World energy supply and consumption

{{Short description|Global production and usage of energy}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}} [[File:Global Energy Consumption.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|right|Global energy consumption, measured in [[exajoules]] per year: Coal, oil, and natural gas remain the primary global energy sources even as [[Renewable energy|renewables]] have begun rapidly increasing.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Jackson RB, etal |title=Global fossil carbon emissions rebound near pre-COVID-19 levels |journal=Environmental Research Letters |volume=17 |issue=3 |date=2022 |page=031001 |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/ac55b6 |arxiv=2111.02222 |bibcode=2022ERL....17c1001J |s2cid=241035429 |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ac55b6/meta |access-date=22 May 2022}}</ref>]] [[File:World energy mix.svg|thumb|305px|right|Primary energy consumption by source (worldwide) from 1965 to 2020<ref>{{Cite web |title=Energy consumption by source |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/energy-consumption-by-source-and-country |access-date=2024-01-12 |website=Our World in Data}}</ref>]] '''World energy supply and consumption''' refers to the global supply of [[World energy resources|energy resources]] and the [[Energy consumption|consumption]] of the latter. The system of global energy supply consists of the [[energy development|development]], [[Refineries|refinement]], and trade of energy. Energy supplies may exist in various forms such as ''raw resources'' or ''more processed and refined'' forms of energy. The raw energy resources include for example [[coal]], [[Oil and gas|unprocessed oil and gas]], [[uranium]]. In comparison, the refined forms of energy include for example [[Oil refinery|refined oil]] that can be used as [[fuels|fuel]] or to generate [[Electric energy consumption|electricity]]. Energy resources may be used in various different ways, depending on the specific resource (e.g. coal), and intended end use (industrial, residential, etc.). Energy production and consumption play a significant role in the [[economy|global economy]]. It is needed in industry and global [[transportation]]. The total energy supply chain, from production to final consumption, involves many activities that cause a loss of [[useful energy]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Energy definitions |work=Our World in Data |date=4 April 2022 |url=https://ourworldindata.org/energy-definitions |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705105959/https://ourworldindata.org/energy-definitions |archive-date=5 July 2023 |access-date=16 August 2023 |last1=Ritchie |first1=Hannah }}</ref>

Total energy consumption tends to increase by about 1–2% per year.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ritchie |first1=Hannah |author1-link=Hannah Ritchie |last2=Roser |first2=Max |author2-link=Max Roser |last3=Rosado |first3=Pablo |date=2020-11-28 |title=Energy |url=https://ourworldindata.org/energy-production-consumption |url-status=live |journal=Our World in Data |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416154923/https://ourworldindata.org/energy-production-consumption |archive-date=16 April 2023 |access-date=16 September 2022 |quote=Global energy consumption continues to grow, but it does seem to be slowing – averaging around 1% to 2% per year.}}</ref> As of 2022, 80% of energy consumption is derived from fossil fuels.<ref name="Enerdata">{{cite web |date= |title=World Energy Statistics | Enerdata |url=https://yearbook.enerdata.net/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220823190734/https://yearbook.enerdata.net/ |archive-date=23 August 2022 |accessdate=2022-08-26 |publisher=Yearbook.enerdata.net}}</ref> More recently, [[renewable energy]] has been growing rapidly, averaging about a 20% increase per year in the 2010s.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-03-31 |title=Global wind and solar growth on track to meet climate targets |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/sustainable-business/global-wind-solar-growth-track-meet-climate-targets-2022-03-30/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416154921/https://www.reuters.com/business/sustainable-business/global-wind-solar-growth-track-meet-climate-targets-2022-03-30/ |archive-date=16 April 2023 |access-date=2022-09-16 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-29 |title=Global Electricity Review 2022 |url=https://ember-climate.org/insights/research/global-electricity-review-2022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402070913/https://ember-climate.org/insights/research/global-electricity-review-2022/ |archive-date=2 April 2022 |access-date=2022-09-16 |website=Ember |language=en-US}}</ref>

Two key problems with energy production and consumption are [[greenhouse gas emissions]] and [[Pollution|environmental pollution]]. Of the approximately 50 billion tonnes of worldwide annual greenhouse gas emissions,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ritchie |first1=Hannah |last2=Roser |first2=Max |last3=Rosado |first3=Pablo |date=2020-05-11 |title=CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions |url=https://ourworldindata.org/greenhouse-gas-emissions |url-status=live |journal=Our World in Data |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803102846/https://ourworldindata.org/greenhouse-gas-emissions |archive-date=3 August 2020 |access-date=5 September 2022}}</ref> 36 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide was a result of energy use (almost all from fossil fuels) in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global CO2 emissions rebounded to their highest level in history in 2021 - News |url=https://www.iea.org/news/global-co2-emissions-rebounded-to-their-highest-level-in-history-in-2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815175132/https://www.iea.org/news/global-co2-emissions-rebounded-to-their-highest-level-in-history-in-2021 |archive-date=15 August 2022 |access-date=2022-09-05 |website=IEA |date=8 March 2022 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Many scenarios have been envisioned to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, usually by the name of [[net zero|net zero emissions]].

There is a clear connection between energy consumption per capita, and GDP per capita. As such, richer and more industrialized countries consume significantly more energy per person when compared to lower-income countries.<ref> {{cite journal | url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/energy-use-per-person-vs-gdp-per-capita | title=Energy use per person vs. GDP per capita, 2021 | journal=Our World in Data}} </ref>

The [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf|Gulf States]] and [[Russia]] are major energy exporters, due to their large petroleum and natural gas reserves. Their customers include the [[European Union]] and [[China]].

A significant lack of energy supplies is called an [[energy crisis]].

== Primary energy production == {{Further|List of countries by electricity production|List of countries by renewable electricity production|Nuclear power by country|List of countries by oil production|List of countries by natural gas production|List of countries by coal production}} {{Wikipedia:Latest world total primary energy consumption by type}}

[[File:Energy use per person.svg|thumb|305px|right|World map with primary energy use per person in 2021<ref>“Data Page: Primary energy consumption per capita”, part of the following publication: Hannah Ritchie, Pablo Rosado and Max Roser (2023) - “Energy”. Data adapted from U.S. Energy Information Administration, Energy Institute, Various sources. Retrieved from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/per-capita-energy-use [online resource]</ref>]]

[[Primary energy]] refers to the first form of energy encountered, as raw resources collected directly from energy production, before any conversion or transformation of the energy occurs.

Energy production is usually classified as:

Primary energy assessment by IEA follows certain rules<ref group="note">IEA Primary energy assessment:

*Fossil: based on [[lower heating value]]. *Nuclear: heat produced by nuclear reactions, 3 times the electric energy, based on 33% efficiency of [[Nuclear power plant|nuclear plants]]. *Renewable: **Biomass based on lower heating value. **Electric energy produced by [[hydropower]], [[Wind turbine|wind turbines]] and [[Solar panel|solar panels]]. **[[Geothermal power]] is set at more than 10 times the electric energy due to the very low efficiency of these plants. See [https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/dbc69ca6-bbbe-4fde-8cfa-81e4abe02b8b/statistics_manual.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611075207/https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/dbc69ca6-bbbe-4fde-8cfa-81e4abe02b8b/statistics_manual.pdf|date=11 June 2021}}, chapter 7</ref> to ease measurement of different kinds of energy. These rules are controversial. Water and air flow energy that drives hydro and wind turbines, and sunlight that powers solar panels, are not taken as PE, which is set at the electric energy produced. But fossil and nuclear energy are set at the reaction heat, which is about three times the electric energy. This measurement difference can lead to underestimating the economic contribution of renewable energy.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sauar|first1=Erik|title=IEA underreports contribution solar and wind by a factor of three compared to fossil fuels|url=http://energypost.eu/iea-underreports-contribution-solar-wind-factor-three-compared-fossil-fuels/|website=energypost.eu|date=31 August 2017|publisher=Energy Post|access-date=22 April 2018|archive-date=22 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422202221/http://energypost.eu/iea-underreports-contribution-solar-wind-factor-three-compared-fossil-fuels/|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

Enerdata displays data for "Total energy / production: Coal, Oil, Gas, Biomass, Heat and Electricity" and for "Renewables / % in electricity production: Renewables, non-renewables".<ref name="Enerdata" />

The table lists worldwide PE and the countries producing most (76%) of that in 2021, using Enerdata. The amounts are rounded and given in million tonnes of oil equivalent per year (1 Mtoe = 11.63 TWh (41.9 [[Joule#Multiples|petajoules]]), where 1 TWh = 109 kWh) and % of Total. Renewable is Biomass plus Heat plus renewable percentage of Electricity production (hydro, wind, solar). Nuclear is nonrenewable percentage of Electricity production. The above-mentioned underestimation of hydro, wind and solar energy, compared to nuclear and fossil energy, applies also to Enerdata.

The 2021 world total energy production of 14,800 MToe corresponds to a little over 172 PWh / year, or about 19.6 TW of power generation.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right" |+ Largest primary energy producers (76% of world production) as of 2021, given in million tonnes of oil equivalent per year ! !! Total (MToe) !! Coal !! Oil & gas !! Renewable !! Nuclear |- | '''China'''|| 2,950 || 71% || 13% || 10% || 6% |- | '''United States'''|| 2,210 || 13% || 69% || 8% || 10% |- | '''Russia'''|| 1,516 || 16% || 78% || 2% || 4% |- | '''Saudi Arabia'''|| 610 || 0 || 100% || 0 || 0 |- | '''Iran'''|| 354 || 0 || 99% || 0 || 1% |- | '''United Arab Emirates'''|| 218 || 0 || 99% || 0 || 1% |- | '''India'''|| 615 || 50% || 11% || 33% || 6% |- | '''Canada'''|| 536 || 5% || 81% || 10% || 4% |- | '''Indonesia'''|| 451 || 69% || 17% || 14% || 0 |- | '''Australia'''|| 423 || 64% || 33% || 3% || 0 |- | '''Brazil'''|| 325 || 1% || 55% || 42% || 2% |- | '''Nigeria'''|| 249 || 0 || 47% || 53% || 0 |- | '''Algeria'''|| 150 || 0 || 100% || 0 || 0 |- | '''South Africa'''|| 151 || 91% || 1% || 8% || 0 |- | '''Norway'''|| 214 || 0 || 93% || 7% || 0 |- | '''France'''|| 128 || 0 || 1% || 34% || 65% |- | '''Germany'''|| 102 || 27% || 3% || 47% || 23% |- ! World || 14800 || 27% || 53% || 13% || 7% |}

== Energy conversion == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:20%; float:right;" ! Nation|| Export minus Import in 2021 (MToe)<ref name=":1">{{cite web | url=https://yearbook.enerdata.net/total-energy/world-import-export-statistics.html | title=Balance of world energy trade | Global Energy Trading | Enerdata | access-date=27 August 2022 | archive-date=13 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063554/https://yearbook.enerdata.net/total-energy/world-import-export-statistics.html | url-status=live }}</ref> |- | Russia || align="right" | 682 |- | Saudi Arabia || align="right" | 388 |- | Australia || style="text-align:right;" | 296 |- | Canada || align="right" | 245 |- | Indonesia || align="right" | 226 |- | Norway || align="right" | 185 |- | Italy || align="right" | -114 |- | Turkey || align="right" | -118 |- | Germany || align="right" | -187 |- | South Korea || align="right" | -239 |- | India || align="right" | -323 |- | Japan || align="right" | -357 |- | China || align="right" | -803 |}

[[File:Different energy forms (PES).png|thumb|left|Primary energy sources are transformed by the energy sector to generate energy carriers.]]

Energy resources must be processed in order to make them suitable for final consumption. For example, there may be various impurities in raw coal mined or raw natural gas that was produced from an oil well that may make it unsuitable to be burned in a power plant.

Primary energy is converted in many ways to [[Energy carrier|energy carriers]], also known as secondary energy:<ref>Encyclopaedia Britannica, vol.18, Energy Conversion, 15th ed., 1992</ref> * Coal mainly goes to [[thermal power station]]s. [[Coke (fuel)|Coke]] is derived by destructive distillation of bituminous coal. * Crude oil goes mainly to [[oil refineries]] * Natural-gas goes to [[natural-gas processing]] plants to remove contaminants such as water, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide, and to adjust the heating value. It is used as fuel gas, also in thermal power stations. * Nuclear reaction heat is used in thermal power stations. * [[Biomass]] is used directly or converted to [[biofuel]].

Electricity [[Electricity generation|generators]] are driven by [[Steam turbine|steam]] or [[gas turbine]]s in a [[thermal plant]], or [[water turbine]]s in a [[hydropower]] station, or [[wind turbine]]s, usually in a [[wind farm]]. The invention of the [[solar cell]] in 1954 started electricity generation by solar panels, connected to a [[power inverter]]. Mass production of panels around the year 2000 made this economic.

== Energy trade == {{Further|Energy trading}} Much primary and converted energy is traded among countries. The table lists countries with large difference of export and import in 2021, expressed in Mtoe. A negative value indicates that much energy import is needed for the economy.<ref name=":1" /> Russian gas exports were reduced a lot in 2022,<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Attinasi |first1=Maria Grazia |last2=Doleschel |first2=Julia |last3=Gerinovics |first3=Rinalds |last4=Gunnella |first4=Vanessa |last5=Mancini |first5=Michele |date=2022-08-04 |title=Trade flows with Russia since the start of its invasion of Ukraine |url=https://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/economic-bulletin/focus/2022/html/ecb.ebbox202205_01~9a64e27f6f.en.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829121449/https://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/economic-bulletin/focus/2022/html/ecb.ebbox202205_01~9a64e27f6f.en.html |archive-date=29 August 2022 |access-date=29 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref> as pipelines to Asia plus LNG export capacity is much less than [[2022 Russia–European Union gas dispute|the gas no longer sent to Europe]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tsafos |first1=Nikos |date=4 May 2022 |title=Can Russia Execute a Gas Pivot to Asia? |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/can-russia-execute-gas-pivot-asia |url-status=live |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829121445/https://www.csis.org/analysis/can-russia-execute-gas-pivot-asia |archive-date=29 August 2022 |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=www.csis.org}}</ref>

Transport of energy carriers is done by [[tanker ship]], [[tank truck]], [[LNG carrier]], [[rail freight transport]], [[Pipeline transport|pipeline]] and by [[electric power transmission]]. == Total energy supply ==

{{Pie chart | thumb = right | caption = Total energy supply by fuel in 2024 in exajoules (EI, 2025)<ref name="EI-Statistical-review-2025">{{cite web|url=https://www.energyinst.org/statistical-review|title=Statistical Review of World Energy|date=8 July 2025|pages=14|publisher=[[Energy Institute]]|access-date=5 February 2026|url-status=live}}</ref> (energy sources in the chart are ordered according to their carbon intensity) | label1 = Coal | value1 = 165.06 | color1 = #313c42 | label2 = Oil | value2 = 199.05 | color2 = #7C6250 | label3 = Natural gas | value3 = 148.60 | color3 = #ef8e39 | label4 = Nuclear | value4 = 30.74 | color4 = #de2821 | label5 = Hydro | value5 = 16.03 | color5 = #005CE6 | label6 = Renewables | value6 = 32.74 | color6 = #00CC4B }}

''Total energy supply'' (TES) indicates the sum of production and imports subtracting exports and storage changes.<ref>{{cite web |date=2018 |title=International recommendations for energy statistics (IRES) |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/energystats/methodology/documents/IRES-web.pdf |access-date=2022-03-17 |website=UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs |page=105 |archive-date=11 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611100028/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/energystats/methodology/documents/IRES-web.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> For the whole world TES nearly equals primary energy (PE) because imports and exports cancel out, but for countries TES and PE differ in quantity, and also in quality as secondary energy is involved, e.g., import of an oil refinery product. TES is all energy required to supply energy for end users.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="float:right;" |+ Total energy supply and primary energy (in Mtoe) ! || TES || PE |- | China || 3,650 || 2,950 |- | India || 927 || 615 |- | Russia || 811 || 1,516 |- | Japan || 400 || 52 |- | South Korea || 298 || 151 |- | Canada || 289 || 536 |- | Germany || 286 || 102 |- | Saudi Arabia || 219 || 610 |}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="float:right;" |+ World TES history (in million tons of oil equivalent) ! Year || TES |- | 1990 || 8,700 |- | 2000 || 9,900 |- | 2010 || 12,600 |- | 2019 || 14,400 |- | 2020 || 13,800 |- | 2021 || 14,500 |}

The tables list TES and PE for some countries where these differ much, both in 2021 and TES history. Most growth of TES since 1990 occurred in Asia. The amounts are rounded and given in Mtoe. Enerdata labels TES as Total energy consumption.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://yearbook.enerdata.net/total-energy/world-consumption-statistics.html | title=World Energy Consumption Statistics | Enerdata | access-date=31 August 2022 | archive-date=31 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831091655/https://yearbook.enerdata.net/total-energy/world-consumption-statistics.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

25% of worldwide primary production is used for conversion and transport, and 6% for non-energy products like lubricants, asphalt and [[petrochemicals]].<ref name="balances" /> In 2019 TES was 606 EJ and final consumption was 418 EJ, 69% of TES.<ref>[https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/52f66a88-0b63-4ad2-94a5-29d36e864b82/KeyWorldEnergyStatistics2021.pdf Key world energy statistics 2021] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706003352/https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/52f66a88-0b63-4ad2-94a5-29d36e864b82/KeyWorldEnergyStatistics2021.pdf |date=6 July 2022 }} p.6,34</ref> Most of the energy lost by conversion occurs in thermal electricity plants and the energy industry own use.

=== Discussion about energy loss === {{Wikipedia:Latest_world_total_primary_energy_consumption_by_type_using_substitution}} {{Further|Energy quality|Fuel cell#Theoretical maximum efficiency}} There are different [[Energy quality|qualities of energy]]. Heat, especially at a relatively low temperature, is low-quality energy of random motion, whereas electricity is high-quality energy that flows smoothly through wires. It takes around 3 kWh of heat to produce 1 kWh of electricity. But by the same token, a kilowatt-hour of this high-quality electricity can be used to pump several kilowatt-hours of heat into a building using a heat pump. It turns out that the loss of useful energy incurred in thermal electricity plants is very much more than the loss due to, say, resistance in power lines, because of quality differences. Electricity can also be used in many ways in which heat cannot.

In fact, the loss in thermal plants is due to poor conversion of chemical energy of fuel to motion by combustion. Otherwise chemical energy of fuel is not inherently low-quality; for example, conversion of chemical energy to electricity in batteries can approach 100%. So energy loss in thermal plants is real loss.

One way to account for this difference and to compare them is via the substitution method. High quality energy is measured according to the amount of low-quality energy that would be needed to produce it.

== Final consumption ==

{{Pie chart | thumb = right | caption = World total final consumption of 9,717 [[Tonne of oil equivalent|Mtoe]] by region in 2017 (IEA, 2019)<ref name="IEA-Report-keyworld-2019">{{cite web|url=https://webstore.iea.org/key-world-energy-statistics-2019|title=Key World Energy Statistics 2019|date=26 September 2019|pages=6, 36|publisher=International Energy Agency|access-date=7 December 2019|archive-date=31 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231135655/https://webstore.iea.org/key-world-energy-statistics-2019|url-status=live}}</ref> | other = | label1 = [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]] | value1 = 38.2 | color1 = #66CCFF | label2 = Middle East | value2 = 5.1 | color2 = #FFFF57 | label3 = Non-OECD Eurasia | value3 = 7.5 | color3 = #009a39 | label4 = China | value4 = 20.6 | color4 = #de2821 | label5 = Rest of Asia | value5 = 13.5 | color5 = pink | label6 = Non-OECD Americas | value6 = 4.8 | color6 = #211873 | label7 = Africa | value7 = 6.1 | color7 = #ef8e39 | label8 = International aviation and marine bunkers | value8 = 4.2 | color8 = #313c42 }}

''Total final consumption'' (TFC) is the worldwide consumption of energy by end-users (whereas primary energy consumption (Eurostat)<ref>{{cite web|title=Energy consumption in 2018|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/10341545/8-04022020-BP-EN.pdf|url-status=live|website=Eurostat|access-date=10 June 2021|archive-date=10 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610170520/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/10341545/8-04022020-BP-EN.pdf}}</ref> or total energy supply (IEA) is total energy demand and thus also includes what the energy sector uses itself and transformation and distribution losses). This energy consists of fuel (78%) and electricity (22%). The tables list amounts, expressed in million tonnes of oil equivalent per year (1 Mtoe = 11.63 TWh) and how much of these is renewable energy. Non-energy products are not considered here. The data are of 2018.<ref name="balances">[https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tables?country=WORLD&energy=Balances&year=2018 Data and Statistics.] 2018. International Energy Agency. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806060631/https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tables?country=WORLD&energy=Balances&year=2018|date=6 August 2021}}</ref><ref name="Data tables – Data & Statistics">{{cite web|url=https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tables?country=WORLD&energy=Electricity&year=2018|title=Data tables – Data & Statistics|access-date=8 June 2021|archive-date=3 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203224853/https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tables?country=WORLD&energy=Electricity&year=2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The world's renewable share of TFC was 18% in 2018: 7% traditional biomass, 3.6% hydropower and 7.4% other renewables.<ref>[https://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/gsr_2020_full_report_en.pdf GSR 2020 report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923065621/https://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/gsr_2020_full_report_en.pdf|date=23 September 2020}} Fig.1 p.32</ref>

In the period 2005–2017 worldwide final consumption of coal increased by 23%, of oil and gas increased by 18%, and that of electricity increased by 41%.<ref name="balances" />

Fuel comes in three types: Fossil fuel is natural gas, fuel derived from petroleum (LPG, gasoline, kerosene, gas/diesel, fuel oil), or from coal (anthracite, bituminous coal, coke, [[blast furnace gas]]). Secondly, there is renewable fuel ([[biofuel]] and fuel derived from waste). And lastly, the fuel used for [[district heating]].

The amounts of fuel in the tables are based on [[lower heating value]].

The first table lists final consumption in the countries/regions which use most (85%), and per person as of 2018. In developing countries fuel consumption per person is low and more renewable.<ref>{{cite web |title=Renewable energy consumption (% of total final energy consumption) | Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.FEC.RNEW.ZS?end=2019&start=2019&view=map}}</ref> Canada, Venezuela and Brazil generate most electricity with hydropower.

{| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Final consumption in most using countries and per person (as of 2018)<ref name="balances" /><ref name="Data tables – Data & Statistics" /> ! !! Fuel Mtoe !! of which renewable !! Electricity Mtoe !! of which renewable !! TFC pp toe |- | '''China''' || 1,436 || 6% || 555 || 30% || 1.4 |- | '''United States''' || 1,106 || 8% || 339 || 19% || 4.4 |- | Europe || 982 || 11% || 309 || 39% || 2.5 |- | Africa || 531 || 58% || 57 || 23% || 0.5 |- | '''India''' || 487 || 32% || 104 || 25% || 0.4 |- | '''Russia''' || 369 || 1% || 65 || 26% || 3.0 |- | '''Japan''' || 201 || 3% || 81 || 19% || 2.2 |- | '''Brazil''' || 166 || 38% || 45 || 78% || 1.0 |- | '''Indonesia''' || 126 || 21% || 22 || 14% || 0.6 |- | '''Canada''' || 139 || 8% || 45 || 83% || 5.0 |- | '''Iran''' || 147 || 0% || 22 || 6% || 2.1 |- | '''Mexico''' || 95 || 7% || 25 || 18% || 1.0 |- | '''South Korea''' || 85 || 5% || 46 || 5% || 2.6 |- | '''Australia''' || 60 || 7% || 18 || 21% || 3.2 |- | '''Argentina''' || 42 || 7% || 11 || 27% || 1.2 |- | '''Venezuela''' || 20 || 3% || 6 || 88% || 0.9 |- ! World || 7,050 || 14% || 1,970 || 30% || 1.2 |}

The next table shows countries consuming most (85%) in Europe.

{| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Countries consuming most (85%) in Europe as of 2018 ! Country !! Fuel Mtoe !! of which renewable !! Electricity Mtoe !! of which renewable |- | Germany || 156 || 10% || 45 || 46% |- | France || 100 || 12% || 38 || 21% |- | United Kingdom || 95 || 5% || 26 || 40% |- | Italy || 87 || 9% || 25 || 39% |- | Spain || 60 || 10% || 21 || 43% |- | Poland || 58 || 12% || 12 || 16% |- | Ukraine || 38 || 5% || 10 || 12% |- | Netherlands || 36 || 4% || 9 || 16% |- | Belgium || 26 || 8% || 7 || 23% |- | Sweden || 20 || 35% || 11 || 72% |- | Austria || 20 || 19% || 5 || 86% |- | Romania || 19 || 20% || 4 || 57% |- | Finland || 18 || 34% || 7 || 39% |- | Portugal || 11 || 20% || 4 || 67% |- | Denmark || 11 || 15% || 3 || 71% |- | Norway || 8 || 16% || 10 || 100% |} === Energy for energy === {{main|Energy return on investment}}

Some fuel and electricity is used to construct, maintain and demolish/recycle installations that produce fuel and electricity, such as [[oil platform]]s, uranium [[isotope separator]]s and wind turbines. For these producers to be economical the ''ratio of energy returned on energy invested'' (EROEI) or ''energy return on investment'' (EROI) should be large enough.

If the final energy delivered for consumption is E and the EROI equals R, then the net energy available is E-E/R. The percentage available energy is 100-100/R. For R>10 more than 90% is available but for R=2 only 50% and for R=1 none. This steep decline is known as the ''net energy cliff''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.resilience.org/stories/2017-05-08/is-there-such-a-thing-as-a-net-energy-cliff/ | title=Is There Such a Thing as a "Net Energy Cliff?" | date=8 May 2017 | access-date=20 September 2022 | archive-date=20 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172423/https://www.resilience.org/stories/2017-05-08/is-there-such-a-thing-as-a-net-energy-cliff/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

== Availability of data == Many countries publish statistics on the energy supply and consumption of either their own country, of other countries of interest, or of all countries combined in one chart. One of the largest organizations in this field, the [[International Energy Agency]] (IEA), sells yearly comprehensive energy data which makes this data [[paywall]]ed and [[International Energy Agency#Restricting access to data|difficult to access for internet users]].<ref name="balances" /> The organization Enerdata on the other hand publishes a free Yearbook, making the data more accessible.<ref name="Enerdata" /> Another trustworthy organization that provides accurate energy data, mainly referring to the USA, is the [[U.S. Energy Information Administration]].

== Trends and outlook == {{Climate change mitigation}}

Due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], there was a significant decline in energy usage worldwide in 2020, but total energy demand worldwide had recovered by 2021, and has hit a record high in 2022.<ref> {{cite journal |title=Global primary energy consumption by source |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/global-energy-substitution?time=2004..latest |journal=Our World in Data}} </ref>

In 2022, consumers worldwide spent nearly USD 10 trillion on energy, averaging more than USD 1,200 per person. This reflects a 20% increase over the previous five-year average, highlighting the significant economic impact and the increasing financial burden of energy consumption on a global scale.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International Energy Agency |first=IEA |date=May 2024 |title=Strategies for Affordable and Fair Clean Energy Transitions |url=https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/d3a68a4e-7f55-4c6a-8f4f-ce2e55475701/StrategiesforAffordableandFairCleanEnergyTransitions.pdf |access-date=30 May 2024 |website=www.iea.org}}</ref>{{Rp|page=13}}

=== IEA scenarios ===

In World Energy Outlook 2023 the IEA notes that "We are on track to see all fossil fuels peak before 2030"''.''<ref name="WEO23">https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2023 Download pdf</ref>{{Rp|18}} The IEA presents three scenarios:<ref name="WEO23" />{{Rp|17}}

# The ''Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS)'' provides an outlook based on the latest policy settings. The share of fossil fuel in global energy supply – stuck for decades around 80% – starts to edge downwards and reaches 73% by 2030.<ref name="WEO23" />{{Rp|18}} This undercuts the rationale for any increase in fossil fuel investment.<ref name="WEO23" />{{Rp|19}} Renewables are set to contribute 80% of new power capacity to 2030, with solar PV alone accounting for more than half.<ref name="WEO23" />{{Rp|20}} The STEPS sees a peak in energy-related CO2 emissions in the mid-2020s but emissions remain high enough to push up global average temperatures to around 2.4 °C in 2100.<ref name="WEO23" />{{Rp|22}} Total energy demand continues to increase through to 2050.<ref name="WEO23" />{{Rp|23}} Total energy investment remains at about US$3 trillion per year.<ref name="WEO23" />{{Rp|49}} # The ''Announced Pledges Scenario (APS)'' assumes all national energy and climate targets made by governments are met in full and on time. The APS is associated with a temperature rise of 1.7 °C in 2100 (with a 50% probability).<ref name="WEO23" />{{Rp|92}} Total energy investment rises to about US$4 trillion per year after 2030.<ref name="WEO23" />{{Rp|49}} # The ''Net Zero Emissions by 2050 (NZE) Scenario'' limits global warming to 1.5 °C.<ref name="WEO23" />{{Rp|17}} The share of fossil fuel reaches 62% in 2030.<ref name="WEO23" />{{Rp|101}} Methane emissions from fossil fuel supply cuts by 75% in 2030.<ref name="WEO23" />{{Rp|45}} Total energy investment rises to almost US$5 trillion per year after 2030.<ref name="WEO23" />{{Rp|49}} Clean energy investment needs to rise everywhere, but the steepest increases are needed in emerging market and developing economies other than China, requiring enhanced international support.<ref name="WEO23" />{{Rp|46}} The share of electricity in final consumption exceeds 50% by 2050 in NZE. The share of nuclear power in electricity generation remains broadly stable over time in all scenarios, about 9%.<ref name="WEO23" />{{Rp|106}} The IEA's "Electricity 2024" report details a 2.2% growth in global electricity demand for 2023, forecasting an annual increase of 3.4% through 2026, with notable contributions from emerging economies like [[China]] and [[India]], despite a slump in advanced economies due to economic and inflationary pressures.<ref name=":0" /> The report underscores the significant impact of [[Data center|data centers]], [[artificial intelligence]] and [[cryptocurrency]], projecting a potential doubling of electricity consumption to 1,000 TWh by 2026, which is on par with [[Japan|Japan's]] current usage.<ref name=":0" /> Notably, 85% of the additional demand is expected to originate from China and India, with India's demand alone predicted to grow over 6% annually until 2026, driven by economic expansion and increasing air conditioning use.<ref name=":0" />

[[Southeast Asia|Southeast Asia's]] electricity demand is also forecasted to climb by 5% annually through 2026. In the [[United States]], a decrease was seen in 2023, but a moderate rise is anticipated in the coming years, largely fueled by data centers. The report also anticipates that a surge in electricity generation from low-emissions sources will meet the global demand growth over the next three years, with renewable energy sources predicted to surpass coal by early 2025.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-01-24 |title=Electricity 2024 – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/electricity-2024 |access-date=2024-04-08 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]</ref>

=== Alternative scenarios === The goal set in the [[Paris Agreement]] to [[Climate change mitigation|limit climate change]] will be difficult to achieve.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Truth Behind the Climate Pledges – FEU-US |url=https://feu-us.org/our-work/behind-the-climate-pledges/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821183405/https://feu-us.org/our-work/behind-the-climate-pledges/ |archive-date=21 August 2022 |access-date=1 September 2022}}</ref> Various scenarios for achieving the Paris Climate Agreement Goals have been developed, using IEA data but proposing transition to nearly 100% renewables by mid-century, along with steps such as reforestation. Nuclear power and carbon capture are excluded in these scenarios.<ref name="Teske">{{Cite book |url=https://www.springer.com/us/book/9783030058425 |title=Achieving the Paris Climate Agreement Goals: Global and Regional 100% Renewable Energy Scenarios with Non-energy GHG Pathways for +1.5°C and +2°C |date=2019 |publisher=Springer International Publishing |isbn=9783030058425 |editor-last=Teske |editor-first=Sven |page=3 |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-05843-2 |access-date=8 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415092130/https://www.springer.com/us/book/9783030058425 |archive-date=15 April 2021 |url-status=live |s2cid=198078901}}</ref> The researchers say the costs will be far less than the $5 trillion per year governments currently spend subsidizing the fossil fuel industries responsible for climate change.<ref name="Teske" />{{rp|ix}}

In the ''+2.0 C (global warming) Scenario'' total primary energy demand in 2040 can be 450 EJ = 10,755 Mtoe, or 400 EJ = 9560 Mtoe in the ''+1.5 Scenario'', well below the current production. Renewable sources can increase their share to 300 EJ in the ''+2.0 C Scenario'' or 330 EJ in the ''+1.5 Scenario'' in 2040. In 2050 renewables can cover nearly all energy demand. Non-energy consumption will still include fossil fuels.<ref name="Teske" />{{rp|xxvii Fig. 5}}

Global electricity generation from renewable energy sources will reach 88% by 2040 and 100% by 2050 in the alternative scenarios. "New" renewables—mainly wind, solar and geothermal energy—will contribute 83% of the total electricity generated.<ref name="Teske" />{{rp|xxiv}} The average annual investment required between 2015 and 2050, including costs for additional power plants to produce hydrogen and synthetic fuels and for plant replacement, will be around $1.4 trillion.<ref name="Teske" />{{rp|182}}

Shifts from domestic aviation to rail and from road to rail are needed. Passenger car use must decrease in the [[OECD]] countries (but increase in developing world regions) after 2020. The passenger car use decline will be partly compensated by strong increase in public transport rail and bus systems.<ref name="Teske" />{{rp|xxii Fig.4}}

CO2 emission can reduce from 32 Gt in 2015 to 7 Gt (+2.0 Scenario) or 2.7 Gt (+1.5 Scenario) in 2040, and to zero in 2050.<ref name="Teske" />{{rp|xxviii}}

== See also == {{Portal|Energy}} * {{annotated link|Electric energy consumption}} * {{annotated link|Energy demand management}} * {{annotated link|Energy intensity}} * {{annotated link|Energy policy}} * {{annotated link|Sustainable energy}} * {{annotated link|World Energy Outlook}} * {{annotated link|World energy resources}}

;Lists * [[List of countries by energy intensity]] * [[List of countries by electricity consumption]] * [[List of countries by electricity production]] * [[List of countries by energy consumption per capita]] * [[List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions]] * [[List of countries by energy consumption and production]]

== Notes == {{reflist|group=note}} {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

==References== {{reflist}}

==External links== * [https://yearbook.enerdata.net/ Enerdata] - World Energy & Climate Statistics * [https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/ieo/ International Energy Outlook], by the [[U.S. Energy Information Administration]] * [https://www.iea.org/weo World Energy Outlook from the IEA]

[[Category:Energy policy]] [[Category:Energy by region]] [[Category:Energy consumption]] [[Category:Human ecology]] [[Category:Global environmental issues]] [[Category:Energy production]]