Cape Malays

{{Short description|Ethnic group in South Africa}} {{More citations needed|date=September 2024}} {{use South African English|date=May 2013}} {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}} {{infobox ethnic group |group = Cape Malays |native_name= Kaapse Maleiers |native_name_lang=af |image = The National Archives UK - CO 1069-214-85.jpg |caption = Cape Malay brides and bridesmaids in South Africa |population = 325,000<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/18995/SF|title=Malay, Cape in South Africa|access-date=21 March 2022}}</ref> |popplace = South Africa (Western Cape, Gauteng) |langs = Afrikaans, South African English Historically Malay, Makassarese, Dutch, Arabic Afrikaans<ref name="Stell2012">{{cite journal |type=PDF |last=Stell |first=Gerald |title=From Kitaab-Hollandsch to Kitaab-Afrikaans: The evolution of a non-white literary variety at the Cape (1856-1940) |journal=Stellenbosch Papers in Linguistics |publisher=Stellenbosch University |volume=37 |year=2007 | doi=10.5774/37-0-16 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://mediadiversified.org/2016/08/25/the-indonesian-anti-colonial-roots-of-islam-in-south-africa|title=The Indonesian anti-colonial roots of Islam in South Africa|date=25 August 2016 |access-date=11 April 2022}}</ref> |rels = '''Predominantly''' Islam (Sunni)<ref name="sahistory">{{cite web|title=The Cape Malay |url=https://sahistory.org.za/article/cape-malay |website=sahistory.org.za |date=30 June 2011 |access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref> |related = Javanese, Malays, Indians, Malagasy, Cape Dutch, Dutch, Cape Coloureds, Bugis, Makassar, Madura }} thumb|240px|Bo-Kaap, Cape Town's Malay Quarter

'''Cape Malays''' ({{Langx|af|Kaapse Maleiers}}, {{lang|af|کاپز ملیس}} in Arabic script) also known as '''Cape Muslims''' or '''Malays''', are an ethnic group in South Africa. They are the descendants of enslaved and free Muslims from different parts of the world, specifically modern-day Indonesia (at that time known as the Dutch East Indies) and other Southeast Asian countries, who lived at the Cape during Dutch and British rule.

Although the earliest members of the community came from the Dutch colonies in Southeast Asia, by the 19th century, the term "Malay" had come to include all practising Muslims at the Cape, regardless of their origins, most of whom were Austronesian. As the community used the Malay language as a ''lingua franca'' and for religious instruction, they collectively became known as Malays.

Cape Malays are mainly concentrated in and around Cape Town, in the Western Cape. They have played a significant role in the spread of Islam in South Africa, and their culinary traditions remain a key part of South African cuisine. They have also contributed to the development of Afrikaans as a written language, particularly Arabic Afrikaans. During the apartheid era, "Malay" was officially classified as a subcategory under the Coloured racial group.

==History== {{see|Islam in South Africa#The VOC period}}

The Dutch East India Company established a colony at the Cape of Good Hope (the Dutch Cape Colony) as a resupply station for ships travelling between Europe and Asia, which developed into the city of Cape Town. The Dutch had also colonised the Dutch East Indies (present-day Indonesia),<ref name="VahedGSAhistory">{{cite web |first=Goolam |last=Vahed |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/cape-malay |title=The Cape Malay:The Quest for 'Malay' Identity in Apartheid South Africa |publisher=South African History Online |date=13 April 2016 |access-date=29 November 2016 }}</ref> which formed a part of the Dutch Empire for several centuries, and Dutch Malacca,<ref name="Winstedt1951">{{cite book |last=Winstedt| first=Sir Richard Olof |author-link=Richard Olaf Winstedt|title=Malaya and Its History|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.35260|year=1951|publisher=Hutchinson University Library|location=London|page=47|chapter=Ch. VI: The Dutch at Malacca}}</ref> which they held from 1641 until 1824.<ref>{{cite web |author=Wan Hashim Wan Teh |url=http://ipm.upsi.edu.my/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=382:kertas-6&catid=27:seminar&Itemid=66 |title=Melayu Minoriti dan Diaspora; Penghijrahan dan Jati Diri |trans-title=Malay Minorities and Diaspora; Migration and Self Identity |language=ms |publisher=Malay Civilization Seminar 1 |date=24 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722232804/http://ipm.upsi.edu.my/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=382%3Akertas-6&catid=27%3Aseminar&Itemid=66 |archive-date=22 July 2011 }}</ref>

Islamic figures such as Sheikh Yusuf, a Makassarese noble and scholar from Sulawesi, who resisted the company's rule in Southeast Asia, were exiled to South Africa. They were followed by slaves from other parts of Asia and Africa. Although it is not possible to accurately reconstruct the origins of slaves in the Cape, it has been estimated that roughly equal proportions of Malagasies, Indians, Insulindians (Southeast Asians), and continental Africans were imported, with other estimates showing that the majority of slaves originated in Madagascar.<ref name="StellLuffin2008">{{cite journal |last1=Stell| first1=Gerald| last2=Luffin| first2=Xavier|last3=Rakiep|first3=Muttaqin|title=Religious and secular Cape Malay Afrikaans: Literary varieties used by Shaykh Hanif Edwards (1906-1958)|journal=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia| volume=163 |issue=2–3| year=2008| pages=289–325| issn=0006-2294|doi=10.1163/22134379-90003687|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Many "Indiaanen" and "Mohammedaanen" Muslim political prisoners brought from Southeast Asia were imprisoned on Robben Island. Among these were Tuan Guru, first chief imam in South Africa. Sheikh Madura was exiled in the 1740s and died on Robben Island; his kramat (shrine) is still there today.<ref>{{cite web | title=Kramat| website=Robben Island Museum | date=27 July 2003 | url=http://www.robben-island.org.za/departments/heritage/gallery/kramat.asp | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050909133815/http://www.robben-island.org.za/departments/heritage/gallery/kramat.asp | archive-date=9 September 2005 | url-status=dead | access-date=25 February 2023}}</ref>

Although the majority of slaves from Southeast Asia were already Muslims, along with many Indians, those from Madagascar and elsewhere in Africa were not. The slaves from Asia tended to work in semi-skilled and domestic roles, and they made up a disproportionate share of 18th-century manumissions, who subsequently settled in Bo-Kaap, while those from elsewhere in Africa and Madagascar tended to work as farmhands and were not freed at the same rate.<ref name="StellLuffin2008"/> In the latter part of the 18th century, conversions to Islam of rural non-Asian slaves increased due to a Dutch colonial law that encouraged owners to educate their slaves in Christianity, and following their baptism, to allow them to buy their freedom. This consequently resulted in slave owners, fearful of losing their slaves, not enforcing Christianity amongst them. This, in turn, allowed Islamic proselytisers to convert the slaves.<ref name="StellLuffin2008"/>

There were also skilled Muslim labourers called ''Mardijkers'' from Southeast Asia who settled in the Bo-Kaap area of Cape Town.<ref name="nameBoKaaphistorymths">{{Cite web|url=https://ewn.co.za/2019/09/20/bo-kaap-s-complicated-history-and-its-many-myths|title=Bo-Kaap's complicated history and its many myths|first=Rebecca|last=Davis|website=ewn.co.za}}</ref>

After the British took the Cape and began phasing out slavery in the first half of the 19th century, the newly freed non-Asian Muslim rural slaves moved to Cape Town, the only centre of Islamic faith in the region. The South and Southeast Asians constituted the Muslim establishment in the colony, and the newly freed slaves subsequently adopted the Malay language used by the Asians.<ref name="StellLuffin2008"/> Thus, Malay was the initial ''lingua franca'' of Muslims, though they came from East Africa, Madagascar, and India as well as Indonesia, and established the moniker "Malay" for all Muslims at the Cape, irrespective of their geographic origins.<ref name="IndianSlavesANC">{{cite web |url=http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/solidarity/indiasa3.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080320003806/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/solidarity/indiasa3.html |archive-date=20 March 2008 |title=Indian slaves in South Africa |access-date=24 November 2011 }}</ref> By the 19th century, the term was used to describe anyone at the Cape who was a practising Muslim,<ref name="afrikanderisms1913">{{cite book|last=Pettman|first=Charles|title=Africanderisms; a glossary of South African colloquial words and phrases and of place and other names|year=1913|publisher=Longmans, Green and Co.|pages=51|url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924026563795#page/n71/mode/2up}}</ref> despite Afrikaans having overtaken Malay as the group's ''lingua franca''.<ref name="sahistory" />

The community adopted Afrikaans as a ''lingua franca'' to ease communication between Asian and non-Asian Muslims (who had adopted the Dutch used by their masters), and because the utility of Malay and the Malayo-Portuguese language were diminished due to the British ban on slave imports in 1808, reducing the need to communicate with newcomers. Asian and non-Asian Muslims interacted socially despite the initial linguistic differences and gradually blended into a single community.<ref name="StellLuffin2008"/> In 1836, the British colonial authorities estimated that the Cape Malay population at the time was around 5,000 out of a total population for the Cape of 130,486.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Martin |first=Robert Montgomery |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ifk9AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA112 |title=The British Colonial Library: In 12 volumes |date=1836 |publisher=Mortimer |page=125}}</ref>

"Malay" was legally a subcategory of the Coloured race group during Apartheid,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://heritage.thetimes.co.za/memorials/wc/RaceClassificationBoard/article.aspx?id=591128|title=Race Classification Board: An appalling 'science'|publisher=Heritage.thetimes.co.za|date=2007|access-date=12 May 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423220247/http://heritage.thetimes.co.za/memorials/wc/RaceClassificationBoard/article.aspx?id=591128|archive-date=23 April 2012}}</ref><ref name="Leach1987">{{cite book| last=Leach| first=Graham| title=South Africa: no easy path to peace|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-RkOAQAAMAAJ|year=1987|publisher=Methuen paperback| isbn=978-0-413-15330-2|page=73}}</ref> though the delineation of Malays and the remaining defined Coloured subgroups by government officials was often imprecise and subjective.<ref>Vashna Jagarnath, June 2005[https://phambo.wiser.org.za/files/seminars/Jagarnath2005.pdf The Population Registration Act and Popular Understandings of Race: A case study of Sydenham], p.9.</ref>

==Cultural identity== thumb|Cape Malay flower-seller

The Cape Malays ({{Langx|af|Kaapse Maleiers}}, {{lang|af|کاپز ملیس}} in Arabies script) also known as Cape Muslims<ref name="sahistoryv1CulturalGroupsCM"/> or simply Malays, are a Muslim community or ethnic group in South Africa.<ref name="afrikanderisms1913"/>

The Cape Malay identity can be considered the product of a set of histories and communities as much as it is a definition of an ethnic group. Since many Cape Malay people have found their Muslim identity to be more salient than their "Malay" ancestry, in some contexts, they have been described as "Cape Malay", or "Malays", and others as "Cape Muslim" by people both inside and outside of the community.<ref name="sahistoryv1CulturalGroupsCM">{{cite web |url=http://v1.sahistory.org.za/pages/artsmediaculture/culture%20&%20heritage/cultural-groups/cape_malay.htm |title=Cape Malay | South African History Online |publisher=V1.sahistory.org.za |access-date=12 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004013814/http://v1.sahistory.org.za/pages/artsmediaculture/culture%20%26%20heritage/cultural-groups/cape_malay.htm |archive-date=4 October 2011}}</ref> Cape Malay ancestry includes people from South<ref name = "IndianSlavesANC"/> and Southeast Asia, Madagascar, and Khoekhoe descent. Later, Muslim male "Passenger Indian" migrants to the Cape married into the Cape Malay community, with their children being classified as Cape Malay.<ref name="pahadThesis1b">{{cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/library-resources/thesis/pahad_thesis/chapter1b.htm |title=The Beginnings of Protest, 1860–1923 | South African History Online |website=Sahistory.org.za |date=6 October 2011 |access-date=6 November 2011}}</ref>

Muslim men in the Cape started wearing the Turkish fez after the arrival of Abu Bakr Effendi, an imam sent from the Ottoman Empire<ref name=worden2004/> at the request of the British Empire<ref>{{cite web | title=Ottoman descendants in South Africa get Turkish citizenship | website=Daily Sabah | date=17 September 2020 | url=https://www.dailysabah.com/arts/ottoman-descendants-in-south-africa-get-turkish-citizenship/news | access-date=26 February 2023}}</ref> to teach Islam in the Cape Colony. At a time when most imams in the Cape were teaching the Shafi'i school of Islamic jurisprudence, Effendi was the first teacher of the Hanafi school and established madrassas (Islamic schools) in Cape Town. Effendi, in common with many Turkish Muslims, wore a distinctive red fez.<ref name=worden2004>{{cite book | last1=Worden | first1=N. | last2=Van Heyningen | first2=E. | last3=Bickford-Smith | first3=V. | title=Cape Town: The Making of a City: an Illustrated Social History | publisher=David Philip | year=2004 | isbn=978-0-86486-656-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ysU2Ii9nxcUC | access-date=23 February 2023}}</ref><ref name=argun2000>{{cite web|author=Argun, Selim| date=2000| url=http://ujdigispace.uj.ac.za:8080/dspace/bitstream/10210/1246/1/ARTICLE.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831200806/http://ujdigispace.uj.ac.za:8080/dspace/bitstream/10210/1246/1/ARTICLE.pdf| archive-date=31 August 2011|title= Life and Contribution of Osmanli Scholar, Abu bakr Effendi, towards Islamic thought and Culture in South Africa| pages=7–8}} </ref> Many Cape Malay men continue to wear the red fez<ref>{{cite web | title=Man demonstrates how a fez is made, Cape Town | website=UCT Libraries Digital Collections| date=22 July 1970|publisher= University of Cape Town | url=https://digitalcollections.lib.uct.ac.za/collection/islandora-15507 | access-date=26 February 2023}}</ref> (in particular the Malay choirs<ref>{{cite web | last=Landsberg | first=Ian | title=Watch: The Cape's last fez maker closes shop | website=The Daily Voice | date=17 March 2022 | url=https://www.dailyvoice.co.za/lifestyle-entertainment/lifestyle/watch-the-capes-last-fez-maker-closes-shop-da5fb2ef-9687-4857-89de-f6cfaa57ea6e | access-date=26 February 2023}}</ref>), although black was also common, and more recently, other colours have become popular. The last fez-maker in Cape Town closed shop in March 2022; 76-year-old Gosain Samsodien had been making fezzes in his home factory in Kensington for 25 years.<ref>{{cite web | last=Landsberg | first=Ian | title=Last of his kind: Traditional fez maker in Kensington hangs up his hat | website=IOL | date=14 March 2022 | url=https://www.iol.co.za/capeargus/news/last-of-his-kind-traditional-fez-maker-in-kensington-hangs-up-his-hat-95e5366a-4ae8-4332-a44a-d58248859eba | access-date=26 February 2023}}</ref>

==Demographics== It is estimated that there are{{when|date=February 2023}} about 166,000 people in Cape Town who could be described as Cape Malay, and about 10,000 in Johannesburg. The Malay Quarter of Cape Town is found on Signal Hill and is called the Bo-Kaap.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}

Many Cape Malay people also lived in District Six before they, among other South African people of diverse ethnicity, mainly Cape Coloureds, were forcefully removed from their homes by the apartheid government and redistributed into townships on the Cape Flats.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cape Flats |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Cape-Flats |website=britannica.com |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=18 October 2025}}</ref>

==Culture== The founders of the Cape Malay community were the first to bring Islam to South Africa. The community's culture and traditions have also left an impact that is felt to this day. The Muslim community in Cape Town remains large and has expanded significantly since its inception.<ref>{{cite web|first= Ebrahim Mahomed |last= Mahida | title=1699 by Ebrahim Mahomed Mahida – South African History Online | website=History of Muslims in South Africa: 1652 | via=South African History Online| date=13 January 2012 | url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/history-muslims-south-africa-1652-1699-ebrahim-mahomed-mahida | access-date=19 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.maraisburg.co.za/2010/10/23/history-of-muslims-in-south-africa/|title=History of Muslims in South Africa| website= Maraisburg|access-date=15 September 2017}}</ref>

===Language=== A dialect of Malay emerged among the enslaved community and later spread among colonial European residents of Cape Town between the 1780s and the 1930s. A unique dialect formed during this period from a substrate of Betawi spoken in Batavia (present-day Jakarta), from which all major Dutch East India Company shipments took place, combined with Tamil, Hindustani, and Arabic influences. A significant number of this vocabulary has survived in the Afrikaans sociolect spoken by subsequent generations.<ref>{{cite journal|title="''Kanala, tamaaf, tramkassie, en stuur krieslam''"; Lexical and phonological echoes of Malay in Cape Town|first=Tom|last=Hoogervorst|date=2021|journal= Wacana, Journal of the Humanities of Indonesia|pages=22–57|volume= 22|issue= 1|doi= 10.17510/wacana.v22i1.953|doi-access=free|hdl=20.500.11755/05dde4d4-eb13-4c7d-930d-93d7446fdc74|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" |+ !Original Malay !Cape equivalent, with attested Dutch orthography !meaning |- |''berguru'' |banghoeroe |to study with someone |- |''pergi'' |piki |to go |- |''gunung'' |goeni |mountain |- |''cambuk'' |sambok |horsewhip |- |''jamban'' |djammang |toilet or washroom |- |''ikan tongkol'' |katonkel |skipjack tuna |- |''puasa'' |kewassa |to fast |- |''kemparan'' |kaparrang |farm or work boots |- |''tempat ludah'' |tamploera |spittoon |- |''ubur-ubur'' |oeroer |jellyfish |- |''penawar'' |panaar |antidote |- |''minta maaf'' |tamaaf |sorry or apology |}

===Cuisine=== [[File:Cape Malay samosas.jpg|thumb|Cape Malay samoosas, adapted from South Asia]] {{also|South African cuisine}}

Adaptations of traditional foods such as ''bredie'', ''bobotie'', ''sosaties'', and ''koeksisters'' are staples in many South African homes. Faldela Williams wrote three cookbooks, including ''The Cape Malay Cookbook'', which became instrumental in preserving the cultural traditions of Cape Malay cuisine.<ref>{{cite web | title=Bo-Kaap: o bairro colorido de Cape Town | website=Viin | date=15 September 2021 | url=https://blog.viin.com.br/bo-kaap-bairro-colorido-cape-town/ | language=pt | access-date=19 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| last1=Lewis| first1=Esther| title=Faldela Williams lives on in cookbook|url=http://www.iol.co.za/lifestyle/food-drink/food/faldela-williams-lives-on-in-cookbook-1694676|publisher=IOL|location=Johannesburg, South Africa|date=27 May 2014| access-date=13 November 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161113191344/http://www.iol.co.za/lifestyle/food-drink/food/faldela-williams-lives-on-in-cookbook-1694676|archive-date=13 November 2016}}</ref>

===Music===  [[File:Malay Choir Competition.jpg|thumb|A Malay choir performs at a competition in the Good Hope Centre, Cape Town (2001).]] [[File:Malay-choir-district-six.jpg|thumb|A Malay choir performs at an ANC-sponsored ceremony in District Six, Cape Town (2001).]] {{also |Ghoema Music Awards|The Silver Fez}}

The Cape Malay community developed a characteristic musical style. This includes a secular folk song type of Dutch origin, known as the ''nederlandslied''. The language and musical style of this genre reflects the history of South African slavery, and the words and music often reflect sadness and other emotions related to the effect of enslavement. The ''nederlandslied'' shows the influence of the Arabesque style of singing and is unique in South Africa.<ref name=mg2009>{{cite web | title=The Song remains the same | website=The Mail & Guardian| first=Shaun |last=De Waal | date=16 September 2009 | url=https://mg.co.za/article/2009-09-16-the-song-remains-same/ | access-date=25 February 2023}}</ref>

The Silver Fez is the "Holy Grail" of the musical subculture. The contest involves thousands of musicians and a wide variety of tunes,<ref name=witness>{{cite news|title=The Silver Fez| url= http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/witness/2007/05/2008525185914952223.html|accessdate=23 March 2012|newspaper= Al Jazeera| series=Witness|date=15 June 2009| format= text and video}}</ref><ref name=fcat2010>{{cite book| url=https://fcat.es/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/catalog_fcat_2010.pdf| pages=86–87|title=7ª Edición|publisher= Festival de Cine Africano de Tarifa / Tarifa African Film Festival (FCAT)|date= May 2010|lang=fr, es, en }} 50px Available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license]. (See talk page)</ref> with all-male choirs from the Malay community competing for the prize. A 2009 documentary film directed by Lloyd Ross (founder of Shifty Records,<ref name=fcat2010/>) called ''The Silver Fez'', focuses on an underdog competing for the award.<ref name=mg2009/>

The annual Cape Town Minstrel Carnival (formerly known as the Coon Carnival) is a deep-rooted Cape Malay cultural event; it incorporates the comic song, or ''moppie'' (often also referred to as ''ghoema'' songs), as well as the ''nederlandslied''.<ref>{{cite web | website=DMD EDU |title=Home|first=Desmond |last=Desai | date=24 February 2007 | url=http://www.eduprop.co.za/GALLERY.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070224050608/http://www.eduprop.co.za/GALLERY.htm | archive-date=24 February 2007 | url-status=live | access-date=25 February 2023}}</ref> A barrel-shaped drum, called the ''ghoema'' (also spelled ''ghomma'', or known as ''dhol''), is also closely associated with Cape Malay music, along with other percussion instruments such as the ''rebanna'' (rebana) and ''tamarien'' (tambourine). Stringed instruments include the ''ra'king'', ''gom-gom'', and ''besem'' (also known as ''skiffelbas'').<ref>{{cite web | website=DMD EDU| first=Desmond |last=Desai | date=11 August 2006 | url=http://www.eduprop.co.za/musicinstruments.htm |title=Some unique Cape musical instruments| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060811234725/http://www.eduprop.co.za/musicinstruments.htm | archive-date=11 August 2006 | url-status=live | access-date=25 February 2023}}</ref> The ''ghomma'' has been traditionally used mostly for marching or rhythmic songs known as the ''ghommaliedjie'', while the guitar is used for lyrical songs.<ref>{{ cite journal| url=https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/AJA00382353_7536| title=Musical instruments of the Cape Malays| journal= South African Journal of Science| volume= XXXVI| pages= 477–488| date= December 1939| first= Percival R. |last= Kirby}}</ref>

==International relationships== Connections between Malaysians and South Africans improved when South Africa rejoined the international community. This was welcomed by the Malaysian government and many others in the Southeast Asian region. Non-governmental organisations, such as the Federation of Malaysia Writers' Associations, have since set on linking up with the diasporic Cape Malay community.<ref name="haron2005">{{cite journal|last=Haron|first=Muhammed|url=http://www.ukm.my/penerbit/sari/SARI23-05/sari23%5B04%5D.pdf|title=Gapena and the Cape Malays: Initiating Connections, Constructing Images|journal=SARI: Jurnal Alam Dan Tamadun Melayu|publisher=Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia| volume=23| year=2005| pages=47–66| access-date=28 November 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129144103/http://www.ukm.my/penerbit/sari/SARI23-05/sari23%5B04%5D.pdf|archive-date=29 November 2016}}</ref>

==References== {{reflist}}

==Further reading== {{Commons category|Cape Malays}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050721005224/http://www.info.gov.za/aboutsa/history.htm#colonial Official South African history site] – early context for Cape Malay community * Haron, Muhammed (2001). [https://web.archive.org/web/20061016101457/http://phuakl.tripod.com/eTHOUGHT/capemalays.htm "Conflict of Identities: The Case of South Africa's Cape Malays"] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060811234725/http://www.eduprop.co.za/musicinstruments.htm Information about Cape Malay musical instruments] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20070224050608/http://www.eduprop.co.za/GALLERY.htm music] * [http://www.capemazaarsociety.com/about.php Cape Mazaar Society] (formerly the Robben Island Mazaar (Kramat) Committee)

Category:South African people of Malay descent Category:Indonesian diaspora Category:Malay diaspora Category:History of the Dutch East India Company Category:Articles containing video clips