{{Short description|Aspect of World War II}} {{pp-vandalism|small=yes}} {{Infobox former country | conventional_long_name = German-occupied Europe | image_flag = Flag of German Reich (1935–1945).svg | flag = Flag of Nazi Germany | image_coat = Reichsadler.svg{{!}}class=skin-invert | coa_size = 100 | symbol_type = Emblem | symbol = Coat of arms of Germany#Nazi Germany | national_anthem = {{lang|de|Das Lied der Deutschen}}<br />{{Literal translation|The Song of the Germans}} | image_map = German Reich 1942 (Orthographic Projection).svg | map_caption = Map of Germany and all European territory under German occupation by August–September 1942, excluding puppet states: {{parabr}}{{plainlist|style=padding-left: 0.6em; text-align: left;| *{{legend2|#008100|Germany{{efn|name=annexed|Including the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and the General Governorate for the Occupied Polish Region}}}} *{{legend2|#47ca44|Civilian-administered occupied territory}} *{{legend2|#a6e0a6|Military-administered occupied territory}} }}{{parabr}} | image_map_caption = | image_map2_caption = | status = | capital = Berlin | stat_year1 = {{nobold|Total (1941)}} | stat_area1 = 3300000<ref name="Berend">{{cite book| first=Iván T. |last=Berend| authorlink=Iván T. Berend | title=An Economic History of Twentieth-Century Europe: Economic Regimes from Laissez-Faire to Globalization| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=31rWDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA72| page=72| publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2016 |isbn=9781107136427}}</ref> | stat_pop1 = 238000000<ref name="Berend"/> | common_languages = | title_leader = {{Lang|de|Reichskommissar}} | leader1 = Fritz Katzmann | year_leader1 = 1938–1945 | title_deputy = {{Lang|de|Reichsstatthalter}} | deputy1 = Adolf Eichmann | year_deputy1 = 1938–1945 | deputy2 = Heinrich Himmler | year_deputy2 = 1940–1945 | deputy3 = Hermann Göring | year_deputy4 = | year_deputy3 = 1941–1945 | era = Interbellum (until 1939)<br />World War II (until 1945) | life_span = 1938–1945 | event_start = German annexation of Austria | date_start = 12 March 1938 | event1 = German invasion of Poland | date_event1 = 1 September 1939 | event2 = German invasion of the Soviet Union | date_event2 = 22 June 1941 | event3 = Allied invasion of Italy | date_event3 = 3 September 1943 | event4 = Soviet invasion of Germany | date_event4 = 13 January 1945 | event5 = Western Allied invasion of Germany | date_event5 = 22 March 1945 | event6 = Fall of Berlin | date_event6 = 2 May 1945 | event_end = German Instrument of Surrender | date_end = 8 May 1945 | event_post = Allied occupation of Germany | date_post = 5 June 1945 | p1 = | s1 = Allied-occupied Germany | flag_s1 = Flag of Germany (1946-1949).svg | image_s1 = | border_s1 = | currency = Reichsmark (ℛℳ) | official_languages = German | demonym = }}
Between 1938 and 1945, Nazi Germany occupied or controlled vast territories of Europe. Peaking in 1941–1942, Germany and the other Axis powers (namely Italy) were governing more than half of the entire continent's population through direct administration, civil occupation, and military occupation, as well as by establishing puppet states. Germany's expansionist campaigns under the Nazi Party of Adolf Hitler ultimately led to the beginning of World War II in 1939.<ref name="britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica, [https://web.archive.org/web/20130330193920/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/648813/World-War-II/53572/German-occupied-Europe German occupied Europe.] World War II. Retrieved 1 September 2015 from the Internet Archive.</ref> Also inside some of these occupied states, particularly Poland, was a large network of Nazi camps that facilitated what would later become known as the Holocaust.
The {{Lang|de|Wehrmacht}} occupied European territory: * as far north and east as Franz Josef Land in the Soviet Union * as far south as Gavdos in Greece * as far west as Ushant in France
German weather stations within Europe existed as far north as Schatzgräber in Franz Josef Land's Alexandra Land. Although the ''{{Lang|de|Kriegsmarine}}'' operated globally during World War II, it was chiefly focused on establishing and maintaining hegemony in the North Atlantic, especially the North Sea.
==History== {{see also|Areas annexed by Nazi Germany}} Several German-occupied countries initially entered World War II as Allies of the United Kingdom<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4J2c4jEhjYC&q=allies+in+1939|title=Britain and Poland 1939–1943: The Betrayed Ally|last=Prazmowska|first=Anita|date=1995-03-23|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521483858|language=en}}</ref> or the Soviet Union.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nz_RAwAAQBAJ&q=soviet+german+alliance+ww2|title=The Devils' Alliance: Hitler's Pact with Stalin, 1939–1941|last=Moorhouse|first=Roger|date=2014-10-14|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=9780465054923|language=en}}</ref> Some were forced to surrender before the outbreak of the war such as Czechoslovakia;<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C0UsBgAAQBAJ&q=czechoslovakia+1938&pg=PA13|title=The Munich Crisis, 1938: Prelude to World War II|last1=Goldstein|first1=Erik|last2=Lukes|first2=Igor|date=2012-10-12|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136328329|language=en}}</ref> others like Poland (invaded on 1 September 1939)<ref name="britannica"/> were conquered in battle and then occupied. In some cases, the legitimate governments went into exile, in other cases the governments-in-exile were formed by their citizens in other Allied countries.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2xTdCwAAQBAJ&q=Governments+in+exile+second+world+war|title=Europe in Exile: European Exile Communities in Britain 1940–45|last1=Conway|first1=Martin|last2=Gotovitch|first2=José|date=2001-08-30|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=9781782389910|language=en}}</ref> Some countries occupied by Nazi Germany were officially neutral. Others were former members of the Axis powers that were subsequently occupied by German forces, such as Italy and Hungary.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=042YDgAAQBAJ&q=Axis+countries+occupied+by+Nazi+Germany|title=The Second World Wars: How the First Global Conflict Was Fought and Won|last=Hanson|first=Victor Davis|date=2017-10-17|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=9780465093199|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CInVseCvW-wC&q=hungary+during+the+war+world+2|title=Hungary in World War II: Caught in the Cauldron|last=Cornelius|first=Deborah S.|date=2011|publisher=Fordham Univ Press|isbn=9780823233434|language=en}}</ref>
==Concentration camps== {{main|Nazi concentration camps}} {{Infobox civilian attack | title = Part of German-occupied Europe | partof = | image = Himmler besichtigt die Gefangenenlager in Russland. Heinrich Himmler inspects a prisoner of war camp in Russia, circa... - NARA - 540164.jpg | image_size = 250px | caption = Head of the SS, Heinrich Himmler, inspects captured prisoners in German occupied Minsk, August 1941. | location = | target = | date = 1941–1945 | type = Starvation, death marches, executions, forced labor | motive = | fatalities = | perps = }}
Germany operated thousands of concentration camps in German-occupied Europe. The first camps were established in March 1933 immediately after Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of Germany. Following the 1934 purge of the {{lang|de|Sturmabteilung}} (SA), the concentration camps were run exclusively by the {{lang|de|Schutzstaffel}} (SS) via the Concentration Camps Inspectorate and later the SS Main Economic and Administrative Office. Initially, most prisoners were members of the Communist Party of Germany, but as time went on different groups were arrested, including "habitual criminals", "asocials", and Jews.
After the beginning of World War II, people from German-occupied Europe were imprisoned in the concentration camps. About 1.65 million people were registered prisoners in the camps, of whom about a million died during their imprisonment. Most of the fatalities occurred during the second half of World War II, including at least 4.7 million Soviet prisoners who were registered as of January 1945.
Following Allied military victories, the camps were gradually liberated in 1944 and 1945, although hundreds of thousands of prisoners died in the death marches.
After the expansion of Nazi Germany, people from countries occupied by the Wehrmacht were targeted and detained in concentration camps. In Western Europe, arrests focused on resistance fighters and saboteurs, but in Eastern Europe arrests included mass roundups aimed at the implementation of Nazi population policy and the forced recruitment of workers. This led to a predominance of Eastern Europeans, especially Poles, who made up the majority of the population of some camps. The ethnicities of captured people were various other groups from other different nationalities were transferred to Auschwitz or sent to local concentration camps. {{clear}}
== Occupied countries == The countries occupied included all, or most, of the following nations or territories: {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Country or territory of occupation ! Puppet state(s) or military administration(s) ! Timeline of occupation(s) ! German annexed or occupied territory ! Resistance movement(s) |- | {{flagicon image|Flag of Albania (1934-1939).svg}} Albanian Kingdom |{{flagicon image|Flag of Albania (1943-1944).svg}} Albanian Kingdom | {{dts|8 Sep 1943}} – 29 Nov 1944 | None | Albanian resistance |- | {{flagicon|Bailiwick of Guernsey|1940}} Bailiwick of Guernsey ---- {{Flagicon|Bailiwick of Jersey}} Bailiwick of Jersey |{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} German Occupied Channel Islands<br/>(Part of the Military Administration in France) | {{dts|30 Jun 1940}} – 9 May 1945 (Guernsey) ---- 1 Jul 1940 – 9 May 1945 (Jersey)
| None | Channel Islands resistance |- | {{flagicon|Czechoslovakia|1938}} First Czechoslovak Republic ---- {{flagicon|Czechoslovakia|1939}} Second Czechoslovak Republic ---- {{flagicon|Czechoslovakia|1945}} Third Czechoslovak Republic |{{flagicon image|Flag of First Slovak Republic 1939-1945.svg}} Slovak Republic ---- {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} German Zone of Protection in Slovakia | {{dts|1 Oct 1938}} – 11 May 1945 |{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} Gau Bayreuth<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Bohmen und Mahren.svg}} Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia<br />{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1939}} Reichsgau Niederdonau<br />{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} Reichsgau Oberdonau<br />{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} Reichsgau Sudetenland | Czechoslovak resistance |- | {{flagicon|Austria|variant=1933}} Federal State of Austria | {{main|Anschluss#End of an independent Austria}} None{{efn|Although there was substantial popular support in Austria for some type of (re)unification with Germany, Chancellors Engelbert Dollfuss and his successor Kurt Schuschnigg wanted to maintain at least some type of independence. Dollfuss had implemented an authoritarian regime now termed Austrofascism, continued by Schussnigg, which imprisoned many members of the Austrian Nazi Party and the Social Democratic Party which both favored unification. Violence by Austrian Nazi Party members including the assassination of Dollfuss, along with German propaganda and ultimately threats of invasion by Adolf Hitler, eventually led Schuschnigg to capitulate and resign. Hitler, however, did not wait for his hand-picked successor, Austrian Nazi Arthur Seyss-Inquart, to be sworn in and ordered German troops to invade Austria at dawn on 12 Mar 1938, where they were met with cheering crowds and an Austrian army previously ordered not to resist.}} | {{dts|12 Mar 1938}} – 9 May 1945 | {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} Reichsgau Kärnten<br />{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} Reichsgau Niederdonau<br />{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} Reichsgau Oberdonau<br />{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} Reichsgau Salzburg<br />{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} Reichsgau Steiermark<br />{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} Reichsgau Tirol-Vorarlberg<br />{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} Reichsgau Wien |Austrian resistance |- | {{flagicon|Danzig}} Free City of Danzig |None{{efn|Upon request of its Nazi-dominated senate, the city was directly annexed to Germany along with the surrounding Polish Pomeranian Voivodeship.}} | {{dts|1 Sep 1939}} – 9 May 1945 | {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia | Danzigian resistance |- | {{flagicon|France|variant=1794}} French Republic ---- {{flagicon image|Flag of Free France (1940-1944).svg}} Free France ---- {{flagicon|France|variant=1794}} Provisional Government of the French Republic ---- {{flagcountry|French protectorate of Tunisia}} | {{flagdeco|Nazi Germany}} Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France ---- {{flagdeco|Nazi Germany}} Military Administration in France ---- {{flagdeco|Nazi Germany}} Reichskommissariat of Belgium and Northern France | {{dts|10 May 1940}} – 9 May 1945 |{{flagdeco|Nazi Germany}} Gau Baden<br />{{flagdeco|Nazi Germany}} Gau Westmark <br />{{flagdeco|Nazi Germany}} Reichsgau Wallonien | French resistance |- | {{flagicon|Luxembourg}} Luxembourg | {{flagdeco|Nazi Germany}} Military Administration of Luxembourg ---- {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} Civil Administration Area of Luxembourg | {{dts|10 May 1940}} – Feb 1945 | {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} Gau Moselland | Luxembourg resistance |- | {{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy|1943}} Italian Islands of the Aegean | {{flagicon|Italian Social Republic}} Italian Islands of the Aegean | {{dts|8 Sep 1943}} – 8 May 1945 |None | |- | {{flagicon|Belgium|1940}} Belgium |{{flagdeco|Nazi Germany}} Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France ---- {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} Reichskommissariat of Belgium and Northern France | {{dts|10 May 1940}} – 4 Feb 1945 |{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} Gau Cologne-Aachen<br />{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} Reichsgau Wallonien <br />{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} Reichsgau Flandern | Belgian resistance |- | {{flagicon|Denmark|1940}} Denmark |Protectorate state | {{dts|9 Apr 1940}} – 5 May 1945 |None | Danish resistance |- | {{flagicon|Kingdom of Greece|1941}} Kingdom of Greece |{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} Military Administration in Greece * <small>{{flagicon image|Flag of Greece (1822-1978).svg}} Hellenic State</small> | {{dts|6 Apr 1941}} – 8 May 1945 |None | Greek resistance |- | {{flagicon image|Flag of Hungary (1915-1918, 1919-1946; 3-2 aspect ratio).svg}} Kingdom of Hungary | {{flagicon image|Flag of Hungary (1915-1918, 1919-1946; 3-2 aspect ratio).svg}} Kingdom of Hungary * <small>{{flagicon image|Flag of Hungary (1915-1918, 1919-1946; 3-2 aspect ratio).svg}} Government of National Unity</small> | {{dts|19 Mar 1944}} – May 1945 |None | Hungarian resistance |- | {{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy|1943}} Kingdom of Italy | {{flagicon|Italian Social Republic}} Italian Social Republic {{smalldiv| *{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} Operational Zone of the Adriatic Littoral *{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} Operational Zone of the Alpine Foothills }} | {{dts|8 Sep 1943}} – 2 May 1945 | None | Italian resistance |- | {{flagicon|Norway}} Norway | {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} Reichskommissariat Norwegen * <small>{{flagicon|Norway}} National Government</small> | {{dts|9 Apr 1940}} – 8 May 1945 |None |Norwegian resistance |- | {{flagicon|Netherlands}} Netherlands | {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} Reichskommissariat Niederlande | {{dts|10 May 1940}} – 20 May 1945 |None | Dutch resistance |- | {{flagicon|Kingdom of Yugoslavia}} Kingdom of Yugoslavia |{{flagicon image|Flag of Albania (1943-1944).svg}} Albanian Kingdom ---- {{flagicon image|Flag of Montenegro (1905-1918 & 1941-1944).svg}} German-occupied territory of Montenegro ---- {{flagicon|Independent State of Croatia}} Independent State of Croatia * <small>{{flagdeco|Nazi Germany}} German zone of influence</small> ---- {{flagicon image|Flag IMARO.svg}} Independent State of Macedonia ---- {{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1941}} Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia<br/>{{smalldiv| *{{flagicon image|Flag of the Government of National Salvation (occupied Yugoslavia).svg}} Commissioner Government *{{flagicon image|Flag of the Government of National Salvation (occupied Yugoslavia).svg}} Government of National Salvation }} | {{dts|6 Apr 1941}} – 15 May 1945 | {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} Reichsgau Kärnten<br />{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} Reichsgau Steiermark | Yugoslav resistance |- | {{flagicon|Monaco}} Monaco | None | {{dts|8 Sep 1943}} – 3 Sep 1944 |None | |- |{{Flagicon|Finland|1944}} Finland |None | {{dts|15 Sep 1944}} – 25 Apr 1945 |None |Finnish resistance |- | {{flagicon|Lithuania|1939}} Republic of Lithuania ---- Provisional Government of Lithuania | {{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1941}} Reichskommissariat Ostland | {{dts|22 Mar 1939}} – 21 Jul 1940 ---- 23 Jun 1941 – 5 Aug 1941 | {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} Gau East Prussia | Lithuanian resistance |- | {{flagicon image|Flag of Poland (1928-1980).svg}} Republic of Poland | {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} Military Administration in Poland ---- {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} General Government administration ---- {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} Reichskommissariat Ostland ---- {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} Reichskommissariat Ukraine | {{dts|1 Sep 1939}} – 9 May 1945 | {{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1941}} Bezirk Bialystok<br />{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1939}} Gau East Prussia<br />{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1939}} Gau Schlesien<br />{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1941}} Gau Oberschlesien<br />{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1939}} General Government<br />{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1941}} Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia<br />{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1939}} Reichsgau Wartheland |Polish resistance |- | {{flagicon|San Marino}} San Marino | None (military trespassing) | {{dts|17 Sep 1944}} – 20 Sep 1944 |None | |- |{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1941}} Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia |{{flagicon image|Flag of the Government of National Salvation (occupied Yugoslavia).svg}} Commissioner Government ---- {{flagicon image|Flag of the Government of National Salvation (occupied Yugoslavia).svg}} Government of National Salvation | {{dts|30 Apr 1941}} – Jan 1945 |None |Serbian resistance |- | {{flagicon image|Flag of First Slovak Republic 1939-1945.svg}} Slovak Republic |{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} German Zone of Protection in Slovakia | {{dts|23 Mar 1939}} – May 1945 | None | Slovak resistance |- | border|23px Territory of the Saar Basin |None.{{efn|In a referendum in 1935, over 90% of residents supported reunification with Germany over remaining a League of Nations protectorate of France and the United Kingdom or joining France.}} | {{dts|1 Mar 1935}} – Apr 1945 |{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} Gau Palatinate-Saar<br />{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} Gau Saar-Palatinate<br />{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} Gau Westmark | Saar Basinian resistance |- | {{flagicon|Ukraine|1941}} Ukrainian National Government | {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} Reichskommissariat Ukraine | {{dts|30 Jun 1941}} – Sep 1941 | {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} General Government | Ukrainian resistance |- | Parts of the {{flagicon image|Flag of the Soviet Union (1936-1955).svg}} Soviet Union | Lepel Republic ---- {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} Military Administration in the Soviet Union * <small>{{flagicon image|Naval Ensign of Russia.svg}} {{flagicon image|Flag of Russian Liberation People's Army.svg}} Lokot Autonomy</small> ---- {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} Reichskommissariat Ostland ---- {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} Reichskommissariat Ukraine | {{dts|22 Jun 1941}} – 10 May 1945 | {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} Bezirk Bialystok<br />{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} General Government | Soviet resistance |}
===Governments in exile===
====Allied governments in exile==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! style="background:#efefef;" | Government in exile ! style="background:#efefef;" | Capital in exile ! style="background:#efefef;" | Timeline of exile ! style="background:#efefef;" | Occupier(s) |- | {{flagicon|Austria|1941}} Austrian Democratic Union | {{flagicon|UK|1940}} London | 1941–1945 | {{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1939}} German Reich/Greater German Reich |- | {{flagicon|Free France}} Free France | {{flagicon|UK|1940}} London<br />(1940–1941)<br/>{{flagicon image|Flag of Free France (1940-1944).svg}} Algiers, French Algeria<br />(1942 – Aug 31, 1944) | 1940 – Aug 31, 1944 | {{flagicon|France|1940}} French State<br />{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1940}} German Reich/Greater German Reich<br />{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1940}} Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France<br />{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1944}} Reichskommissariat of Belgium and Northern France |- | {{flagicon|Poland|1928}} Government of the Republic of Poland in exile |{{Flagicon|France|variant=1794}} Paris<br />(Sep 29/30, 1939 – 1940)<br/>{{Flagicon|France|variant=1794}} Angers, French Republic<br />(1940 – Jun 12, 1940)<br/>{{flagicon|UK|1940}} London<br />(Jun 12, 1940 – 1990) | Sep 29/30, 1939 – Dec 22, 1990 | {{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1939}} German Reich/Greater German Reich<br />{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1941}} Reich Commissariat East<br />{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1941}} Reich Commissariat Ukraine<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of First Slovak Republic 1939-1945.svg}} Slovak Republic<br />{{flagicon|Soviet Union|1936}} Soviet Union<br />{{flagicon|Poland}} People's Republic of Poland |- | {{flagicon|Belgium|1940}} Belgium | {{flagicon|UK|1940}} London<br />(Oct 22, 1940 – Sep 8, 1944) | Oct 22, 1940 – Sep 8, 1944 | {{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1940}} German Reich/Greater German Reich<br />{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1940}} Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France<br />{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1944}} Reichskommissariat of Belgium and Northern France |- | {{flagicon|Denmark|1943}} Denmark |None | 1943–1945 | {{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1940}} German Reich/Greater German Reich |- | {{flagicon|Luxembourg|1940}} Luxembourg | {{flagicon|UK|1940}} London | 1940–1944 | {{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1940}} German Reich/Greater German Reich |- | {{flagicon|Greece|royal}} Kingdom of Greece | {{flagicon|Egypt|1922}} Cairo, Egypt | Apr 29, 1941 – Oct 12, 1944 | {{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1940}} German Reich/Greater German Reich<br />{{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy|1943}} Kingdom of Italy<br />{{flagicon|Bulgaria|1941}} Kingdom of Bulgaria |- | {{flagicon|Norway|1940}} Norway | {{flagicon|UK|1940}} London | Jun 7, 1940 – May 31, 1945 | {{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1940}} Reichskommissariat Norwegen |- | {{flagicon|Kingdom of Yugoslavia}} Kingdom of Yugoslavia | {{flagicon|UK|1941}} London | Jun 7, 1941 – Mar 7, 1945 | 23px Albanian Kingdom<br />Commissioner Government<br/>{{flagicon image|Flag of Montenegro (1905-1918 & 1941-1944).svg}} German-occupied territory of Montenegro<br />{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1941}} German Reich/Greater German Reich<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of the Government of National Salvation (occupied Yugoslavia).svg}} Government of National Salvation<br />border|23px Independent State of Croatia<br />23px Independent Macedonia<br />{{flagicon|Bulgaria|1941}} Kingdom of Bulgaria<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Hungary (1915-1918, 1919-1946; 3-2 aspect ratio).svg}} Kingdom of Hungary<br />{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1941)}} Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia<br /> |- | {{flagicon|Netherlands|1940}} Netherlands | {{flagicon|UK|1940}} London | 1940–1945 |{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1940)}} Reichskommissariat Niederlande |- | {{flagicon|Czechoslovakia|1938}} Provisional Government of Czechoslovakia |{{Flagicon|France|variant=1794}} Paris<br />(Oct 2, 1939 – 1940)<br/>{{flagicon|UK|1940}} London<br />(1940–1941)<br/>{{flagicon|UK|1941}} Aston Abbotts, United Kingdom<br />(1941–1945) | Oct 2, 1939 – Apr 2, 1945 |{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1939)}} German Reich/Greater German Reich<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Hungary (1915-1918, 1919-1946; 3-2 aspect ratio).svg}} Kingdom of Hungary<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of First Slovak Republic 1939-1945.svg}} Slovak Republic |- |}
====Axis governments in exile==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! style="background:#efefef;" | Government in exile ! style="background:#efefef;" | Capital in exile ! style="background:#efefef;" | Timeline of exile ! style="background:#efefef;" | Occupier(s) |- | {{flagicon image|Flag of Bulgaria.svg}} Kingdom of Bulgaria | {{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1944}} Vienna, Greater German Reich | Sep 16, 1944 – May 10, 1945 | {{flagicon image|Flag of Bulgaria.svg}} Kingdom of Bulgaria<br/>{{flagicon image|State Flag of Greece (1863-1924 and 1935-1973).svg}} Kingdom of Greece<br/>{{flagicon image|Flag of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.svg}} Kingdom of Yugoslavia |- |{{Flagicon|Vichy France}} French State | {{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1944}} Sigmaringen, Greater German Reich | 1944 – Apr 22, 1945 | {{flagicon|France|1944}} Provisional Government of the French Republic |- | {{flagicon image|Flag of Hungary (1915-1918, 1919-1946).svg}} Kingdom of Hungary | {{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1944}} Vienna, Greater German Reich ---- {{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1944}} Munich, Greater German Reich | Mar 28/29, 1945 – May 7, 1945 | {{flagicon image|Flag of the Czech Republic.svg}} Czechoslovak Republic<br/>{{flagicon image|Flag of Hungary (1915-1918, 1919-1946).svg}} Kingdom of Hungary<br/>{{flagicon|Romania}} Kingdom of Romania<br/>{{flagicon image|Flag of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.svg}} Kingdom of Yugoslavia |- | {{flagicon|Romania}} Kingdom of Romania | {{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1944}} Vienna, Greater German Reich | 1944–1945 | {{flagicon|Romania}} Kingdom of Romania |- | {{flagicon image|Flag of Montenegro (1905–1918, 1941–1944).svg}} Montenegrin State Council | {{flagicon|Independent State of Croatia}} Zagreb, Independent State of Croatia | Summer of 1944 – May 8, 1945 | {{flagicon image|Flag of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.svg}} Kingdom of Yugoslavia |- | {{flagicon image|Flag of First Slovak Republic 1939-1945.svg}} Slovak Republic | {{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1944}} Kremsmünster, Great-German Reich | Apr 4, 1945 – 8 May 1945 | {{flagicon image|Flag of the Czech Republic.svg}} Czechoslovak Republic |- | | {{flagicon image|Flag of the Government of National Salvation (occupied Yugoslavia).svg}} Government of National Salvation | {{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1944}} Kitzbühel, Great-German Reich | Oct 7, 1944 – 8 May 1945 | {{flagicon|Soviet Union|1936}} Soviet Union |}
====Neutral governments in exile==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! style="background:#efefef;" | Government in exile ! style="background:#efefef;" | Capital in exile ! style="background:#efefef;" | Timeline of exile ! style="background:#efefef;" | Occupier(s) |- | {{flagicon|Belarus|1991}} Belarusian Democratic Republic | {{flagicon|Czechoslovakia|1919}} Prague, Czechoslovak Republic<br />(1923–1938) ---- {{flagicon|Czechoslovakia|1938}} Prague, Czecho-Slovak Republic<br />(1938–1939) ---- {{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1939}} Prague, German Reich/Greater German Reich<br />(1939–1945) | 1919 – present | {{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1941}} German Reich/Greater German Reich<br />{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1941}} Realm Commissariat East<br />{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1941}} Realm Commissariat Ukraine<br />{{flagicon|Poland|1918}} Republic of Poland<br />{{flagicon|Soviet Union}} Soviet Union |- | {{flagicon|Estonia|1940}} Republic of Estonia | {{flagicon|Sweden|1944}} Stockholm, Kingdom of Sweden<br />(1944 – Aug 20, 1991) ---- {{flagicon|USA}} New York City, United States | Jun 17, 1940 – Aug 20, 1991 |{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1941}} Reichskommissariat Ostland<br />{{flagicon|Soviet Union|1940}} Soviet Union |- | {{flagicon image|Flag of Ukraine.svg}} Ukrainian People's Republic | {{flagicon|Poland|1920}} Warsaw, Republic of Poland<br />(1920–1939) ---- {{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1939}} Prague, German Reich/Greater German Reich<br />(1939–1944) | 1920 – Aug 22, 1992 |{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1939}} German Reich/Greater German Reich<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Hungary (1915-1918, 1919-1946; 3-2 aspect ratio).svg}} Kingdom of Hungary<br />{{flagicon|Romania|1941}} Kingdom of Romania<br />{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1941}} Reichskommissariat Ukraine<br />{{flagicon|Soviet Union|1936}} Soviet Union |}
== See also == * Areas annexed by Nazi Germany * Underground media in German-occupied Europe * ''Drang nach Osten'' ("The Drive Eastward") * Greater Germanic Reich * ''Lebensraum'' ("Living Space") * ''Neuordnung'' ("New Order") * Pan-Germanism
== Notes == {{notelist}}
== References == {{reflist}}
==Bibliography== * Bank, Jan. ''Churches and Religion in the Second World War (Occupation in Europe)'' (2016). * Gildea, Robert and Olivier Wieviorka. ''Surviving Hitler and Mussolini: Daily Life in Occupied Europe'' (2007). * Klemann, Hein A.M. and Sergei Kudryashov, eds. ''Occupied Economies: An Economic History of Nazi-Occupied Europe, 1939–1945'' (2011). * Lagrou, Pieter. ''The Legacy of Nazi Occupation: Patriotic Memory and National Recovery in Western Europe, 1945–1965'' (1999). *{{cite book|last=Mazower|first=Mark|author-link=Mark Mazower|title=Hitler's Empire: Nazi Rule in Occupied Europe|publisher=Allen Lane|location=London|year=2008|isbn=9780713996814}} * Scheck, Raffael; Fabien Théofilakis; and Julia S. Torrie, eds. ''German-occupied Europe in the Second World War'' (Routledge, 2019), 276 pp. [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=54358 online review]. * Snyder, Timothy. ''Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin'' (2010), on Eastern Europe. * Toynbee, Arnold, ed. ''Survey of International Affairs, 1939–1946: Hitler's Europe'' (Oxford University Press, 1954), 730 pp. [https://academic.oup.com/ahr/article-abstract/60/2/365/109404?redirectedFrom=fulltext online review]; [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.84095 full text online free].
===Primary sources=== * Carlyle Margaret, ed. ''Documents on International Affairs, 1939–1946. Volume II, Hitler's Europe'' (Oxford University Press, 1954), 362 pp.
==External links== * [http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/euro1942.htm Map of Europe in 1942] * [http://www.worldwar2history.info/war/Allies.html Allies] * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/events/germany_advances_through_europe BBC – History – Germany advances through Europe (pictures, video, facts & news)]
{{Nazi Germany occupations}} {{World War II}} {{WWII history by nation}}
Category:World War II occupied territories Europe Category:Axis powers Category:Nazi Germany