Ghauri (missile)

{{Short description|Pakistani medium-range ballistic missile (MRBM)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}} {{infobox weapon | name = Hatf-V Ghauri | image = IRBM of Pakistan at IDEAS 2008.jpg | image_size = 300px | alt = | caption = The Hatf-V ''Ghauri'' (right) in Karachi, ca. 2008 | origin = {{PAK}} | type = MRBM<ref name="FAS">{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/nuke/guide/pakistan/missile/hatf-5.htm|title=Ghauri [Hatf-5] – Pakistan Missile Special Weapons Deleivery Systems|website=FAS|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508080145/https://fas.org/nuke/guide/pakistan/missile/hatf-5.htm|archive-date=8 May 2017}}</ref> | is_ranged = yes | is_bladed = no | is_explosive = yes | is_artillery = yes | is_vehicle = yes | is_missile = yes | is_UK = no | service = 2003–present | used_by = {{army|PAK}} {{small|(Army Strategic Forces Command)}} | wars =  | designer = Khan Research Laboratories (KRL) | design_date = 1994–2001 | manufacturer = Khan Research Laboratories | number = 30 (estimated 2021)<ref>{{cite book|title=The Military Balance 2021|publisher=International Institute for Strategic Studies|page=290}}</ref> | variants = Ghauri-II, Ghauri-III | spec_label = Technical data | weight = {{convert|15850|kg|lb|abbr=on}} | length = {{convert|15.90|m|ft|abbr=on}} | diameter = {{convert|1.35|m|ft|abbr=on}} | max_range = {{cvt|1500|km|mi}} | filling = HE/NE | filling_weight = {{cvt|750|kg|lb}} | yield = {{convert|12|ktonTNT|lk=in}}—{{convert|35|ktonTNT|lk=in}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Ghauri (Hatf 5) |url=https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/hatf-5/ |website=Missile Threat |access-date=30 September 2023}}</ref> | armour = | engine = Single Stage | payload_capacity = {{cvt|760|kg|lbs}}–{{cvt|1158|kg|lbs}}<ref name="FAS"/> | transmission = Manual | suspension = Atego x 8WD semi-trailer {{small|(with Pakistani military markings)}} | fuel_capacity = {{cvt|12912|kg|lb}}<ref name="FAS"/> | vehicle_range = {{convert|1350-1500|km|mi}}<ref name="FAS"/> | guidance = Inertial, Terminal | propellant = Liquid-propellant Fuel: TM-185 (20% Gasoline 80% Kerosene) <ref name="FAS"/> Oxidizer: AK-27I (73% HNO3, 27% N2O4) <ref name="FAS"/> | altitude = {{cvt|350|km|mi}} reached in first test flight | accuracy = {{cvt|190|m|ft}} CEP{{rp|182}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Pakistan Intelligence, Security Activities and Operations Handbook - Strategic Information and Developments |date=August 2013 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-1-4387-3722-5 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="FAS"/> | launch_platform = Launch pad }}

The '''Ghauri–I''' ({{langx|ur|غوری-ا}}; military designation: '''Hatf–V''', ''Trans.'': ''Target-5'') is a land-based medium-range ballistic missile, in current service with the strategic command of the Pakistan Army.<ref name="Express Tribune, 2015" />

Influenced from the propellent design of Nodong-1 of North Korea, its extensive modification, warhead design and assembly, and engineering of its control system took place in Khan Research Laboratories (KRL) in 1994–2001 with an objective of developing an electronic system that uses a single stage liquid fuel rocket motor to carry a payload of 700 kg to a range of 1,500 km.<ref name="defensenews.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=3823118|title=Pakistan Pushes To Improve Missile Strike Capability}}{{Dead link|date=May 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/news/pakistan/1998/980406-ghauri.htm|title=Ghauri|website=www.globalsecurity.org}}</ref> This range is applicable to address Pakistan's nuclear deterrence against India, if not all of India.

Codenamed as '''Ghauri''', the missile was developed in as part of the secretive Hatf program that started in 1987.<ref>{{Cite web | last =Lodi | first =Lieutenant General Safdar F.S. | title =Pakistan's Missile Technology | work =Head of Integrated Missile Research and Development Programme (IMRDP) | location =Pakistan | date =May 1998 | url =http://www.defencejournal.com/may98/pakmissiletech.htm | access-date =15 May 2007 | archive-date =2 November 2015 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20151102015319/http://www.defencejournal.com/may98/pakmissiletech.htm | url-status =dead }}</ref> The program later evolved into the development of now cancelled Ghauri-III and the Ghauri-II which uses increased motor assembly length and improved propellants for an increased range of {{convert|2300|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/1999/apr/14agni.htm|title=Rediff On The NeT: Celebrations in Pakistan as Ghauri II is test-fired|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref>

The ''Ghauri'' is deployed in the ASFC with using the "''Hatf-V''" military designation which means "Target-5".<ref name="Pakistan's Missile Technology">{{Cite web|url=http://www.defencejournal.com/may98/pakmissiletech.htm|title=Pakistan's Missile Technology|access-date=15 May 2007|archive-date=2 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151102015319/http://www.defencejournal.com/may98/pakmissiletech.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==History==

===Codename=== {{Main|Muhammad of Ghor}}

Upon its development, the missile was named after the 12th century Sultan Shahabuddin Ghauri, by a senior scientist who worked on the program with a keen interest in medieval history— this codename was approved by the Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto in 1994.<ref name="Rediff News agency, 1998">{{cite news |title=Pak test-fires surface-to-surface missile|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/1998/apr/06pakbom.htm|access-date=25 December 2014|work=Rediff.com |date=6 April 1998}}</ref> Sultan Muhammad Ghauri, who successfully campaigned in the northwestern region of India between 1176 and 1182, but was defeated in his first battle in northern India by Indian King Prithviraj Chauhan; but Ghauri returned in June 1192 when he defeated Prithviraj. He captured Delhi in 1199, but established his kingdom formally in 1206.<ref name="Rediff News agency, 1998"/>

However, the JS HQ has officially codenamed the missile "'''Hatf–5 (Ghauri–I)'''; the Hatf codename originates from the name of the sword or lance of Muhammad.<ref name="Pakistan's Missile Technology"/>

===Development=== According to the American intelligence estimates in 1999, the ''Ghauri–I'' is influenced and its design development is based on the Nodong-1 (a copy of former Soviet Scud) missile of North Korea.<ref name="cia1999_report">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070612230545/https://www.cia.gov/library/reports/archived-reports-1/jan_jun1999.html#pakistan Report to Congress, January – June 1999]. ''Unclassified Report to Congress on the Acquisition of Technology Relating to Weapons of Mass Destruction and Advanced Conventional Munitions.'' Central Intelligence Agency.</ref> Development of ''Ghauri'' was a source of contention and controversy between Pakistan and the United States with Clinton administration publicly leveling serious allegations on the Benazir Bhutto's federal ministry of transferring nuclear technology in 1996.<ref name="cia1999_report"/> Later, Japan intervened in this matter, pressured Sharif administration to cut ties with North Korea in 1999.{{rp|245}}<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan 2012" />

There were many conflicting stories until 2012 when official documentation was published in a text about North Korea's contribution.{{rp|240}}<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan 2012">Khan, Feroz (7 November 2012). "Pakistan's Missile Quest". Eating Grass: The Making of the Pakistani Bomb (google books). Stanford University Press. p. 500. ISBN 978-0-8047-8480-1. Retrieved 10 September 2023.</ref> Before 2012, many in Pakistan and the United States had alleged that the technology transfer took place in 1993 in return of the instructions on enrichment methods for uranium<ref>Hussain, Zahid (2007). "Rogue in the Ranks". Frontline Pakistan (google books). New York City, NY State, United States: Columbia University Press, 2007. pp. 163–1966 [221]. {{ISBN|978-0-231-14225-0}}.</ref> Not much has been publicized as controversy surrounds the claim that North Korean nuclear program was well advanced before the instructions on enrichment methods uranium were provided.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abcnews.go.com/Blotter/story?id=4964884&page=1 |title=Pakistani Bomb Scientist Breaks Silence |work=ABC News |date=30 May 2008 |access-date=1 March 2012}}</ref>

It is now well documented by the Pakistani military admissions that the finance ministry under Benazir Bhutto's administration had paid stacks of cash through its State Bank to North Korea as President Kim Il Sung was only interested in monetary values rather than technological barter trade.{{rp|244–245}}<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan 2012"/> After the transaction, the North Korean scientists and engineers were then sent to Pakistan to teach aerospace engineering at Pakistani universities in 1993.{{rp|245}}<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan 2012"/>

===Design and engineering===

Much of the engineering data for ''Ghauri'' comes from the former Soviet Scud technology, compiled by the American think tanks.<ref name="Federation of American Scientists">{{cite web |title=Ghauri-I|url=https://fas.org/nuke/guide/pakistan/missile/hatf-5.htm|publisher=Federation of American Scientists|access-date=24 December 2014|display-authors=etal}}</ref> The mechanism of North Korean's Nodong-1 is copied from the Soviet Scud specification to compare with ''Ghauri''.<ref name="Federation of American Scientists"/> The Khan Research Laboratories designed the warhead for the ''Ghauri'' and no official information is available due to Pakistani government classifying its data as ''Top Secret'' (TS confidentiality), aside from speculations from independent and outside sources.<ref name="Federation of American Scientists"/>

According to the official Pakistani military reports, the original design of the missile was flawed and the missile's frontal conic nose section material burned up due to generated shock waves and hypersonic effect on re-entry during its first test flight in 1998.<ref name="DefenceNews, 2012">{{cite news|last1=Ansari|first1=Usman|title=Pakistan Test-Fires Medium-Range Ballistic Missile|url=http://www.defensenews.com/article/20121128/DEFREG03/311280005/Pakistan-Test-Fires-Medium-Range-Ballistic-Missile|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130719165134/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20121128/DEFREG03/311280005/Pakistan-Test-Fires-Medium-Range-Ballistic-Missile|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 July 2013|access-date=24 December 2014|agency=Defence News |date=28 November 2012}}</ref> High stress and high temperature shift caused the material to melt during the re-entry while its vintage electronic systems, engine system, and propellant had to be replaced.<ref name="DefenceNews, 2012"/> The first design of ''Ghauri'' was built under the watchful guidance of North Koreans based on their specification but the Koreans were immediately sent back by Sharif administration after the failure of the system was identified.{{rp|245}}<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan 2012"/> Eventually, the conic nose section was redesigned by rounding the cone which allowed the missile to travel from subsonic flow to supersonic flow.<ref name="DefenceNews, 2012"/> The KRL, now forced to collaborate with NESCOM (NDC), engaged in heavy reengineering of much of its controls and electronics system.<ref name="DefenceNews, 2012"/> Due to lack of experience at KRL {{rp|248}}<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan 2012" /> it took years of expensive trials and errors to make ''Ghauri'' nuclear weapons delivery capable, and it was not until 2003 when ''Ghauri'' was finally capable of military deployment.<ref name="Dawn newspaper, 2004" />

===Prospect of civilian space program===

The liquid fuel systems are incapable of storing fuel for any long period of time– the ''Ghauri–I'' requires fueling for several hours before launch, making it vulnerable to a first strike the standing enemy.<ref name="DefenceNews, 2012"/> Noting this constraint, the Pakistani war strategists have not pursued liquid fuel systems other than the ''Ghauri–I'' and ''Ghauri-II''.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.defensenews.com/article/20121128/DEFREG03/311280005/Pakistan-Test-Fires-Medium-Range-Ballistic-Missile|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130719165134/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20121128/DEFREG03/311280005/Pakistan-Test-Fires-Medium-Range-Ballistic-Missile|url-status=dead|title=Pakistan Test-Fires Medium-Range Ballistic Missile|website=Defense News|archive-date=19 July 2013 }}</ref>

The ''Ghauri-I'' is a nuclear weapon-delivery capable missile which has been stated by the Pakistani military that it is also capable of being loaded with "all types" of warheads.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geo.tv/12-21-2010/76139.htm |title=Pak successfully test fires Ghauri Hataf-V - GEO.tv |access-date=24 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224114243/http://www.geo.tv/12-21-2010/76139.htm |archive-date=24 December 2014 }}</ref> Contrast to the ''Shaheen'' program that went under the joint conjecture of Pakistan's Air Force and the Army, the Ghauri program was designed for the Pakistan Army which was setting to accuracy goal for a highly accurate missile designed to strike high-value targets.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

In 2004, there was a strong lobby within the engineering community to make ''Ghauri'' feasible as a launch vehicle for satellites.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

==Operational history and tests== [[File:Ghauri missile mockup.jpeg|250px|thumb|right|The Ghauri's mock-up displayed at the Lahore Railway Station.c. 2004.]]

The ''Ghauri–I'' was first test fired at 7:25hrs on 6 April 1998 from the Mashhood Test Firing Range near Malute, Jhelum Cantt which is about 76 mi (122.31 km) south of the Islamabad.<ref name=ghauri>{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/pakistan/hatf-5.htm|title = Ghauri (Hatf-5) - Pakistan Missile Special Weapons Delivery Systems}}</ref> It was fired from a transporter erector launcher and traveled {{convert|1100|km|mi|abbr=on}} in a flight lasting 9 minutes and 58 seconds.<ref name="DefenceJournal">{{cite web|last1=Lodhi, PA|first1=Lt. Gen. S.F.S.|title=Pakistan's Missile Technology|url=http://defencejournal.com/may98/pakmissiletech.htm|work=Defence Journal|access-date=24 December 2014|date=6 May 1998|archive-date=23 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923213448/http://www.defencejournal.com/may98/pakmissiletech.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> It climbed to a height of 350 km before turning in the direction of its planned impact area in the desert of Balochistan where it hit the designated target at 7:33hrs.<ref name="DefenceJournal"/> At the time, Pakistani military's information source, the ISPR stated that the missile hit its designated target in the desert of Balochistan.<ref name="DefenceJournal"/>

Official Pakistani military reports revealed that the first test was not successful because the missile's conic nose melted due to tremendous amount of heat during the re-entry phase of its flight.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Failure of ''Ghauri-I'' was a huge disappointment for the military and the Sharif administration; angrily, Sharif administration decided to cut off the North Korean connections and sent its engineers back to North Korea.{{rp|248}}<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan 2012" /> After redesigning its warhead by rounding it to avoid the hypersonic effect but traveling from subsonic to supersonic flow, ''Ghauri–I'' was successfully test fired for second time as then-Prime Minister Zafarullah Jamali witnessed the test in 2004 — at least six years since its first failed flight.<ref name="NN, Pakistan, 2004">{{cite news|last1=Naqvi|first1=Syed Mohsin|title=Pakistan nuke-capable missile test|url=http://www.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/asiapcf/05/29/pakistan.missile/|access-date=24 December 2014 |publisher=CNN, Pakistan|date=30 May 2004}}</ref><ref name="The Hindu, 2004">{{cite news|last1=Reddy|first1=B. Muralidhar|title=Pakistan's edge will be maintained: Jamali|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/05/30/stories/2004053004360800.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141224103244/http://www.thehindu.com/2004/05/30/stories/2004053004360800.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 December 2014|access-date=24 December 2014|work=The Hindu|date=29 May 2004}}</ref><ref name="Dawn newspaper, 2004">{{cite news|last1=Staff reporter|title=Pakistan test-fires Hatf V missile|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/394516/pakistan-test-fires-hatf-v-missile|access-date=24 December 2014|agency=Dawn|location=Pakistan |date=29 May 2004}}</ref>

On 21 December 2010, the ''Ghauri–I'' was again successfully test fired for a third time.<ref name="GEO News, 2010">{{cite news|last1=Geo News Desk|title=Pak successfully test fires Ghauri Hataf-V|url=http://www.geo.tv/12-21-2010/76139.htm|access-date=24 December 2014|agency=GEO News |date=21 December 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224114243/http://www.geo.tv/12-21-2010/76139.htm|archive-date=24 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.geo.tv/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224114243/http://www.geo.tv/12-21-2010/76139.htm|url-status=dead|title=Pak successfully test fires Ghauri Hataf-V|archive-date=24 December 2014|website=www.geo.tv}}</ref> On 12 November 2012, the ''Ghauri–I'' was successfully test fired for a fourth occasion by the Strategic Missile Group of the Army Strategic Force Command.<ref name="China Central Television. Pakistan">{{cite news|last1=CCTV official|title=Pakistan has tested successfully Ghauri Hatf-V ballistic missile nuclear-capable|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hd0U6WLBqks |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/hd0U6WLBqks |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|access-date=24 December 2014 |publisher=China Central Television |date=12 November 2012}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The test-flight was monitored by the new Strategic Command and Control Support System (SCCSS) and is believed to have been geared towards testing the SCCSS rather than the missile itself.<ref name="DefenceNews, 2012" />

On 15 April 2015, ''Ghauri-I'' was again test fired from Mashhood Test Firing Range. <ref name="Express Tribune, 2015">{{cite news|last1=WEb Desk|title=Pakistan successfully test fires Ghauri Missile|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/870256/pakistan-successfully-test-fires-ghauri-missile/|access-date=16 April 2015|work=The Express Tribune |date=15 April 2015}}</ref><ref name="ISPR press release">{{cite press release |last1=ISPR|title=Press Release: Ghauri|url=https://www.ispr.gov.pk/front/main.asp?o=t-press_release&id=2835#pr_link2835|website=ispr.gov.pk/|publisher=ISPR|access-date=16 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331130905/https://www.ispr.gov.pk/front/main.asp?id=2835&o=t-press_release#pr_link2835|archive-date=31 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Besides Hatf-I, the ''Ghauri'' missile is the only system that is transported through separate 8WD semi-trailer mounted on the Mercedes-Benz Atego truck, with visible Pakistani military markings.<ref name="ISPR press release" />

{{center|'''Evolution and Design Comparison of Ghauri system'''}} <gallery class="center"> File:'Pakistan Military Museum (63).jpg|{{small|The design concept and mockup of ''Ghauri–I'' system at the Pakistan Army Museum.}} File:Rodong-1.png|{{small|Diagram of the North Korean Nodong-1 ballistic missile}} File:Military truck carrying IRBMs of Pakistani Army.jpg|{{small|The Atego truck, with visible Pakistani military markings (seen in left), is a transporter vehicle of ''Ghauri'', ca. 2008.}} </gallery>

==See also== {{Portal|Pakistan}} * Nodong-1 * Ballistic missile * Liquid fuel rocket ;Related developments * Ghauri-II * Ghauri-III ;Related lists * List of missiles

==References== {{reflist|3}}

==External links== * [http://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/hatf-5-ghauri/ CSIS Missile Threat – Hatf 5] * [https://fas.org/nuke/guide/pakistan/missile/hatf-5.htm FAS.org article – Hatf-5] * [http://www.defencejournal.com/may98/pakmissiletech.htm DefenceJournal.com article – Pakistani Missile Technology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151102015319/http://www.defencejournal.com/may98/pakmissiletech.htm |date=2 November 2015 }} * [https://fas.org/news/pakistan/1998/04/980406-ghauri.htm FAS.org – Pakistan test-fires Ghauri missile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308075540/http://fas.org/news/pakistan/1998/04/980406-ghauri.htm |date=8 March 2016 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghauri}} Category:North Korea–Pakistan relations Category:1998 in spaceflight Category:Medium-range ballistic missiles of Pakistan Category:Military equipment introduced in the 2000s Category:2003 in spaceflight Category:Nuclear missiles of Pakistan