Georgy Gapon

{{Short description|Russian Orthodox priest (1870–1906)}} {{Expand Russian|Гапон, Георгий Аполлонович|date=December 2024|topic=bio}}{{family name hatnote|Apollonovich|Gapon|lang=Eastern Slavic}} {{Infobox clergy | honorific_prefix = [[The Reverend]] | name = Georgy Gapon | image = Батька Гапон.jpg | alt = | caption =  | native_name = Георгий Гапон | native_name_lang = ru | pronunciation = | birth_name = Georgy Apollonovich Gapon | birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1870|2|17}} | birth_place = [[Bilyky]], [[Poltava Governorate]], Russian Empire<br>(now [[Ukraine]]) | death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1906|4|10|1870|2|17}} | death_place = [[Saint Petersburg]], Russian Empire | death_cause = Assassination | residence = | alma_mater = | occupation = {{hlist | Cleric | political activist}} | years_active = | spouse = Vera{{sfn|Lane|1995|p=336}} (died {{circa|1898}}) | children = | parents = | relatives =  | website =  | religion = {{nowrap|Christianity ([[Eastern Orthodox]])}} | church = [[Russian Orthodox Church]] | ordained = | writings = | congregations = | offices_held = | signature = Подпись Гапона.jpg | signature_alt = }}

'''Georgy Apollonovich Gapon'''{{efn|{{langx|uk|Гапон Георгій Аполлонович}}, {{langx|ru|Гео́ргий Аполло́нович Гапо́н}}.}} ({{OldStyleDate|17 February|1870|5 February}} –{{OldStyleDate|10 April|1906|28 March}}) was a [[Russian Orthodox Church|Russian Orthodox]] priest of Ukrainian descent and a popular working-class leader before the [[1905 Russian Revolution]]. Father Gapon is mainly remembered as the leader of [[Bloody Sunday (1905)|peaceful crowds of protesters on Bloody Sunday]], when hundreds of them were killed by firing squads of the [[Imperial Russian Army]].

==Early life== Georgy Apollonovich Gapon was born {{OldStyleDate|17 February|1870|5 February}}, in the village of Bilyky, [[Poltava Governorate]], [[Russian Empire]] (now Ukraine). He was the oldest son of a [[Cossacks|Cossack]] father and mother who hailed from the local peasantry.{{sfn|Sablinsky|1976|p=34}} Gapon's father, Apollon Fedorovich Gapon, had some formal education and served as an elected village elder and clerk in Bilyky.{{sfn|Sablinsky|1976|p=35}} His mother was illiterate and religiously devout and actively raised her son in the norms and traditions of the [[Russian Orthodox Church]].{{sfn|Sablinsky|1976|p=35}}

Gapon was an excellent primary school student and was offered a place at the Lower Ecclesiastical School in [[Poltava]], a seminary that offered Gapon the best prospect for advancing his formal education.{{sfn|Sablinsky|1976|p=36}} In his final year at this school, Gapon was first exposed to the radical philosophical teachings of [[Leo Tolstoy]] through one of his instructors, a devoted follower of the Russian writer.{{sfn|Sablinsky|1976|p=36}} This instructor, I. M. Tregubov, regarded Gapon as one of the top students at the school, serious and intelligent in demeanour and diligent and curious in his studies.{{sfn|Sablinsky|1976|p=36}}

Following his graduation from the Lower Ecclesiastical School, Gapon was admitted to {{interlanguage link|Poltava Seminary|ru|Полтавская духовная семинария}}, where he continued to be guided in his study of Tolstoy's ideas by other local followers.{{sfn|Sablinsky|1976|p=37}} Gapon was influenced by the [[Tolstoyan movement|Tolstoyan]] emphasis on working with the poor and with its philosophical criticism with the formalistic and hierarchical practices of the official church.{{sfn|Sablinsky|1976|p=37}} This brought him into conflict with certain seminary officials, who threatened to rescind his educational stipend.{{sfn|Sablinsky|1976|p=37}} Gapon met this threat by himself rejecting further aid and seeking to pay for his own education through work as a private tutor.{{sfn|Sablinsky|1976|pp=37–38}}

Gapon fell ill from typhus, which incapacitated him for a time, making it impossible to earn a living as a tutor and continue his studies effectively.{{sfn|Sablinsky|1976|p=38}} He decided to abandon plans for a career as a priest, seeking instead to attend [[Tomsk State University|Tomsk University]] to become a physician, so as to be of greater service to the ailing poor.{{sfn|Sablinsky|1976|p=38}} His plans were short-circuited, however, when the seminary issued him a less-than-perfect grade for behaviour, thereby effectively barring his path to further university education.{{sfn|Sablinsky|1976|p=38}}

At the age of 23 Gapon took a job in Poltava as a ''[[zemstvo]]'' statistician, supplementing his income with money earned working as a private tutor.{{sfn|Sablinsky|1976|p=39}} It was in this capacity that he met the daughter of a local merchant in a house in which he was giving private lessons.{{sfn|Sablinsky|1976|p=39}} The family objected to a proposed marriage due to Gapon's limited employment horizons, however, and as a means of overcoming this obstacle he again sought to become a priest.{{sfn|Sablinsky|1976|pp=39–40}} He made an appeal to Bishop {{interlanguage link|Ilarion (Yushenov)|ru|Иларион (Юшенов)|lt=Ilarion}} of Poltava, apologizing for past behaviour and promising to fulfill expectations of the church in the future.{{sfn|Sablinsky|1976|p=40}} The bishop was moved by the appeal and interceded with the family, winning the couple permission to marry.{{sfn|Sablinsky|1976|p=40}}

Gapon was placed on the fast track to priesthood, occupying a place as a church psalm reader for a year, followed by a ''[[pro forma]]'' promotion to deacon for just one day before being made priest of the Poltava cemetery church.{{sfn|Sablinsky|1976|p=40}} Gapon's services were innovative and informal, and his church rapidly grew in size, negatively impacting other more formalistic local churches, whose priests lodged complaints against him.{{sfn|Sablinsky|1976|p=40}} Nevertheless, Gapon continued to enjoy the support of the bishop in his position and was largely satisfied with his station in life.{{sfn|Sablinsky|1976|p=40}}

==Move to Saint Petersburg== [[File:St. Petersburg academy.jpg|thumb|Saint Petersburg Theological Academy, attended by Georgy Gapon, was one of four religious academies of the Russian Orthodox Church. The school was a training facility for theologians.]]

Gapon and his wife had two children in rapid succession, but his wife fell ill following the 1898 birth of the second child, a boy.{{sfn|Sablinsky|1976|p=40}} She died not long afterward, and Gapon decided to leave Poltava to make a new life in the capital city of [[Saint Petersburg]].{{sfn|Sablinsky|1976|pp=40–41}} Bishop Ilarion made a strong recommendation to [[Konstantin Pobedonostsev]], Procurator of the Holy Synod, that Gapon be allowed to take the entrance examination to the [[Saint Petersburg Theological Academy]] despite his lack of the standard Seminary certificate.{{sfn|Sablinsky|1976|p=41}} Gapon placed 16th of 67 applicants and was subsequently awarded a scholarship reserved for the top prospects at the school.{{sfn|Sablinsky|1976|pp=41–42}} He would be one of 235 students to regularly attend classes at the school in 1898.{{sfn|Sablinsky|1976|p=42}}

During his first year at the Saint Petersburg Academy, Gapon became involved in missionary work for the church through the Society for Religious and Moral Enlightenment in the Spirit of the Orthodox Church.{{sfn|Sablinsky|1976|p=42}} As part of this activity Gapon helped to conduct religious discussions in industrial shops, mess halls, and lodging houses, bringing him into close contact with the urban [[proletariat]] for the first time.{{sfn|Sablinsky|1976|p=42}} The tightly wound Gapon found the strain of missionary work plus the demands of academic life to be too great and fell into a state of acute depression and he began skipping classes.{{sfn|Sablinsky|1976|p=42}} He withdrew from school on a medical leave of absence{{sfn|Sablinsky|1976|p=45}} and spent almost a year in [[Crimea]] in an attempt to regain his psychological health.{{sfn|Sablinsky|1976|p=42}}

Gapon's status as a student at the Saint Petersburg Theological Academy, one of the elite theological training institutions of the Orthodox Church, placed him in good graces with Bishop Nikolai of [[History of Crimea|Taurida]], who permitted Gapon to live in a monastery near [[Sevastopol|Sebastopol]] without having to take [[monastic vows]].{{sfn|Sablinsky|1976|p=43}} In Crimea, he met several prominent members of the Tolstoyan movement, all of whom were intensely critical of the Orthodox Church and urged Gapon to leave the priesthood.{{sfn|Sablinsky|1976|p=43}} Gapon rejected this advice, choosing instead to return to course work in Saint Petersburg in November 1899, renewed and reinvigorated.{{sfn|Sablinsky|1976|p=44}}

Gapon became a religious teacher at the St. Olga children's orphanage in 1900 and became involved in working with factory workers and families impoverished by unemployment.

==Bloody Sunday== [[File:Gapon u Narvskoy zastavy1.jpg|thumb|Gapon near [[Narva Gate]]]]

With the financial support of Colonel [[Akashi Motojiro]] of the [[Imperial Japanese Army]],{{sfn|Busch|1969|p=121}} Gapon organized the Assembly of Russian Factory and Mill Workers of Saint Petersburg, which was also patronized by the Department of the Police and the Saint Petersburg ''[[Okhrana]]'' and received support from [[Ivan Fullon]], then Governor-General of Saint Petersburg. The Assembly's objectives were to defend workers' rights and to elevate their moral and religious status. He was the person to lead the industrial workers to the capital of Russia during the year 1905. Only persons of Russian Orthodox faith were eligible to join the ranks. He received support from the police-sponsored trade unions established by Okhrana Chief [[Sergei Zubatov]] before their disbandment in 1903. The organization professed loyalty to the Russian Empire, beginning its meetings with the [[Lord's Prayer]] and concluding them with the imperial national anthem "[[God Save the Tsar!]]" At the same time, the Assembly had radical demands. Before the [[1905 Russian Revolution]], Gapon preached that the Tsar was a benevolent leader appointed by [[Divine right of kings|divine right]] who wanted to make fundamental reforms but was constantly thwarted by the [[Boyar|boyars]].<ref>Figes, Orlando (1996). ''A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution, 1891-1924''. London: Jonathan Cape. pp. 168–169. {{ISBN|0-224-04162-2}}. {{OCLC|35657827}}.</ref> Soon the organization had twelve branches and 8,000 members, and Gapon tried to expand activities to [[Kiev]] and [[Moscow]]. Gapon was not simply an obedient instrument of the police; cooperating with them, he tried to realize his plan for a positive change of the working class in Russia.{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}

From the end of 1904, Gapon started to cooperate with radicals who championed the abolition of [[Tsarist autocracy]].{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}

On {{OldStyleDate|22 January|1905|9 January}}, the day after a general strike burst out in Saint Petersburg, Gapon organized a workers' procession to present an emotionally charged written [[St. Petersburg Workmen's Petition to the Tsar|petition to the Tsar]]. The demonstration ended tragically as police fired upon the workers; the incident came to be known as [[Bloody Sunday (1905)|Bloody Sunday]].<ref name="marx">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Gapon, Georgi Apollonovich (1870–1906)|url=http://www.marxists.org/glossary/people/g/a.htm |editor-last=Blunden|editor-first=Andy|editor-link=Andy Blunden|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Marxism|publisher=Marxists Internet Archive|access-date=12 January 2019|archive-date=16 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816155739/https://www.marxists.org/glossary/people/g/a.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Gapon's life was saved by [[Pinhas Rutenberg]], who took him away from the gunfire and changed his priestly garments to a common man's. He then became the guest of [[Maxim Gorky]].{{sfn|Yedlin|1999|p=49}}

Following Bloody Sunday, Gapon [[Anathema#Orthodoxy|anathematized]] the Tsar and called upon the workers to take action against the regime, but soon after escaped abroad, where he had close ties with the [[Socialist Revolutionary Party]]. Gapon and Rutenberg were welcomed in Europe both by prominent Russian émigrés [[Georgi Plekhanov]], [[Vladimir Lenin]], and [[Peter Kropotkin]] and [[French Left|French socialist]] leaders [[Jean Jaurès]] and [[Georges Clemenceau]]. He found sanctuary in [[Geneva]]<ref>{{cite web|title=George Gapon |url=http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RUSgapon.htm|publisher=Spartacus Educational|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070213024532/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RUSgapon.htm|archive-date=13 February 2007|url-status=usurped|access-date=21 February 2007}}</ref> and in London at 33 Dunstan House, [[Stepney]], with anarchists [[Peter Kropotkin]] and [[Rudolf Rocker]]. After the [[October Manifesto]], before the end of 1905, Gapon returned to Russia and resumed contact with the Okhrana.

==Death== Gapon soon revealed to Rutenberg about his contacts with the police and tried to recruit him too, reasoning that dual loyalties were helpful to the workers' cause; however, Rutenberg reported this provocation to his party leaders, [[Yevno Azef]],<ref name=notes>{{cite web|last=Evans|first=Charles T.|title=Father Gapon|url=http://novaonline.nvcc.edu/eli/evans/HIS242/Notes/Gapon.html|website=novaonline.nvcc.edu|access-date=2 June 2014|archive-date=26 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026121139/http://novaonline.nvcc.edu/eli/evans/HIS242/Notes/Gapon.html|url-status=live}}</ref> who was himself a secret police spy, and [[Boris Savinkov]]. On 26 March 1906, Gapon arrived to meet Rutenberg in a rented cottage outside Saint Petersburg, and after a month he was found there hanged. Rutenberg asserted later that Gapon was condemned by a comrades' court. In reality, three SR party combatants overheard their conversation from the next room. After Gapon had repeated his collaboration proposal, Rutenberg called the comrades into the room and left. When he returned, Gapon was dead.<ref name=notes>{{cite web|last=Evans|first=Charles T.|title=Father Gapon|url=http://novaonline.nvcc.edu/eli/evans/HIS242/Notes/Gapon.html|website=novaonline.nvcc.edu|access-date=2 June 2014|archive-date=26 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026121139/http://novaonline.nvcc.edu/eli/evans/HIS242/Notes/Gapon.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Gapon died on {{OldStyleDate|10 April|1906|28 March}}.

==Works== * St. Petersburg Workmen's Petition to the Tsar * ''The Story of My Life'' (An autobiography by Gapon written just after the Bloody Sunday tragedy)

==Notes== {{Notelist}}

==References==

===Footnotes=== {{reflist|22em}}

===Bibliography=== {{refbegin|35em|indent=yes}} * {{cite book|last=Busch|first=Noel F.|year=1969|title=The Emperor's Sword: Japan vs Russia in the Battle of Tsushima|location=New York|publisher=Funk & Wagnall|oclc=12442}} * {{cite encyclopedia|year=1995|title=Gapon, Georgii Apollonovich|editor-last=Lane|editor-first=A. Thomas|encyclopedia=Biographical Dictionary of European Labor Leaders|volume=1|location=Westport, Connecticut|publisher=Greenwood Press|pages=336ff|isbn=978-0-313-29899-8}} * {{cite book|last=Sablinsky|first=Walter|year=1976|title=The Road to Bloody Sunday: Father Gapon and the St. Petersburg Massacre of 1905|url=https://archive.org/details/roadtobloodysund0000sabl|url-access=registration|location=Princeton, New Jersey|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-10204-7}} * {{cite book|last=Yedlin|first=Tova|year=1999|title=Maxim Gorky: A Political Biography|location=Westport, Connecticut|publisher=Praeger Publishers|isbn=0-275-96605-4}} {{refend}}

==Further reading== {{refbegin|35em|indent=yes}} * {{cite encyclopedia|year=1914|title=[[wikisource:The New Student's Reference Work/Gapon, George|Gapon, George]]|editor1-last=Beach|editor1-first=Chandler B.|editor1-link=Chandler Beach|editor2-last=McMurry|editor2-first=Frank Morton|editor2-link=Frank Morton McMurry|encyclopedia=The New Student's Reference Work|location=Chicago|publisher=F. E. Compton and Company|page=736}} * {{cite book|last=Gapon|first=George|year=1906|title=The Story of My Life|url=https://archive.org/details/storymylifebyfa00gapogoog|location=New York|publisher=E. P. Dutton & Co.|access-date=12 January 2019}} {{refend}}

==External links== {{Commons category}} * {{Internet Archive author |search=((Georgiĭ OR Gregory) AND Gapon)}} * George Gapon, [https://archive.org/details/storymylifebyfa00gapogoog ''The Story of My Life''] (1906) * {{Cite NSRW|short=x|wstitle=Gapon, George}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Gapon, Georgy}} [[Category:1870 births]] [[Category:1906 deaths]] [[Category:19th-century Eastern Orthodox priests]] [[Category:20th-century anarchists]] [[Category:20th-century Eastern Orthodox priests]] [[Category:Anarcho-pacifists]] [[Category:Christian anarchists]] [[Category:Clergy from Saint Petersburg]] [[Category:Okhrana informants]] [[Category:People from Poltava Governorate]] [[Category:People from Poltava Oblast]] [[Category:People murdered in 1906]] [[Category:People of the Russian Revolution of 1905]] [[Category:Russian anarchists]] [[Category:Russian anti-capitalists]] [[Category:Russian Eastern Orthodox priests]] [[Category:Russian pacifists]] [[Category:Russian people of Ukrainian descent]] [[Category:Saint Petersburg Theological Academy alumni]] [[Category:Tolstoyans]] [[Category:Unsolved murders in the Russian Empire]]