{{Short description|Odissi musical treatise}} {{Odissi Classical Music sidebar}}The '''Gitaprakasa''' ([[IAST]]: ''''Gītaprakāśa''''; "Illuminator of music") is a 16th-century musical treatise belonging to the tradition of [[Odissi music]], written by the musicologist Krusnadasa Badajena Mahapatra. Mahapatra was a court musician of Gajapati [[Mukundadeba]].<ref name=":2" /> It is the second earliest music treatise discovered from Odisha.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Badajena Mahapatra |first=Krusnadasa |title=Geeta Prakash |publisher=Odisha Sangeet Natak Akademi |year=1983 |editor-last=Panigrahi |editor-first=Nilamadhab |location=Bhubaneswar |author-link=Krusnadasa Badajena Mahapatra}}</ref> The Gita Prakasa is one of the cornerstones of the Odissi music tradition and is widely quoted by later authorities such as the ''[[Sangita Narayana]]'' and the ''Sangita Muktabali''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Misra |first=Purusottama |title=Sangitanarayana (A Seventeenth Century Text on Music and Dance from Orissa) |publisher=Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts and Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt. Ltd. |year=2009 |isbn=9788120832886 |editor-last=Bose |editor-first=Prof. Mandakranta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Deva |first=Gajapati Narayana |title=Sangita Narayana |publisher=Odisha Sangeet Natak Akademi |year=1966 |editor-last=Acharya |editor-first=Pt. Banambara |location=Bhubaneswar |editor-last2=Patnaik |editor-first2=Kabichandra Dr. Kali Charan |editor-link2=Kalicharan Pattnaik |editor-last3=Mohapatra |editor-first3=Kedarnath |editor-link3=Kedarnath Mohapatra}}</ref>
The treatise was first published by the [[Odisha Sangeet Natak Akademi]] in 1983, based on two palm leaf manuscripts preserved in the [[Odisha State Museum]], [[Bhubaneswar]]. Both manuscripts were collected from [[Puri district]], Odisha and were roughly dated to the 18th century.<ref name=":1" />
== Author == Krusnadesa Badajena Mahapatra was a 16th-century musician par excellence from Odisha. The author reveals no information about his family, age or any other details in his text. However, the period to which he belonged can be determined by internal evidence. A song authored by Raya Ramananda on Gajapati [[Prataparudra Deva|Prataparudra Deba]] has been quoted in the Gitaprakasa. Another musicologist [[Haladhara Misra]] refers to Krusnadasa's Gitaprakasa in his treatise called ''[[Sangitakalpalatika]]'', composed between 1623 and 1647 AD. Since Mahapatra himself eulogises Gajapati Mukundadeba, it is inferred that he was a contemporary of the king and most probably served as a court musician. There has only been one Gajapati in the history of Odisha bearing the name Mukunda. He was the last independent ruler of Odisha from 1559 to 1568 AD. Hence, Krusnadasa can be dated to the same period.<ref name=":1" />
In the year 1565, Mahapatra presented his music in the court of Akbar. [[Abul Fazl]] extolls a certain 'Mahapattar' in his ''[[Ain-i-Akbari]]''. The ''[[Akbarnama]]'' also makes mention of a "Mahapattar who adorned the court of Akbar, the great Mogul and who was unrivalled in the arts of Indian poetry and music".<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Parhi |first=Kirtan Narayan |title=Perspectives on Orissa |publisher=Centre for study in civilizations |year=2009 |editor-last=Mohapatra |editor-first=PK |location=New Delhi |pages=613–626 |chapter=Odissi Music : Retrospect and Prospect |author-link=Kirtan Narayan Parhi}}</ref> The surname Mahapatra is one of the most popular surnames of Odisha, found since the Ganga period. In several inscriptions from the 12th century AD this surname is mentioned. Badajena was another such title in vogue in Odisha. Both titles are popular and found even now. It is certain that the Mahapattar Abul Fazl mentions can be none other than Krusnadasa.<ref name=":1" />
== Contents == The Gitaprakasa only deals with aspects of vocal music. The treatise is meticulous in its analysis of songs and their classification.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Kavi|first=M. Ramakrishna|title=Bharatakosa (A Dictionary to Technical Terms with definitions on Music and Dance Collected from the Works of Bharata and Others)|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal|year=1999|asin=B00GS1O0H4}}</ref> The text is also replete with many examples, a significant portion of them having been composed by the author himself. Like most Odia authors, Mahapatra begins his treatise with a customary invocation to [[Jagannath]]a, the venerable deity of Odisha.<ref name=":1" />
He cites certain musicologists preceding him, like [[Harinayaka]], author of ''[[Sangitasara]].''<ref name=":1" />
The ragas mentioned in the Gitaprakasa are ''Sri, Natta, Karnāta, Rebagupta, Basanta, Suddhabhairaba, Bangāla, Soma, Āmrapanchama, Kāmoda, Megha, Drābidagauda, Barādi, Gujjari, Todi, Mālabasri, Saindhabi, Debakiri, Rāmakiri, Prathamamanjari, Nattā, Belābali, Gaudi, Gauda, Karnnātabangāla, Desi, Dhannāsi, Kolāhala, Ballāli, Desākhya, Sābari, Khambhābati, Harsapuri, Mallāri, Hunchhikā, Madhyamādi, Mallāra, Desapāla, Mālaba, Hindola, Bhairaba, Nāgadhwani, Gondakiri, Lalitā, Chhāyātodi, Pratāpabelābali, Guptabasanta, Paurabi, Nattamallārika, Māravi, Ballabi, Gauri, Kalyāni, Karnātika, Āsābari'' and ''Mukhābari''.<ref name=":0" /> Many of these ragas continue to be popular in present-day [[Odissi music]] repertoires.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Panda|first=Pt. Gopal Chandra|title=Odisi Raga Ratnabali|year=2004|location=Bhubaneswar|language=hi|script-title=hi:ओडिसी राग रत्नावली|oclc=225908458|author-link=Gopal Chandra Panda}}</ref>
== References == <references />{{Odissi music}}{{Odia culture}}
[[Category:Odissi]] [[Category:Odissi music]] [[Category:Culture of Odisha]] [[Category:16th-century Sanskrit literature]]