfeld |date=1950 |title=The Megalithic Culture of Melanesia |publisher=Brill Archive |pages=319–324 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PdgUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA319}}</ref>{{rp|320}} Goodenough Bay rock art shows similar motifs to those made near the Sepik river, near Yos Sudarso Bay, on New Hanover Island, and in New Caledonia.<ref name="Egloff1970"/>{{rp|154}}
F. E. Williams began an excavation of a stone circle at Boianai, slightly inland from the coast, in February 1926. This was one of the earliest excavations in the country. Boianai has large carvings and pavements. These artworks are associated with mythical beings, most prominently Wakeke, who is said to be the village founder.<ref name="Edmundson2022"/><ref name="McNivenDavid2023"/><ref name="Egloff1970"/>{{rp|149–150}} The excavation by Williams was viewed poorly by those in Boianai, who at least until 1970 viewed it as a spiritual place.<ref name="Egloff1970"/>{{rp|154}} Some myths are known from the area, and motifs such as a snake which has a human child also occur in other areas such as the New Hebrides and the Solomon Islands.<ref name="Riesenfeld1950"/>{{rp|322–323}}
The first European to explore the coast was British Captain John Moresby, who surveyed the area from 1873 to 1874 onboard HMS ''Basilisk''. He named Goodenough Bay after another navy officer, Commodore James Graham Goodenough.<ref name="Haddon1894"/><ref name="Johnson2020">{{cite book |author=R. Wally Johnson |date=2020 |title=Roars from the Mountain: Colonial Management of the 1951 Volcanic Disaster at Mount Lamington |series=Pacific Series |publisher=ANU Press |isbn=9781760463564 |doi=10.22459/RM.2020 |doi-access=free |url=https://press.anu.edu.au/publications/series/pacific/roars-mountain |pages=4, 17}}</ref>
Missionaries working in the southeast of Papua divided the area between them, with Goodenough Bay falling under the Anglican area. The headquarters of this Anglican mission was established in Dogura Bay in 1891 by Albert Alexander Maclaren and Copland King.<ref name="USHO1923"/>{{rp|556–557}}<ref name="Johnson2020"/> Maclaren died from fever within the year. King became the head of the mission, which undertook not only missionary work but sought to reduce tribal violence.<ref name="Hermkens2013">{{cite book |author=Anna-Karina Hermkens |date=2013 |title=Engendering Objects: Dynamics of Barkcloth and Gender among the Maisin of Papua New Guinea |edition=illustrated, reprint, revised |publisher=Sidestone Press |isbn=9789088901454 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bbUqAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA256 |chapter=Colonial collecting: Dialogues of gender and objects |pages=249–290}}</ref>{{rp|256}} Over time, the decrease in violence allowed those in local communities to travel further.<ref name="Kahn1993"/>{{rp|17–18}}
[[File:Papua New Guinea, Southern New Guinea, Goodenough Bay and Gwoira Range (East), 1 Inch series, Sheet 1674, 1944.tif|thumb|alt=Topographic map showing bay and island areas to its west|1944 map produced by the Australian Army showing the western part of Goodenough Bay and the Gwoira Range inland]] Baptisms of Papuans began from around 1896. Around that time, Bartle Bay also became a waystation for miners from the Louisiade Archipelago and Queensland seeking gold in the Owen Stanley Range. These miners depended on local guides, who would take them within the territory of their community.<ref name="Nelson1976">{{cite book |author=Hank Nelson |orig-year=1976 |year=2016 |title=Black, White and Gold: Goldmining in Papua New Guinea 1878–1930 |edition=reprint |publisher=ANU Press |isbn=9781921934346 |series=Knowledge Unlatched |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8M0PDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA85<!--See also https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/items/0cbf1a1b-d202-4b50-92ea-67e77838af73--> |pages=85–88}}</ref> Some visitors collecting items from Goodenough Bay often found that it was rare to encounter women.<ref name="Hermkens2013"/>{{rp|276}} Some observed cannibalism.<ref name="Riesenfeld1950"/>{{rp|319}} There was one coconut plantation on the northern coast in 1940.<ref name="Tryon2011">{{cite book |author1=Darrell T. Tryon |author2=Jean-Michel Charpentier |date=2011 |title=Pacific Pidgins and Creoles: Origins, Growth and Development |series=Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs [TiLSM] 132 |edition=illustrated, reprint |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=9783110899689 |page=508 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iEj8LLguLwUC&pg=PA508}}</ref>
In the New Guinea campaign of the Second World War, Goodenough Bay formed part of the strategic area between the Allied-held Milne Bay and the Japanese beachheads at Buna and Gona.<ref name="McLeod2019">{{cite book |author=Jan McLeod |date=2019 |title=Shadows on the Track: Australia's Medical War in Papua 1942–1943: Kokoda – Milne Bay – The Beachhead Battles |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=9781925675917 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=75zuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT115}}</ref> Japanese forces planned to attack Milne Bay in part through a landing at Goodenough Bay,<ref name="MacArthur1966">{{cite book |author=Douglas MacArthur |date=1966 |title=Reports of General MacArthur: Japanese Operations in the Southwest Pacific Area |publisher=Center of Military History |page=153 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dNdmAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA153}}</ref> and later retreated through Goodenough Bay following the Battle of Milne Bay.<ref name="Bement2009">{{cite book |author=James Bement |date=2009 |title=Baseball, Battle, and a Bride: (An Okie in World War II) |publisher=Trafford Publishing |isbn=9781426935473 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yZzgAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA44 |pages=44–45}}</ref> Some retreating Japanese fighters were shot down over the bay.<ref name="Dunn2024">{{cite book |author=Richard Dunn |date=2024 |title=South Pacific Air War: The Role of Airpower in the New Guinea and Solomon Island Campaigns, January 1943 to February 1944 |publisher=Schiffer + ORM |isbn=9781507303405 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SwMYEQAAQBAJ&pg=PT200}}</ref> Later, Goodenough Bay served as a practice area for allied naval forces operating out of Goodenough Island.<ref name="Miller2014">{{cite book |author=John Miller Jr. |date=2014 |title=United States Army in WWII – The Pacific – CARTWHEEL: The Reduction of Rabaul |publisher=Pickle Partners Publishing |page=438 |isbn=9781782894018 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tApvCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT438}}</ref>
==References== {{Reflist}}
==Further reading== * {{cite book |title=Proceedings of the Royal Philosophical Society of Glasgow |volume=15 |publisher=Royal Philosophical Society of Glasgow |date=1884 |page=207 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7-4UAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA207}} * {{cite book |author=James Chalmers |date=1887 |title=Pioneering in New Guinea |edition=2 |publisher=Religious Tract Society |pages=212–214 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MKadISq2ggEC&pg=PA212}} * {{cite book |date=1 April 1875 |title=The Geographical Magazine, Volume 2 |publisher=Trübner |page=121 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oR1oAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA121}} * {{cite book |author=William Churchill |orig-year=1916 |year=2006 |title=Sissano: Movements of Migration Within and Through Melanesia |edition=illustrated |publisher=Carnegie Institution of Washington |isbn=9780608110158 |issn=0099-4936 |pages=165–166 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p98DAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA165}}
Category:Bays of Papua New Guinea Category:Geography of Milne Bay Province