Gnaphosa

{{Short description|Genus of spiders}} {{Automatic taxobox |fossil_range={{Fossil range|Cretaceous|present}} |image=Gnaphosa_lucifuga.jpg |image_caption=''Gnaphosa lucifuga'' |authority=Latreille, 1804<ref name=NMBE /> |taxon=Gnaphosa |type_species=''G. lucifuga'' |type_species_authority=(Walckenaer, 1802) |subdivision_ranks=Species |subdivision=148, see text |synonyms= *''Cylphosa'' Chamberlin, 1939<ref name=Ubic1973>{{cite journal|last1=Ubick|first1=D.|last2=Roth|first2=V. D.|year=1973|title=Nearctic Gnaphosidae including species from adjacent Mexican states|journal=American Arachnology|volume=9|issue=2|page=4}}</ref> *''Pterochroa'' Benoit, 1977<ref name=Murp2007>{{cite book|last=Murphy|first=J.|year=2007|title=Gnaphosid genera of the world|publisher=British Arachnological Society, St Neots, Cambridgeshire|page=8}}</ref> |synonyms_ref=<ref name=NMBE /> }}

'''''Gnaphosa''''' is a genus of ground spiders that was first described by Pierre André Latreille in 1804.<ref name=Latr1804>{{cite journal|last=Latreille|first=P. A.|year=1804|title=Tableau methodique des Insectes.|journal=Nouveau Dictionnaire d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris|pages=129–295|volume=24}}</ref> They all have a serrated keel on the retromargin of each chelicera.<ref name=bugguide>{{cite web|title=Genus Gnaphosa|publisher=BugGuide|access-date=2019-06-04|url=https://bugguide.net/node/view/189497|archive-date=2018-12-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216031528/https://bugguide.net/node/view/189497|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Species== {{as of|2019|05}} it contains 148 species:<ref name=NMBE>{{cite journal|title=Gen. Gnaphosa Latreille, 1804|website=World Spider Catalog Version 20.0|access-date=2019-06-04|year=2019|publisher=Natural History Museum Bern|url=http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/genus/935|doi=10.24436/2|last1=Gloor|first1=Daniel|last2=Nentwig|first2=Wolfgang|last3=Blick|first3=Theo|last4=Kropf|first4=Christian|archive-date=2019-06-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604035036/https://wsc.nmbe.ch/genus/935|url-status=live}}</ref> {{Div col}} *''G. aborigena'' Tyschchenko, 1965 – Kazakhstan *''G. akagiensis'' Hayashi, 1994 – Japan *''G. alacris'' Simon, 1878 – France, Italy, Croatia, Morocco *''G. alpica'' Simon, 1878 – France, Switzerland, Austria *''G. altudona'' Chamberlin, 1922 – USA *''G. antipola'' Chamberlin, 1933 – USA, Canada *''G. artaensis'' Wunderlich, 2011 – Portugal, Spain (Balearic Is.) *''G. atramentaria'' Simon, 1878 – France *''G. azerbaidzhanica'' Tuneva & Esyunin, 2003 – Azerbaijan *''G. badia'' (L. Koch, 1866) – Europe to Azerbaijan *''G. balearicola'' Strand, 1942 – Spain (Balearic Is.) *''G. banini'' Marusik & Koponen, 2001 – Russia (South Siberia), Mongolia *''G. basilicata'' Simon, 1882 – Italy *''G. belyaevi'' Ovtsharenko, Platnick & Song, 1992 – Mongolia *''G. betpaki'' Ovtsharenko, Platnick & Song, 1992 – Russia (Urals), Kazakhstan *''G. bicolor'' (Hahn, 1833) – Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to West Siberia) *''G. bithynica'' Kulczyński, 1903 – Greece (Crete), Turkey, Lebanon, Israel, Jordan, Iran *''G. borea'' Kulczyński, 1908 – Russia (Middle Siberia to Far East), North America *''G. brumalis'' Thorell, 1875 – USA, Canada *''G. californica'' Banks, 1904 – USA, Canada *''G. campanulata'' Zhang & Song, 2001 – China *''G. cantabrica'' Simon, 1914 – Spain, France *''G. caucasica'' Ovtsharenko, Platnick & Song, 1992 – Russia (Caucasus) *''G. chiapas'' Platnick & Shadab, 1975 – Mexico *''G. chihuahua'' Platnick & Shadab, 1975 – Mexico *''G. chola'' Ovtsharenko & Marusik, 1988 – Russia (Middle Siberia to Far East), Mongolia, China *''G. clara'' (Keyserling, 1887) – North America *''G. corticola'' Simon, 1914 – France *''G. cumensis'' Ponomarev, 1981 – Ukraine, Russia (Europe), Kazakhstan, Mongolia *''G. cyrenaica'' (Caporiacco, 1949) – Libya *''G. danieli'' Miller & Buchar, 1972 – Afghanistan *''G. dege'' Ovtsharenko, Platnick & Song, 1992 – Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, India, China *''G. dentata'' Platnick & Shadab, 1975 – USA *''G. deserta'' Ponomarev & Dvadnenko, 2011 – Russia (Europe) *''G. dolanskyi'' Řezáč, Růžička, Oger & Řezáčová, 2018 – South-eastern Europe, Ukraine, Russia (Europe), Turkey, Caucasus *''G. dolosa'' Herman, 1879 – Southern to Eastern Europe, Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Iran, Caucasus, Russia (Europe) to Central Asia *''G. donensis'' Ponomarev, 2015 – Russia (Europe) *''G. eskovi'' Ovtsharenko, Platnick & Song, 1992 – Kazakhstan *''G. esyunini'' Marusik, Fomichev & Omelko, 2014 – Mongolia *''G. eucalyptus'' Ghafoor & Beg, 2002 – Pakistan *''G. fagei'' Schenkel, 1963 – Kazakhstan, China *''G. fallax'' Herman, 1879 – Hungary *''G. fontinalis'' Keyserling, 1887 – USA, Mexico *''G. funerea'' (Dalmas, 1921) – St. Helena *''G. gracilior'' Kulczyński, 1901 – Russia (Middle and South Siberia to Far East), Mongolia, China *''G. haarlovi'' Denis, 1958 – Central Asia *''G. halophila'' Esyunin & Efimik, 1997 – Russia (Urals) *''G. hastata'' Fox, 1937 – China, Korea *''G. hirsutipes'' Banks, 1901 – USA, Mexico *''G. iberica'' Simon, 1878 – Spain *''G. ilika'' Ovtsharenko, Platnick & Song, 1992 – Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan *''G. inconspecta'' Simon, 1878 – Western and Central Europe, Italy, Russia (Middle Siberia to Far East), Mongolia, China, Korea *''G. jodhpurensis'' Tikader & Gajbe, 1977 – India, China *''G. jucunda'' Thorell, 1875 – Ukraine, Russia (Europe, Caucasus) *''G. kailana'' Tikader, 1966 – India *''G. kamurai'' Ovtsharenko, Platnick & Song, 1992 – Korea, Japan *''G. kankhalae'' Biswas & Roy, 2008 – India *''G. kansuensis'' Schenkel, 1936 – Russia (Far East), China, Korea *''G. ketmer'' Tuneva, 2004 – Kazakhstan *''G. khovdensis'' Marusik, Fomichev & Omelko, 2014 – Mongolia *''G. kompirensis'' Bösenberg & Strand, 1906 – Russia (Far East), China, Korea, Taiwan, Japan, Vietnam *''G. koponeni'' Marusik & Omelko, 2014 – Russia (South Siberia) *''G. kuldzha'' Ovtsharenko, Platnick & Song, 1992 – Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan *''G. kurchak'' Ovtsharenko, Platnick & Song, 1992 – Kyrgyzstan *''G. lapponum'' (L. Koch, 1866) – Europe, Russia (Europe to West Siberia) **''Gnaphosa l. inermis'' Strand, 1899 – Norway *''G. leporina'' (L. Koch, 1866) – Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to South Siberia), Central Asia, China *''G. licenti'' Schenkel, 1953 – Russia (Europe to South Siberia), Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, China, Korea *''G. limbata'' Strand, 1900 – Norway *''G. lonai'' Caporiacco, 1949 – Italy *''G. lucifuga'' (Walckenaer, 1802) (type) – Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Iran, Russia (Europe to South Siberia), Kazakhstan, China **''Gnaphosa l. minor'' Nosek, 1905 – Turkey *''G. lugubris'' (C. L. Koch, 1839) – Europe to Central Asia *''G. mandschurica'' Schenkel, 1963 – Russia (Middle and South Siberia), Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China, Nepal *''G. maritima'' Platnick & Shadab, 1975 – USA, Mexico *''G. mcheidzeae'' Mikhailov, 1998 – Georgia *''G. microps'' Holm, 1939 – North America, Europe, Turkey, Russia (Europe to Far East) *''G. modestior'' Kulczyński, 1897 – Italy, Austria, Czechia to Romania *''G. moerens'' O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1885 – China, Nepal *''G. moesta'' Thorell, 1875 – Hungary, Romania, Ukraine, Russia (Europe)? *''G. mongolica'' Simon, 1895 – Turkey, Hungary to China *''G. montana'' (L. Koch, 1866) – Europe, Turkey, Russia (Europe to South Siberia), Kazakhstan *''G. muscorum'' (L. Koch, 1866) – North America, Europe, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Far East), Kazakhstan, China, Korea **''Gnaphosa m. gaunitzi'' Tullgren, 1955 – Sweden, Russia (South Siberia) *''G. namulinensis'' Hu, 2001 – China *''G. nigerrima'' L. Koch, 1877 – Europe, Russia (Europe to Far East) *''G. nordlandica'' Strand, 1900 – Norway *''G. norvegica'' Strand, 1900 – Norway *''G. occidentalis'' Simon, 1878 – Western Europe *''G. oceanica'' Simon, 1878 – France *''G. ogeri'' Lecigne, 2018 – France *''G. oligerae'' Ovtsharenko & Platnick, 1998 – Russia (Far East) *''G. opaca'' Herman, 1879 – Europe to Central Asia *''G. orites'' Chamberlin, 1922 – North America, Northern Europe, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Far East) *''G. ovchinnikovi'' Ovtsharenko, Platnick & Song, 1992 – Kyrgyzstan *''G. pakistanica'' Ovtchinnikov, Ahmad & Inayatullah, 2008 – Pakistan *''G. parvula'' Banks, 1896 – USA, Canada *''G. pauriensis'' Tikader & Gajbe, 1977 – India *''G. pengi'' Zhang & Yin, 2001 – China *''G. perplexa'' Denis, 1958 – Afghanistan *''G. petrobia'' L. Koch, 1872 – Europe, Iran *''G. pilosa'' Savelyeva, 1972 – Kazakhstan *''G. poonaensis'' Tikader, 1973 – India *''G. porrecta'' Strand, 1900 – Norway *''G. potanini'' Simon, 1895 – Russia (South Siberia, Far East), Mongolia, China, Korea, Japan *''G. potosi'' Platnick & Shadab, 1975 – Mexico *''G. primorica'' Ovtsharenko, Platnick & Song, 1992 – Russia (Far East), Japan *''G. prosperi'' Simon, 1878 – Spain *''G. pseashcho'' Ovtsharenko, Platnick & Song, 1992 – Russia (Caucasus) *''G. pseudoleporina'' Ovtsharenko, Platnick & Song, 1992 – Russia (South Siberia) *''G. rasnitsyni'' Marusik, 1993 – Mongolia *''G. reikhardi'' Ovtsharenko, Platnick & Song, 1992 – Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan *''G. rhenana'' Müller & Schenkel, 1895 – France, Switzerland, Germany, Austria, Italy, Romania, Albania *''G. rohtakensis'' Gajbe, 1992 – India *''G. rufula'' (L. Koch, 1866) – Bulgaria,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Naumova |first1=Maria |last2=Blagoev |first2=Gergin |last3=Deltshev |first3=Christo |date=June 2021 |title=Fifty spider species new to the Bulgarian fauna, with a review of some dubious species (Arachnida: Araneae) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352293906 |format=|journal=Zootaxa |volume=4984|issue=1 |pages=228–257 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4984.1.18 |pmid=34186684 |issn=|access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref> Slovakia, Hungary, Ukraine, Russia (Europe), Kazakhstan *''G. salsa'' Platnick & Shadab, 1975 – USA, Mexico *''G. sandersi'' Gertsch & Davis, 1940 – Mexico *''G. saurica'' Ovtsharenko, Platnick & Song, 1992 – Ukraine, Caucasus, Iran, Russia (Europe) to Central Asia *''G. saxosa'' Platnick & Shadab, 1975 – USA *''G. secreta'' Simon, 1878 – France *''G. sericata'' (L. Koch, 1866) – USA to Guatemala, Cuba *''G. serzonshteini'' Fomichev & Marusik, 2017 – Mongolia *''G. similis'' Kulczyński, 1926 – Russia (Middle and South Siberia to Far East), China, Korea *''G. sinensis'' Simon, 1880 – China, Korea *''G. snohomish'' Platnick & Shadab, 1975 – USA, Canada *''G. songi'' Zhang, 2001 – China *''G. sonora'' Platnick & Shadab, 1975 – Mexico *''G. steppica'' Ovtsharenko, Platnick & Song, 1992 – Turkey, Caucasus, Ukraine, Russia (Europe to South Siberia), Kazakhstan *''G. sticta'' Kulczyński, 1908 – Scandinavia, Russia (Europe to Far East), Japan *''G. stoliczkai'' O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1885 – Mongolia, China *''G. stussineri'' Simon, 1885 – Greece *''G. synthetica'' Chamberlin, 1924 – USA, Mexico *''G. tarabaevi'' Ovtsharenko, Platnick & Song, 1992 – Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan *''G. taurica'' Thorell, 1875 – Bulgaria to China *''G. tenebrosa'' Fox, 1938 – probably Mexico *''G. tetrica'' Simon, 1878 – France, Macedonia *''G. tigrina'' Simon, 1878 – Mediterranean, Russia (Europe, South Siberia) *''G. tumd'' Tang, Song & Zhang, 2001 – China *''G. tunevae'' Marusik & Omelko, 2014 – Mongolia *''G. tuvinica'' Marusik & Logunov, 1992 – Russia (West and South Siberia), Mongolia *''G. ukrainica'' Ovtsharenko, Platnick & Song, 1992 – Ukraine, Russia (Europe to Central Asia), Iran, Turkmenistan *''G. utahana'' Banks, 1904 – USA *''G. wiehlei'' Schenkel, 1963 – Russia (South Siberia), Mongolia, China *''G. xieae'' Zhang & Yin, 2001 – China *''G. zeugitana'' Pavesi, 1880 – North Africa *''G. zhaoi'' Ovtsharenko, Platnick & Song, 1992 – China *''G. zonsteini'' Ovtsharenko, Platnick & Song, 1992 – Kyrgyzstan *''G. zyuzini'' Ovtsharenko, Platnick & Song, 1992 – Kazakhstan {{Div col end}}

==References== {{Reflist}}

==Further reading== *{{cite journal|last1=Ovcharenko|first1=V. I.|first2=N.I.|last2=Platnick|year=1998|title=Taxonomic notes on the ground spider genus Gnaphosa (Araneae, Gnaphosidae)|journal=American Museum Novitates|issue=3234|hdl=2246/3364}}

Category:Gnaphosidae genera Category:Cosmopolitan spiders Category:Gnaphosidae Category:Taxa named by Pierre André Latreille Category:Long stubs with short prose