Gongsun Long

{{Short description|Chinese Logician (c. 320 – 250 BC)}} {{distinguish|Gongsun Long (disciple of Confucius)}} {{family name hatnote|[[Gongsun]]|lang=Chinese}} {{Infobox philosopher | image =至聖先賢半身像冊-039-公孫龍.jpg | caption = | native_name = 公孫龍 | native_name_lang = zh | birth_name =  | birth_date = {{circa|320 BC}} | birth_place = | death_date = 250 BC | notable_works = ''Gongsun Longzi'' ({{zhi|t=公孫龍子}}) | era = [[Ancient Chinese philosophy]] | school_tradition = [[School of Names]] | module = {{Infobox Chinese|child=yes | t = 公孫龍 | s = 公孙龙 | p = Gōngsūn Lóng | w = {{tonesup|Kung1-sun1 Lung2}} | alt1 = Courtesy name | c2 = 子秉 | p2 = Zibǐng | w2 = {{tonesup|Tzŭ3-ping3}} }} }}

'''Gongsun Long''' ({{circa|320}}{{snd}}250 BC<ref>Zhou, Yunzhi, "Gongsun Long". ''[[Encyclopedia of China]]'' (Philosophy Edition), 1st ed.</ref><ref>Liu 2004, p. 336</ref>), [[courtesy name]] '''Zibing''', was a Chinese philosopher, writer, and member of the [[School of Names]], also known as the Logicians, of ancient [[Chinese philosophy]]. Gongsun ran a school and received patronage from rulers, advocating peaceful means of resolving disputes amid the martial culture of the [[Warring States period]]. His collected works comprise the ''Gongsun Longzi'' ({{zhi|t=公孫龍子}}) anthology. Comparatively few details are known about his life, and much of his work has been lost—only six of the fourteen essays he originally authored are still extant.<ref name="mcgreal">McGreal 1995, p. 31</ref>

In book 17 of the ''[[Zhuangzi (book)|Zhuangzi]]'', Gongsun speaks of himself:

<blockquote>When young, I studied the way of the former kings. When I grew up, I understood the practice of kindness and duty. I united the same and different, separated hard from white, made so the not-so and admissible the inadmissible. I confounded the wits of the hundred schools and exhausted the eloquence of countless speakers. I took myself to have reached the ultimate.</blockquote>

He is best known for a series of [[paradox]]es in the tradition of [[Yin Wen]] and [[Hui Shi]], including "white horses are not horses", "when no thing is not the pointed-out, to point out is not to point out", and "there is no 1 in 2". These paradoxes seem to suggest a similarity to the discovery in Greek philosophy that pure logic may lead to apparently absurd conclusions.

== Rectification of names == {{further|Rectification of names}} Although not done justice by English translation, professor Zhenbin Sun considers Gongsun Long’s work on ming-shi, or name and reality, the most "profound and systematic" of the School of Names. As Gongsun Long enjoys the favor or rulers, his work also concerns social order.<ref>Zhenbin Sun 2015. p24 Language, Discourse, and Praxis in Ancient China</Ref>

The Gongsun Long Zi reads: <blockquote>Heaven, earth, and their products are all things [物 wu]. When things possess the characteristics of things without exceeding them, there is actuality [shi]. When actuality actually fulfills its function as actuality, without wanting, there is order [位 wei]. To be out of order is to fall into disorder. To remain in order is to be correct. What is correct is used to rectify what is incorrect. [What is incorrect is not used to] doubt what is correct. To rectify is to rectify actuality, and to rectify the name [ming] corresponding to it.</blockquote>

==White Horse dialogue== {{main|White Horse Dialogue}}

In the ''White Horse Dialogue'' ({{zhi|t=白馬論|p=Báimǎ lùn}}), one interlocutor (sometimes called the "sophist") defends the truth of the statement "White horses are not horses," while the other interlocutor (sometimes called the "objector") disputes the truth of this statement. This has been interpreted in a number of ways.

Possibly the simplest interpretation is to see it as based on a confusion of class and identity. The argument, by this interpretation, plays upon an ambiguity of the negative copula "is not" (非). The expression "X is not Y" (X非Y) can mean either * "X is not a member (or subset) of set Y" * "X is not identical to Y"

The sentence "White horses are not horses" would normally be taken to assert the obviously false claim that white horses are not part of the group of horses. However, the "sophist" in the dialogue defends the statement under the interpretation, "Not all horses are white horses". The latter statement is actually true, since—as the "sophist" explains—"horses" includes horses that are white, yellow, brown, etc., while "white horses" includes only white horses, and excludes the others. A.C. Graham proposed this interpretation and illustrated it with an analogy. The "Objector" assumes that "a white horse is not a horse" is parallel to "a sword is not a weapon," but the "Sophist" is treating the statement as parallel to "a sword is not a blade."<ref name="Disputers">A.C. Graham, ''Disputers of the Tao: Philosophical Argument in Ancient China'' (Chicago: Open Court, 2003) [1989]</ref>{{rp|89}} Other interpretations have been put forward by Fung Yu-lan and Chad Hansen, among others.<ref name="Disputers"/>{{rp|82–83}}

This work has been viewed by some as a serious logical discourse, by others as a facetious work of [[sophistry]], and finally by some as a combination of the two.<ref name="Humor">{{cite journal | author=Harbsmeier, Christoph| title=Humor in Ancient Chinese Philosophy| journal=[[Philosophy East and West]] | year=1989| volume=39| issue=3| pages=289–310 | doi=10.2307/1399450 | publisher=[[University of Hawaiʻi]] Press | jstor=1399450}}</ref>

==Other works== He was also responsible for several other essays ({{zh|t=論|hp=lùn|labels=no|l=discourses, dialogues}}), as short as 300 [[Chinese character|character]]s.<ref name="point">{{cite SEP |url-id=school-names/pointing.html |title=Pointing and Things}}.</ref> * "On Pointing at Things" ({{zh|t=指物論|hp=Zhǐwù Lùn|labels=no}}): An enigmatic discussion on reference and the referent, or designation and the designated. * "On Understanding Change"<ref name='semiotics'>Translated titles are from {{cite journal|last=Chang|first=Han-liang |title=Controversy over Language: Towards Pre-Qin Semiotics |journal=Tamkang Review | url=http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/~changhl/changhl/0220.pdf| year=1998 |volume=28|issue=3 |pages=1–29|location=New Taipei| publisher=[[Tamkang University]] Press}}</ref> ({{zh|t=通變論|hp=Tōngbiàn Lùn|labels=no}}) * "On Hardness and Whiteness"<ref name='semiotics'/> ({{zh|t=堅白論|hp=Jiānbái Lùn|labels=no}}): based on the example of a stone that is both hard and white. * "On Name and Substance"<ref name='semiotics'/> ({{zh|t=名實論|hp=Míngshí Lùn|labels=no}}) * "Storehouse of Traces" ({{zh|t=跡府|hp=Jifǔ|labels=no}})

==Notes== {{Reflist}}

==References== * Graham, Angus C. (1989). 'The Sharpening of Rational Debate: The Sophists.' Pp. 75–95 in Graham, ''Disputers of the Tao.'' Chicago: Open Court Press. * Liu, Jianguo (2004). ''Distinguishing and Correcting the pre-Qin Forged Classics''. Xi'an: Shaanxi People's Press. {{ISBN|7-224-05725-8}}. * Zhou, Yunzhi, [http://www.wordpedia.com/search/Content.asp?ID=56458 "Gongsun Long"]{{Dead link|date=December 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. ''[[Encyclopedia of China]]'' (Philosophy Edition), 1st ed.

===Further reading=== *{{Cite book| title= The Gongsun Longzi and Other Neglected Texts: Aligning philosophical and philological perspectives| editor1= Rafael Suter | editor2= Lisa Indraccolo | editor3= Wolfgang Behr | publisher= De Gruyter| series= Worlds of East Asia, vol. 28 | isbn=9783110585438 | date=2020| doi= 10.1515/9783110587814| hdl= 2078.1/244808 | url= https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/192030/1/9783110587814.pdf }}

==External links== * {{Gutenberg author |id=2378| name=Long Gongsun}} * {{Internet Archive author |sname=Gongsun Long |sopt=t}} * [http://ctext.org/gongsunlongzi Full text of the ''Gongsun Longzi''] at the [[Chinese Text Project]] (text in Chinese mostly; except the ''White Horse Discourse'', which has English glosses). * {{cite SEP |url-id=school-names/#6 |title=Section on Gongsun Long in article on the School of Names}}. * [http://www.ithinksearch.com/gongsunlongzi/index.php/TRADUCCION_DE_LOS_6_TRATADOS_DE_GONG_SUN_LONG_ZI_A_LENGUA_ESPA%C3%91OLA Translation of the ''Gong Sun Long Zi''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110172140/http://www.ithinksearch.com/gongsunlongzi/index.php/TRADUCCION_DE_LOS_6_TRATADOS_DE_GONG_SUN_LONG_ZI_A_LENGUA_ESPA%C3%91OLA |date=2017-11-10 }} {{in lang|es}} by Nuño Valenzuela

[[Category:320s BC births]] [[Category:250 BC deaths]] [[Category:3rd-century BC Chinese philosophers]] [[Category:Ancient linguists]] [[Category:Chinese logicians]] [[Category:People from North China]] [[Category:Philosophers of language]] [[Category:School of Names]] [[Category:Zhou dynasty essayists]] [[Category:Zhou dynasty philosophers]]