Gonbad-e Kavus

{{Short description|City in Golestan Province, Iran}} {{About||the administrative division of Golestan Province|Gonbad-e Kavus County|the 11th-century monument|Gonbad-e Qabus (tower){{!}}Gonbad-e Qabus}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Gonbad-e Kavus | official_name = | other_name = | native_name = {{langx|fa|گنبد قابوس}} | native_name_lang = fa | settlement_type = City | image_skyline = Gonbad-e Qabus tower2017.jpg | image_caption = The historical tower of Gonbad-e Qabus | image_seal = | image_map = | mapsize = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Iran | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_label_position = Location in Iran | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = Iran | subdivision_type1 = Province | subdivision_name1 = Golestan | subdivision_type2 = County | subdivision_name2 = Gonbad-e Kavus | subdivision_type3 = District | subdivision_name3 = Central | leader_title = | leader_name = | area_total_km2 = | population_as_of = 2016 |population_footnotes = <ref name="2016 Golestan Province"/> | population_total = 151910 | population_est = | population_est_as_of = | population_metro = | population_density = | timezone = IRST | utc_offset = +3:30 | coordinates = {{coord|37|14|37|N|55|09|57|E|dim:2km|display=inline,title}} |coordinates_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite map |author=((OpenStreetMap contributors)) |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/?mlat=37.243611&mlon=55.165833&zoom=14#map=14/37.24361/55.16583|website=OpenStreetMap |title=Chayboyi, Gonbad-e Qabus, دهستان فجر, بخش مرکزی [Fajr Rural District, Central District], Gonbad-e-Kavus County, Golestan Province, 49718-43381, Iran|date=17 October 2024|access-date=17 October 2024|lang=fa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Google Maps |title=65V8+C8W Gonbad-e Kavus, Golestan Province, Iran |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/37°14'37.0%22N+55°09'57.0%22E/@37.243611,55.165833,9011m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m4!3m3!8m2!3d37.243611!4d55.165833?hl=en&entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI1MTIwOS4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D |access-date=14 December 2025}}</ref> | elevation_m = | website = {{URL|http://gonbadcity.ir}} | footnotes = {{GEOnet2|32FA880A46023774E0440003BA962ED3}} }}

'''Gonbad-e Kabus''' ({{langx|fa|گنبد قابوس}}){{efn|Also romanized as '''Gonbade Kâvus''', '''Gonbæde Kavus''', '''Gonbad-e Kāvus''', '''Gonbad-e Kāvūs''', '''Gonbad-i Kāvoos''', and '''Gonbadekavoos'''; also known as '''Gonbad Qābūs''', '''Gonbad Qavoos''', '''Gunbad-i-Kāvūs''', '''Gunbad-i-Kāwās''', '''Gunbad-i-Kāwūs''', and '''Günbədkavus'''}} is a city in the Central District of Gonbad-e Kavus County, Golestan province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district.<ref name="Mazandaran Province Structure"> {{cite web |first=Hassan |last=Habibi |author-link=Hassan Habibi |orig-date={{lang|fa|rtl=yes|تاریخ تصویب}} (Approval date) 1369/06/21 (Iranian Jalali calendar) |date=12 September 1990  |script-title=fa:تصویب سازمان و سلسله تابعیت عناصر و واحدهای تقسیمات کوری استان مازندران به مرکزیت شهر ساری |trans-title=‌Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the divisions of Mazandaran province, centered in Sari city |url=https://lamtakam.com/law/council_of_ministers/113042 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114003543/https://lamtakam.com/law/council_of_ministers/113042 |archive-date=14 January 2024 |access-date=5 December 2025 |website={{lang|fa|rtl=yes|لام تا کام}} [Lam ta Kam] |publisher={{lang|fa|rtl=yes|‌وزارت کشور}} [Ministry of the Interior] |agency={{lang|fa|rtl=yes|کمیسیون سیاسی دفاعی هیأت دولت}} [Political Defense Commission of the Government Board] |language=fa |id={{lang|fa|rtl=yes|شناسه}} [ID] 6BCA9E6B-F7AD-441C-8A24-47D38564A5F5. {{lang|fa|rtl=yes|شماره دوره}} [Course number] 69, {{lang|fa|rtl=yes|شماره جلد}} [Volume number] 3.}}</ref>

The modern name is a reference to an imposing ancient tower, the Tomb of Qabus. The monument itself was assigned to the neighboring historical city of Astarabad in the 1930s by the Iranian government. The city has also been known by the name Dasht-e Gorgan,<ref>{{GEOnet3|-3064799}}</ref> meaning "the Plains of Gorgan".

In the historical times, the city's populations were made up of various Iranic peoples such as the ancient and eponymous Hyrcanians, Parthians and eventually the Khurasani Persians.{{cn|date=June 2023}}

Today, however, the population is a mix of Turkmens, Iranian Azerbaijanis,<ref>[http://golestanema.com/news/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B0%D8%A8%D9%87%20%D9%88%20%D9%85%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%B1/%D8%A2%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D9%88-%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85-%D8%A2%D8%B0%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%AF-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2 Golestannma]</ref> Sistanis, Baluch, Semnanis, and Khorasanis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gonbadcity.ir/HomePage.aspx?TabID=4670&Site=DouranPortal&Lang=fa-IR|title=شهرداری گنبد کاووس|work=gonbadcity.ir|access-date=31 August 2013|archive-date=1 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801044948/http://gonbadcity.ir/HomePage.aspx?TabID=4670&Site=DouranPortal&Lang=fa-IR|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Persians and Iranian Azeris tend to mainly follow Shia Islam while the Turkmens are mostly Sunni Muslim.

thumb|300px|Linguistic Map of Golestan province

==Demographics== ===Population=== At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 127,167 in 30,710 households.<ref name="2006 Golestan Province"> {{cite web |script-title=fa:سرشماري عمومي نفوس و مسكن 1385 : استان گلستان |trans-title=General Population and Housing Census 2006: Golestan Province |language=fa |website={{lang|fa|rtl=yes|مرکز آمار ایران}} [Statistical Centre of Iran] |url=http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/27.xls |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920085741/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/27.xls |archive-date=20 September 2011 |format=Excel |access-date=25 September 2022}}</ref> The following census in 2011 counted 144,546 people in 39,181 households.<ref name="2011 Golestan Province"> {{cite web |script-title=fa:سرشماري عمومي نفوس و مسكن 1390 : استان گلستان |trans-title=General Population and Housing Census 2011: Golestan Province |language=fa |website=Iran Data Portal—Syracuse University |url=https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Golestan.xls |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117141913/https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Golestan.xls |archive-date=17 January 2023 |agency={{lang|fa|rtl=yes|مرکز آمار ایران}} [Statistical Centre of Iran] |format=Excel |access-date=19 December 2022}}</ref> The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 151,910 people in 44,731 households.<ref name="2016 Golestan Province"> {{cite web |script-title=fa:سرشماري عمومي نفوس و مسكن 1395 : استان گلستان |trans-title=General Population and Housing Census 2016: Golestan Province |language=fa |website={{lang|fa|rtl=yes|مرکز آمار ایران}} [Statistical Centre of Iran] |url=https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_27.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329051758/https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_27.xlsx |archive-date=29 March 2019 |format=Excel |access-date=19 December 2022}}</ref>

==Historical attractions== {{See also|Great Wall of Golestan|Gonbad-e Qabus (tower)}} The "Divar-e Gorgan" (Persian for "The Great Wall of Gorgan") is a gigantic defensive wall built in the Sasanian period of Iranian history. The visible remains are about {{convert|155|km|mi|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|6|-|10|m|ft|abbr=on}} wide. It is one of the most outstanding and gigantic architectural monuments in northeast Iran and the most impressive in the Golestan Province. This wall, which is the largest defensive wall in the world after the Great Wall of China, starts from the Caspian sea coast, circles north of the city of Gonbad-e Kāvus, continues towards the northeast, and vanishes into the Pishkamar Mountains.

At certain points, the Divar is {{convert|6|m|ft|abbr=on}} wide and in other parts the width is {{convert|10|m|ft|abbr=on}}, depending on the nature of the land and the soil type. Watch towers and forts had been built at varying distances. The longest distance between forts is {{convert|50|km|mi|abbr=on}} and the shortest is {{convert|10|km|mi|abbr=on}}. The 40 identified forts vary in dimension and shape but the majority are square fortresses. Due to many difficulties in development and agricultural projects, archaeologists have been assigned to mark the boundary of the historical find by laying cement blocks.

The Divar defensive wall has also been known variously as Alexander Dam, Anushirvân Dam, Firuz Dam and Golestan's Defense Wall in various historical texts.

Dr. Kiani, who led the archaeological team in 1971, believes that the wall was built during the Parthian dynasty, simultaneously with the construction of the Great Wall of China, and that it was restored during the Sassanid era (3rd to 7th centuries AD).{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}

==Neolithic period== During the Neolithic period, this area had many populated settlements. For example, Yarim Tepe (Iran). The Jeitun culture started before 6000 BC.

==Climate== {{Weather box | width = 85% | collapsed = yes | metric first = yes | single line = yes | location = Gonbad-e Kavus (1995-2010 normals) | temperature colour = | precipitation colour = green | Jan high C =12.9 | Feb high C =14.4 | Mar high C =16.4 | Apr high C =22.4 | May high C =28.7 | Jun high C =33.6 | Jul high C =35.2 | Aug high C =36.0 | Sep high C =32.2 | Oct high C =26.8 | Nov high C =19.6 | Dec high C =15.4 | year high C = | Jan mean C =8.1 | Feb mean C =9.2 | Mar mean C =11.2 | Apr mean C =16.5 | May mean C =21.8 | Jun mean C =26.7 | Jul mean C =29.2 | Aug mean C =29.9 | Sep mean C =26.1 | Oct mean C =20.4 | Nov mean C =14.0 | Dec mean C =10.2 | year mean C = | Jan precipitation mm =49.2 | Feb precipitation mm =40.0 | Mar precipitation mm =62.9 | Apr precipitation mm =51.7 | May precipitation mm =27.5 | Jun precipitation mm =16.1 | Jul precipitation mm =21.6 | Aug precipitation mm =27.1 | Sep precipitation mm =30.0 | Oct precipitation mm =40.3 | Nov precipitation mm =48.9 | Dec precipitation mm =40.9 | year precipitation mm =

|source = Iran Meteorological Organization<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/gol/GONBADEG/5.asp |title=Form 5: AVERAGE OF MEAN DAILY TEMPERATURE IN C. Station: Gonbad Kawoos(99240) |access-date=10 March 2024 |website=Chaharmahalmet |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160217020822/http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/gol/GONBADEG/5.asp |archive-date=17 February 2016 |url-status=unfit |publisher=IRIMO |no-pp=y |type=asp}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/gol/GONBADEG/3.asp |title=Form 3: AVERAGE OF MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE IN C. Station: Gonbad Kawoos(99240) |access-date=10 March 2024 |website=Chaharmahalmet |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318090027/http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/gol/GONBADEG/3.asp |archive-date=18 March 2016 |url-status=unfit |publisher=IRIMO |no-pp=y |type=asp}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/gol/GONBADEG/25.asp |title=Form 25: MONTHLY TOTAL OF PRECIPITATION IN MM. Station: Gonbad Kawoos(99240) |access-date=10 March 2024 |website=Chaharmahalmet |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118203204/http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/gol/GONBADEG/25.asp |archive-date=18 January 2015 |url-status=unfit |publisher=IRIMO |no-pp=y |type=asp}}</ref> }}

==Natural attractions== * Aji gol Lake * Ala gol lake * Alma Gol Lake * Chehelchay Forest * Golestan Forest * Gonbad Horse Racing Center

==Colleges and universities== * Gonbad Kavous University * Islamic Azad University of Gonbad * Payamnoor University of Gonbad<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://gpnu.ac.ir/ |title=IIS7 |access-date=2019-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170615023411/http://gpnu.ac.ir/ |archive-date=2017-06-15 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Notable people == * Sardar Azmoun * Farhad Ghaemi * Parham Maghsoodloo * Magtymguly Pyragy * Shahpour Turkian * Mohsen Yeganeh

==See also== * Kay Kāvus * Decagon * Iranian Turkmen * Iranian Art Museum Garden, which includes a replica of the Gonbad-e Kavus tower.

==Notes== {{notelist}}

==References== {{Reflist}}

==External links== {{commons category-inline|Gonbad-e Kavus}} * [http://www.payvand.com/news/05/oct/1231.html Iran plans to begin preservation work on the tower.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522022227/http://www.payvand.com/news/05/oct/1231.html |date=22 May 2011 }}

Category:Populated places in Gonbad-e Kavus County

Category:Cities in Golestan province

Category:Persian words and phrases