{{Short description|Species of bacterium}} {{Speciesbox | genus = Gluconacetobacter | species = diazotrophicus | authority = (Gillis et al. 1989) Yamada et al. 1998 }}
'''''Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus''''' is a bacterium with a rod-like shape, has rounded ends and belongs to Gram-negative bacteria.<ref name="Chawla 2014">{{Cite journal |last1= Chawla |first1=Niti |last2=Phour |first2= Manisha |last3=Suneja |first3=Sunita |last4=Sangwaan |first4=Seema |last5=Goyal |first5=Sneh |date=2014-02-01 |title= Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus: An overview |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320224539 |journal= Res. Environ. Life Sci.}}</ref><ref name="Eskin 2014">{{Cite journal |last1= Eskin |first1=N. |last2=Vessey |first2=K. |last3=Tian |first3=L. |date=2014 |title= Research Progress and Perspectives of Nitrogen Fixing Bacterium, Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus, in Monocot Plants |journal= International Journal of Agronomy |volume=2014 |pages=1–13 |doi= 10.1155/2014/208383 |issn= 1687-8159|doi-access=free }}</ref> The bacterium is known for stimulating plant growth and being tolerant to acetic acid.<ref name="Chawla 2014" /><ref name="Eskin 2014" /> With one to three lateral flagella, and known to be found on sugarcane, ''Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus'' was discovered in Brazil by Vladimir A. Cavalcante and Johanna Dobereiner.<ref name="Eskin 2014" /><ref name="Cavalcante 1988">{{Cite journal |last1=Cavalcante |first1=Vladimir A. |last2= Dobereiner |first2=J. |date=1988-05-01 |title= A new acid-tolerant nitrogen-fixing bacterium associated with sugarcane |journal= Plant and Soil |volume=108 |issue=1 |pages=23–31 |doi= 10.1007/bf02370096 |s2cid=32974659 |issn= 0032-079X|url=http://ainfo.cnptia.embrapa.br/digital/bitstream/item/160852/1/new-acid-tolerant-nitrogen-fixing-bacterium-associated-with-sugarcane.pdf }}</ref>
== Characteristics == Originally found in Alagoas, Brazil, ''Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus'' is a bacterium that has several interesting features and aspects which are important to note.<ref name="Eskin 2014" /> The bacterium was first discovered by Vladimir A. Cavalcante and Johanna Dobereiner while analyzing sugarcane in Brazil.<ref name="Cavalcante 1988" /> ''Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus'' is a part of the ''Acetobacteraceae'' family and started out with the name, ''Saccharibacter nitrocaptans'', however, the bacterium is renamed as ''Acetobacter diazotrophicus'' because the bacterium is found to belong with bacteria that are able to tolerate acetic acid.<ref name="Eskin 2014" /><ref name="Cavalcante 1988" /> Again, the bacterium’s name was changed to ''Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus'' when its taxonomic position was resolved using 16s ribosomal RNA analysis.<ref name="Eskin 2014" /> In addition to being a part of the Acetobacter family, ''Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus'' belongs to the Pseudomonadota phylum, the Alphaproteobacteria class, and the Gluconacetobacter genus while being a part of the Rhodosprillales order.<ref name="Eskin 2014" /> Other nitrogen-fixing species in this same genus include Gluconacetobacter azotocaptans and Gluconacetobacter johannae<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Fuentes-Ramirez|first1=L.E.|last2=Bustillos-Cristales|first2=R.|last3=Tapia-Hernández|first3=A.|last4=Jiménez-Salgado |first4=T. |last5=Wang |first5=E.-T. |last6= Martínez-Romero |first6=E. |last7= Caballero-Mellado |first7=J. |date=2001 |title= Novel nitrogen-fixing acetic bacteria, ''Gluconacetobacter johannae'' sp. nov., and ''Gluconacetobacter azotocaptans'' sp. nov., associated with coffee plants |journal= International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages= 1305–1314 |doi= 10.1099/00207713-51-4-1305 |pmid=11491326|issn= 1466-5034|doi-access=free }}</ref> Muthukumarasamy et al., reported that this bacterium was found to be associated with sugarcane and paddy and mitigating 50 % of N requirement in sugarcane and paddy. ''Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus'' cells are shaped like rods, have ends that are circular or round, and have anyom one to three flagella that are lateral.<ref name="Chawla 2014" /><ref name="Eskin 2014" /> Based on these descriptions of the cell, ''Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus'' was first classified as a proposed new genus and species named ''Saccharobacter nitrocaptans''..<ref name="Cavalcante 1988" /> The cells be viewed as darkish brown or orange colonies under a microscope.<ref name="Chawla 2014" /> In addition, the cells are aerobic which describes their need of oxygen.<ref name="Eskin 2014" /> Because the bacterium is found on sugar cane when first discovered, as explained prior, and reacts strongly to high amounts of sugar, Gram Negative is the correct classification for ''Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus''.<ref name="Chawla 2014" /><ref name="Eskin 2014" /> In addition to sugarcane, ''G. diazotrophicus'' has been found in different plants like coffee tree and pineapple.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jimenez-Salgado|first1=T.|last2=Fuentes-Ramirez|first2=L.E.|last3=Tapia-Hernandez|first3=A.|last4=Mascarua-Esparza|first4=M.A.|last5=Caballero-Mellado|first5=J.|date=1997|title=''Coffea arabica'' L., a new host plant for ''Acetobacter diazotrophicus'', and isolation of other nitrogen-fixing acetobacteria|url= |journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology|volume=63|issue=9|pages=3676–3683|doi=10.1128/AEM.63.9.3676-3683.1997|issn=1098-5336|pmid=9293018|pmc=168673}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Tapia-Hernandez|first1=A.|last2=Bustillos-Cristales|first2=R.|last3=Jimenez-Salgado|first3=T.|last4=Caballero-Mellado|first4=J.|last5=Fuentes-Ramirez|first5=L.E.|date=2000|title=Natural endophytic occurrence of ''Acetobacter diazotrophicus'' in pineapple plants|journal=Microbial Ecology|volume=39|issue=1|pages=49–55|issn=1432-184X|doi=10.1007/s002489900190|pmid=10790517|s2cid=8635722}}</ref> ''Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus'' is also known for nitrogen fixation.<ref name="Eskin 2014" /> This feature allows the bacteria to work on nitrogen in the air in order for the correct amount of nitrogen can be received by plants.<ref name="Eskin 2014" /> ''Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus'' is a notable microbe because studies have shown that the bacteria can help tomatoes and other crops grow.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2012-10-01|title=Colonization and yield promotion of tomato by Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus|journal=Applied Soil Ecology|volume=61|pages=225–229|doi=10.1016/j.apsoil.2011.09.002|issn=0929-1393|last1=Luna|first1=María Flavia|last2=Aprea|first2=Julieta|last3=Crespo|first3=Juan Manuel|last4=Boiardi|first4=José Luis|hdl=11336/75564|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Besides to be a nitrogen-fixing bacterium, ''G. diazotrophicus'' synthesizes Indole-3-acid acetic, that could contribute to promote the growth of the associated plant.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1= Fuentes-Ramirez|first1=L.E.|last2=Abarca-Ocampo|first2=I.|last3=Jimenez-Salgado|first3=T.|last4=Caballero-Mellado|first4=J.|date=1993|title=Acetobacter diazotrophicus, an indole-acetic acid producing bacterium isolated from sugarcane cultivars of México|journal=Plant and Soil|volume=154|issue=2|pages=145–150|doi=10.1007/BF00012519|s2cid=20121110|issn=1573-5036}}</ref> This microbe fights off ''Xanthomonas albilineans'' which is a pathogen found in sugar cane.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2002-07-01|title=Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus, a sugar cane endosymbiont, produces a bacteriocin against Xanthomonas albilineans, a sugar cane pathogen|journal=Research in Microbiology|volume=153|issue=6|pages=345–351|doi=10.1016/S0923-2508(02)01336-0|issn=0923-2508|last1=Piñón|first1=Dolores|last2=Casas|first2=Mario|last3=Blanch|first3=Marı́a|last4=Fontaniella|first4=Blanca|last5=Blanco|first5=Yolanda|last6=Vicente|first6=Carlos|last7=Solas|first7=Marı́a-Teresa|last8=Legaz|first8=Marı́a-Estrella|pmid=12234008|doi-access=free}}</ref> In regard to the ecology of this microorganisms, the numbers of ''G. diazotrophicus'' that colonize sugarcane decrease when the plant is grown under high nitrogen fertilization doses. <ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Fuentes-Ramirez|first1=L.E.|last2=Caballero‐Mellado|first2=J.|last3=Sepúlveda|first3=J.|last4=Martínez‐Romero|first4=E.|date=1999|title=Colonization of sugarcane by ''Acetobacter diazotrophicus'' is inhibited by high N‐fertilization|journal=FEMS Microbiology Ecology|volume=29|issue=2|pages=117–128|doi=10.1111/j.1574-6941.1999.tb00603.x|issn=1574-6941|doi-access=free}}</ref> Overall, ''Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus'', through the research restated, plays a significant role in the environment for plants specifically sugar cane, helps to grow crops, and can be found in areas that are acidic and contain oxygen.
== Genome == The genome that was found to be closely sequenced with ''Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus'' was the Pal5 genome.<ref name="Eskin 2014" /> This genome has one circular chromosome and two plasmids.<ref name="Eskin 2014" /> The two plasmids found in the genome are pGD01 and pGD02 which contain 38,818 and 16,610 base pairs respectively.<ref name="Eskin 2014" /> The G-C content for ''Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus'' could be calculated at 66.19%.<ref name="Eskin 2014" /> The Pal5 genome was found to have 583 proteins that can be used to depict the possible “metabolic pathways” in ''Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus''.<ref name="Eskin 2014" /> The bacterium has been studied to move from different crops and also helpful in growing corn.<ref name="Chawla 2014" /> Because they create phytohormones, ''Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus'' has proven to stimulate other plant’s growth.<ref name="Chawla 2014" />
== References == {{Reflist}}
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Category:Rhodospirillales Category:Gram-negative bacteria